This thesis surveys the gradual emergence and development of the English testament from the earliest surviving examples until 1499. The introductory section of this interdisciplinary study examines the religious and legal origins of the first vernacular dispositive acts, the oral roots of the testamentary process in the Anglo-Saxon period, and the development of the written will in the centuries before and after the Conquest, including detailed comparisons between early thirteenth-century texts from Worcester and Exeter. The second section begins by examining the processes of will-writing in later-medieval England in detail, analysing the essential linguistic components of the canonical testament before using two specific groups of wills from mid-fourteenth- and late-fifteenth-century London to explore nuances of composition and phrasing. Having established the context and structure of the developed form, a detailed comparative analysis of the testamentary language contrasts the phrasing of wills written in Latin and French with that used in the emerging English texts. The succeeding chapters focus on the testamentary archives of Bury St Edmunds and York, these case studies including examination of vernacular texts composed on behalf of women, trends in urban and rural usage, the effect of periods of high mortality on language choice, scribal methods, and the regional character of testamentary language.

This thesis aims to analyze the growth dynamics of the Turkish commercial shipbuilding industry between 1992 and 2008. It tests the hypotheses whether each of the 14 variables identified in the literature are valid in explaining the growth of Turkish commercial shipbuilding industry between 1992 and 2008 and if there is a dierence in the importance of these variables through utilizing secondary data as well as the results of the semi structured interviews made with 16 experts and managers representing all stakeholders in public institutions, NGOs, academicians and shipyards. It argues that clustering in Tuzla, growth of world GDP and trade and specialization in chemical tankers and container ships, and three-pillar outsourcing were the major reasons for the growth of Turkish commercial shipbuilding industry for the period between 1992 and 2008 and change in dollar exchange rate is a minor reason.

本論文的第一章中，吾人所討論的是中共建黨後的幾個早期的重要領袖人物，他們是 陳獨秀、瞿秋白、李立三和陳紹禹。 第二章、第三章討論毛澤東在中共黨內的崛起。共產國際對中共的指導與干涉，可以 說是中共自一九二七年的泛暴動政策，至江西蘇維埃的總崩潰的主要原因。 第四章所討論的是中共內部或其治下所興起的反毛的意識形態與實質力量（它應該包 括第三章之第四節）。「鳴放運動」是中共狡猾地消滅期能產生更具實效的參考價值 。 黨內鬥爭，除批評「無原則鬥爭」（即一般的糾紛）外，大都稱之為路線鬥爭。所謂 路線，就是政治路線或稱總路線，是中共根據某一時期主客觀形勢而決定的任務、方 針和政策。在執行路線過程中所發生的左傾或右傾，冒進或退卻的錯誤，甚或另立路 線別樹一幟，都是黨內鬥爭的目標。但中共黨內也有權力鬥爭，即為黨的領導權的爭 奪。不過，權力鬥爭在中央黨內被視為不光榮的稱號，大都諱言真相，而以路線鬥爭 掩飾之。只有「文革」時期，毛澤東才直言是一場「奪權鬥爭」。（註二）上述兩種 性質的黨內鬥爭，往往糾纏一起，因而使外界人士以為中共內部鬥爭兼有兩種不同的 性質（註三），其實中共黨內鬥爭在上述兩種性質中有其一定的主從關係。每次內鬥 ，雖以路線上的歧異或矛盾為旗幟，但鬥爭的結果，必是權力的變動。由此可以推論 ，權力爭奪的矛盾才是一切鬥爭之本質；而路線的不同是次要的。 /

This is a comparative study of the two earliest known comprehensive technical manuals treating Hadith criticism.

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