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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Africa through British eyes : the changing representation of the D.R. Congo in the London Times, 1885-2006

Djongana, Faustin Chongombe January 2012 (has links)
This thesis seeks to respond to the on-going complaints from both African and western scholars that Africa is negatively represented in the western media. The findings showed that news stories, opinions and commentaries expressed throughout the coverage of the Congo, including editorials and letters and from pre-colonial to modern Congo, were written by western journalists and correspondents from the London Times and associated correspondents, while four other news agencies Agence France Press (AFP), Associated Press (AP), the Belgian news agency (Belga) and Reuters were the main sources for The Times newspaper. News makers in Pre-Colonial and Colonial periods were almost exclusively westerners and references to the Congolese people appeared in generic terms. In Post-Colonial and Modern periods, Congolese people did appear by name but only in a limited capacity. The thesis also identifies differences between the coverage in each period, for example highlighting the critical engagement with the Congo that characterised the reporting of 1908. The Congo was represented over the periods sampled with negative stereotypes such a 'primitive', 'backward', 'barbaric, 'dangerous destination,' 'place for business,' 'natives to be civilised, evangelised and educated.' Recurring themes such as forced labour, civil war, corruption, child exploitation, poverty, refugees, witchcraft, dependency and mismanagement prevail in the reporting. The research investigated the changing representations of the Democratic Republic of Congo in the western media by examining its coverage in the London Times from a historical context that included four key historic years in the Congo's development, namely 1885, 1908, 1960 and 2006, referred to as the Pre-Colonial, Colonial, Post-Colonial and Modern Congo periods. The London Times, which used to be one of the leading western newspapers and the British newspaper of record, was selected. Content and discourse analysis were used to evaluate and categorise the news items published in the sampled periods to distinguish the emerging themes, to identify the sources, and to interpret the language used in the coverage. The findings have shown that since its inception to the modern period, the reporting of the Congo in The Times has avowedly been through western eyes, and, as with much journalism, has not offered any real context to the stories. The poor benighted heathens thus continue in their war-torn arbours.
2

La diplomatie traditionnelle des Atègè du Gabon / Traditional diplomacy Atègè of Gabon

Mouandjouri, Catherine 22 June 2015 (has links)
Mon étude porte sur la diplomatie en Afrique, elle vise notamment l'analyse du phénomène diplomatique dans les sociétés traditionnelles d’Afrique centrale. En partant de l’exemple des Atègè du Gabon, je m’intéresse aux mécanismes de prévention et de résolution des conflits dans l’Afrique précoloniale et de la transposition desdits mécanismes dans le contexte actuel. En effet, l’Afrique est perçue aujourd’hui comme un continent « non- diplomatique » c’est-à-dire comme le continent de la guerre et des conflits armés. J’aborde les rapports entre les sociétés traditionnelles d’Afrique, dans une perspective nouvelle, qui réfute l’idée répandue par des nombreux auteurs et observateurs selon laquelle les rapports entre ces sociétés ont toujours été conflictuels. L’idéologie de la violence en Afrique mérite d’être abordée et observée avec un regard éclairé. Pour reprendre une expression chère à Marc Augé, je dirai que la situation de conflits en Afrique contemporaine est un « non-lieu », dans le sens où les transformations excessives des conflits modernes ne sont ni l’apanage, ni le propre de l’Afrique ; elles appartiennent à la modernité. J’ajouterai au concept « non-lieu », celui de « politique » pour signifier le « non-lieu politique » car la transformation majeure de la politique africaine se dessine dans les années 1950, au lendemain de la seconde guerre mondiale. Après des siècles de domination coloniale, ce continent se caractérise par les États affaiblis héritiers de frontières coloniales artificielles et d’oppositions entre groupes linguistiques. L’Afrique est par conséquent dans un non-lieu politique ; l’africain n’a plus de lieu anthropologique politique, il vit l’organisation politique et sociale comme une donnée de l’extérieur qui s’est imposée à lui sans tenir compte des réalités. Le lieu offre à chacun un espace qu'il incorpore à son identité, dans lequel il peut rencontrer d'autres personnes avec qui il partage des références sociales. Cependant, l’africain oscille entre la vie politique traditionnelle autochtone et la vie politique occidentale qui lui est imposée et dont il ignore les mécanismes d’appropriation. L’intérêt de mon étude réside dans la contestation de la vision internationale des conflits dans laquelle les notions de paix et de stabilité territoriale en Afrique ont ignoré la dimension anthropologique locale dont l’importance est incontestable de nos jours. Dans un souci de lutte collective contre les conflits en Afrique, l’étude présente une piste d’analyse sur la recherche de la paix, en faisant intervenir l’importance de la culture et de la civilisation africaines comme moyens efficaces de stabilité politique dudit continent. / My study focuses on diplomacy in Africa, it seeks in particular the analysis of the diplomatic phenomenon in traditional societies of Central Africa. Based on the example of Atègè group in Gabon, I am interested in the mechanisms of prevention and resolution of conflicts in pre-colonial Africa and transposition of the said mechanisms in the current context. Indeed, Africa is seen today as a "non-diplomatic" continent that is to say, as the continent of war and armed conflicts. I discuss a new perspective of relationship between traditional African societies, which disproves the notion spread by many authors and observers that the relationship between those societies have always been conflicting. The ideology of violence in Africa needs to be addressed and observed with a watchful eye. To borrow an expression dear to Marc Augé, I will say that the situation of conflict in contemporary Africa is a "no-place", in the sense that excessive transformations of modern conflicts are neither confined nor own by Africa; they belong to modernity. I would add to the concept of "no-place", that of "politics" to mean the "political no place" because the major transformation of African politics is emerging in the 1950s, after the Second World War. After centuries of colonial rule, the continent is characterized by weakened states heirs of artificial colonial borders and ethnic opposition. Africa is therefore in a political dismissal; African politics has no anthropological place, the political and social organization being imposed on him without even considering its realities. The anthropological place offers everyone a space that incorporates identity, where one can meet other people with whom they share social references. However, the African vacillates between the traditional Aboriginal politics and the Western political life that is imposed on him and of which he ignores the mechanism of appropriation. The significance of my study is to challenge the international vision of conflicts in which the notions of peace and stability in Africa have ignored local anthropological dimension whose importance is indisputable at the present time. In The sake of collective struggle against conflicts in Africa, the study provides an analysis Track on search of peace, involving the importance of culture and of African civilization as an effective means of political stability of the said continent.
3

Guerres civiles du Congo-Brazzaville (1993-1999) : Influences sur les itinéraires de vie, les acteurs et victimes de ces conflits / Civil wars of Congo-Brazzaville (1993-1999) : Influences on the itineraries of life, the actors and victims of these conflicts

Bakissi, Etienne 25 November 2016 (has links)
A la suite de la Conférence de la Baule en 1990, le Congo Brazzaville opte en 1991, pour une Conférence nationale. C’est un rendez-vous de l’Histoire, préludant à la démocratie. On a cru que la Conférence, serait un moyen de sortie de crise sociale et identitaire, l’expression d’un sursaut politique et économique. Hélas, chacun pense faire partie de l’entourage du roi qui comme dans la Société de cour va faciliter son enrichissement illicite et personnel. Cette Conférence, la plus longue, donne lieu à une impulsion belliqueuse et développe un état agonal. C’est la mise en route de l’extraversion qui conduit les ennemis politiques à armer les jeunes déscolarisés et sans ressources. Cette démarche teintée de confusion, fera naître des milices d’Etat et privées, puis trois guerres adventices, jeter de milliers des personnes dans les savanes et les pays étrangers, sans espoir de retour au pays natal. L’art de la guerre devient une politique qui livre des batailles. Puisque le sous-sol congolais présente un intérêt économique évident, les multinationales financent les trois guerres. Elles obligent à l’errance, à la peur de l’Autre et de l’étranger. Le chemin du retour sera rude pour les femmes violées et pour les jeunes. Or les responsables de crimes, retrouvent leur légitimité. La figure du chef se trouve ainsi galvaudée, voire désacralisée. A terme, de l’individuel ou familial, nous avons traité du global et de l’organisationnel. Nous a avons cherché à comprendre comment les institutions se sont délitées suite aux guerres adventices, qu’il s’agisse du monde économique ou qu’il s’agisse des institutions publiques comme l’école, voire l’Eglise.Enfin, nous avons voulu comprendre la venue d’un ordre sauvage : celui du meurtre et du viol, sur fond de tueries avec dans la ligne de mire : la mort des innocents? Pourquoi la femme porteuse de la vie en Afrique, devient-elle le trophée des puissants et des forts. Si la guerre a un côté tragique, pourquoi suscite-t-elle tant d’engagement? La guerre a sans doute sa grammaire, mais pas sa propre logique. / Following the conference of La Baule in 1990, Congo-Brazzaville opted in 1991, for a national conference. It was an appointment with History, a prelude to democracy.The conference it was assumed, would be the means of the exit from a social and identity crisis, the expression of a political and economic burst.Alas, everyone thought they belonged to the king’s entourage who, as in a court society, would facilitate their personnal and illicit enrichment. This conference, the longest in Africain countries, gave rise to a belligerent impulse and developed an agonal state. It was the start of the extroversion which led political opponents to arm resourceless out-of school youths.This action, tinged with confusion, was to give birth to state and private militia, then to three adventitions wars, driving thousands of people into savannahs and foreigh countries without any hope of retourning to their native country. The art of war became a policy which waged battles.Since the Congolese subsoil represented an obvious economic interest, multinationals financed all three wars. They compelled people to wander, to fear the other, the stranger the journey back home will prove hard for raped women and young people. Hower, those responsible for crimes regainned their legitimacy. The leader’s figurewas thus tarnished even desacralized.We have sought to understand how the institutions crumbled owing to the adventitions wars whether it be the economic sphere or public institutions like school or the church. Finally, our aim was to understand the emergence of a savage order : the order of murder and rape against a background of slanghters with, as target, the death of innoncents.Why has woman, the bearer of life in Africa become the trophy of the powerful and the strong ? If war has a tragic side, why does it arouse so much commitment? War has undoubtedly its grammar, but not its owen logic.

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