Σκοπός της παρούσης εργασίας είναι να παρουσιάσει τα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά, ηλεκτρικά και μαγνητικά πεδία που δέχεται ο άνθρωπος στην καθημερινότητά του, είτε αυτά παράγονται από φυσικές πηγές όπως είναι ο ήλιος, είτε από τεχνητές πηγές όπως είναι οι ηλεκτρικές συσκευές, η κινητή τηλεφωνία, το ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο κ.ά. Επίσης, παρουσιάζονται οι τρόποι υπολογισμού της έκθεσης του ανθρώπου στα πεδία αυτά και τα πιθανά προβλήματα που παρουσιάζονται στην υγεία του ανθρώπου εξαιτίας της έκθεσης. / Nowadays, human is continually exposed to electromagnetic fields, which are produced by nature or artificial sources which has discovered himself. However, the issue that troubles people is whether their health is affected by these fields or not. In this question have been trying to get answers the scientists, international and governmental organizations by carrying out measurements and scientific researches in order to define the impacts of electromagnetic fields on human’s health and determine the exposition limits to these fields. The target of this work is to present the electromagnetic, electric and magnetic fields which human receives in his daily routine, whether are produced by natural sources like sun or artificial sources like household appliances, mobile phones, electricity etc. Furthermore, are being displayed ways of estimation of human’s exposure to these fields and probable repercussions in human’s health owing to this exposure. In chapter two, there is an extensive reference to basic rudiments of fields and their main sources. In addition, are being defined typical magnitudes which are used in specification of electromagnetic fields and human’s exposure to these. In chapter three, are displayed the basic facts of ionizing radiation and its impacts on human. It is mostly presented the main source of ionizing radiation which is ultraviolet radiation of sun and problems which are produced. In chapter four, there is an extensive reference to fields which are produced by household appliances used in people’s houses and how are affect their health. 7 In chapter five, are being presented the basic facts of conveyance and distribution main of Γ.Δ.Ζ and at the same time are defined the impacts which the fields produce when they are near inhabitable areas. In chapter six, are mentioned the problems which can cause mobile phones and generally mobile telephony network which exists in the country through the fields which they produce. In chapter seven, there is a reference to the several types of radar which are used and their results. Whereas, in the next chapter there is a reference to the use of electromagnetic fields in medicine and are being presented radiation doses which we receive through examinations and other problems which can cause. Furthermore, are being presented the exposure limits which take effect in our country and European Union and also the way of analysis of exposure to multiple sources. In chapter eleven, there is a reference to macroscopic and microscopic analysis of exposure to electromagnetic fields. In the last chapter, there are being presented the ways of measurement of human’s exposure to electromagnetic fields with frequency up to 300 GHz.

A great effort has been recently devoted to the development of new devices for the detection of specific sequences of DNA, due to increasing need of label - free, fast, cheap, and miniaturized analytical systems able to detect target sequences for screening purposes, especially in food industry for genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In this study, development of a QCM - based DNA biosensor for the detection of the hybridisation of CaMV 35S promoter sequence (P35S) was investigated. Attention was focused on the choice of the coating chemistry that could be used for the immobilisation of probe sequences on the gold surface of the quartz crystal. Two immobilisation procedures were tested and compared considering the amount of the immobilised probe, the extent of the hybridisation reaction, the possibility of regeneration and the absence of non - specific adsorption. The two coating methods were based on the use of self - assembled monolayers. One of them employed the interaction between the thiol and gold for the immobilisation of a thiolated P35S probe, while the other employed formation of functionalised aldehyde groups by ethylenediamine plasma polymerization on the gold surface for the immobilisation of amined P35S probes through gluteraldehyde activation. Results indicated that immobilisation of a thiolated probe provides better immobilisation characteristic, higher sensitivity for the detection of the hybridisation reaction, absence of non - specific adsorption and a higher stability with respect to the regeneration step. The optimised immobilisation procedure for the thiolated probe was used for the detection of P35S sequence in PCR - amplified DNAs and in real samples of pflp - gene inserted tobacco plants that produce ferrodoxin like protein additionally. Fragmentation of the genomic DNAs were achieved by digestion with restriction endonucleases and sonication. The obtained results from the fragmented genomic DNAs demonstrated that it is possible to detect the target sequence directly in non-amplified genomic DNAs by using the developed QCM - based DNA biosensor system. The developed QCM-based DNA biosensor represented promising results for a real-time, label - free, direct detection of DNA samples for the screening of GMOs.

In this study, morphology, anatomy and systematics of the Genus Lathyrus L. (Leguminosae) in Central Anatolia is presented. Comparative morphological characters and their variation in the Genus / Calyx, leaf, corolla and pollen grains micro-morphology of the species / Anatomy of the species / Ecology, endemism, phytogeography and IUCN threat categories of the species / Numerical analysis and Revision of the genus in Central Anatolia were conducted. For the first time the calyx, corolla and leaf micromorphology, and the anatomical characteristics of Lathyrus were examined. Infrageneric delimitation of the species is performed by using multivariate analysis. As a result of morphological and anatomical data, it is suggested that L. haussknechtii should be classified as different species not variety of L. brachypterus. v The collected specimens was crosschecked with neighboring floras and the existing type specimens known from Turkey ANK, GAZI, HUB, KNYA, CUFH, Erciyes, and Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (RBGE) herbaria. Morphological and micromorphological characters of pollen grains were revealed. It was determined that the pollen grains size and sculpturing were important diagnostic characters for the species. The statistical analysis was applied to compare P/E ratios of the pollen grains of studied taxa. According to this analysis, the P/E ratio is important diagnostic feature for most of the sections and the species. Sectional key and species key were prepared and updated. Expanded descriptions, GPS data, some photographs and some notes on the taxonomy of the species were given.

The objective of this study was to transform sweet pepper ferredoxin-like protein (PFLP) gene, which has antimicrobial properties, to tobacco and investigate the disease resistance abilities of transgenic tobacco. This protein interacts with another protein, harpin that is produced by the bacteria which is invading the plant tissues, and stimulates hypersensitivity response in plants, thus the spreading of disease is limited. Gene transfer was achieved to tobacco by Agrobacterium- mediated method and with indirect organogenesis / the explants were grown on selective media and then transferred to jars and pots respectively. Molecular and genetic analyses such as PCR, RT-PCR, Sequence Analysis and Northern Blot, were performed with plants which their seeds survived and grew on selective medium and also gave positive reactions for GUS histochemical assay. Finally, with putative transgenic plants, some hypersensitive response assays were carried out with Pseudomonas syringae and it was observed that the recovered plants showed hypersensitive response (HR) in the preliminary tests. These results indicated that putative transgenic tobacco plants which carry pflp transgene, can be used in disease resistance studies.

Evolutionary relationships within and among three Astragalus sections (Incani DC., Hypoglottidei DC., and Dissitiflori DC.) that were native to Turkey were inferred from variations of nucleotide sequences of both chloroplast and nuclear genome regions. In the current study, Fifty-six species included in the three Astragalus sections were utilized to figure out phylogenetic relationships and estimate evolutionary divergence time based on DNA sequence of trnL intron (trnL5&rsquo / -L3&rsquo / ) , trnL3&rsquo / -F(GAA) (trnL-F intergenic spacer), trnV intron, matK (maturase kinase) cpDNA (chloroplast) and ITS (internal transcribed spacer) nDNA (nuclear) regions. Fifty-six Astragalus species with their replicas and one Cicer species as outgroup were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequencing methods. Eleven unknown samples were also used in the current study to understand their section and species name. The results of the study indicated that unknown A35 and A52 samples could be named as A. dasycarpus, while unknown A65 and A66 samples as A. ovatus and lastly unknown A2 sample as A. nitens or A. aucheri. Section of unknown A3, A16, A20, A108, A109 and A110 samples were determined as Incani, but the exact species identification of these samples were not possible because of their close phylogenetic associations with more than one species. Highest genetic diversity was observed when the DNA sequences of ITS nrDNA (nuclear ribosomal) region comprising three subregions as ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 was used, while the lowest one was calculated when DNA sequence of trnL-F cpDNA region was analyzed. The genetic divergence between Incani and Dissitiflori sections was highest whereas between Hypoglottidei and Dissitiflori was lowest based on all used regions. To figure out phylogenetic relationships among Astragalus species distributed in Turkey and in other regions of the World, DNA sequences of studied regions of foreign samples were collected from the NCBI database and were evaluated with DNA sequence of Turkish species used in the curent study. The Iranian samples either scattered in the phylogenetic tree or attached to our samples externally. South and North American samples (New World Astragalus or Neo Astragalus group) were nested within a different subcluster, which was located in the main cluster produced by samples of Old World Astragalus group (Turkish samples). With these results, we can say that New World Astragalus group is monophyletic and diverged from Old World Astragalus group. Evolutionary divergence time for Astragalus genus was estimated as about 12.5 - 14.5 million years (Ma), and that of New World Astragalus group as 5.0 - 4.0 Ma when rates of nucleotide substitutions of trnL intron and matK cpDNA regions were analyzed. In addition to evolutionary divergence time estimation for Astragalus and New World Astragalus group, divergence times among used three sections of the genus were also calculated by using DNA sequences of trnL, trnV intron and matK cpDNA regions and results indicated that Hypoglottidei and Dissitiflori sections diverged about 5.0-7.0 million years later than Incani section.