Talmy (1975, 1985, 1991 and 2000b) studies Motion events encoded by verbs from the perspective of lexicalisation(T). Talmy (2000b) proposes six basic semantic elements to describe Motion events; they are Figure, Motion, Path, Ground, Manner, and Cause. For example, in the sentence He entered the room, enter is the main verb and encodes Motion “move” and Path “into”. So the main verb encodes the Path information. Such phenomena are very common in Spanish; however, in English and in Chinese Path is usually expressed by satellites, a category of surface element. Enter is exceptional in English. Although it is a word in English it was borrowed from French. The surface elements which encode the Path information determine a language’s type. For example, if Path is encoded by main verbs in language A, then this language A is a verb-framed language; if Path is typically expressed by satellites in language B, then language B is a satellite-framed language. These are the two most widespread types of languages in this typology. According to Talmy, English is a satellite-framed language (S-framed language); Spanish a verb-framed language (V-framed language); and Chinese a satellite-framed language. Slobin (1996, 1997, 2002, 2004 and 2006) argues that Chinese is an equipollent-framed language (E-framed language), a third language type he added to Talmy’s typology. The evidence for this is the serial verb construction (SVC) in Chinese. SVCs can be briefly defined as a syntactic pattern where two or more verbs are used together to express a single conceptual event and there are no markers of subordination and coordination. Slobin uses feī chū (fly exit) as an example of the SVC and he insists that feī (fly) and chū (exit) share the same grammatical status and are equal to each other in that neither of them can be omitted for a complete expression of the event of flying out. The first verb encodes the Manner information and the latter one expresses the Path information. Omitting either part, the expression is ungrammatical. Having briefly reviewed these two models of language typology, many questions have arisen. Is it necessary to have a third language type to account for Chinese? Or is Chinese an Eframed language or a S-framed language? What is the language typology of Chinese? This is the main research question I aim to answer in this thesis. The main question concerns the nature of Chinese SVCs. In my thesis, I discuss the features of Chinese SVCs as preparation for a working definition of SVC for my empirical work to collect the SVC data from the Lancaster Corpus of Mandarin Chinese (LCMC). I show that the components in Chinese SVCs are not equal in semantics. There are constraints on the positions for different semantic parameters. In addition, the surface forms of components for SVCs do not share equal status for the asymmetrical SVCs. This further shows that components within Chinese SVCs are not in equal grammatical status. My data shows that Path can be encoded by main verbs as well as by satellites in Chinese. Having illustrated that Chinese SVC is not evidence for Chinese to be an E-framed language, then, is Chinese a S-framed language similar to English or a V-framed language like Spanish? Özçalışkan (2004) claims that Path verbs, verbs encoding [Motion + Path], is a closed class. How many Path verbs are there in Chinese and are these Path verbs comparable with those in English and in Spanish? I give a comprehensive list of Chinese Path verbs and then focus on some of them to track the process of the lexicalisation(T). I found that there are no significant differences in number for the 13 types of Path verbs in Chinese, English and Spanish and that the lexicalised(T) Path is comparable. These findings indicate that Chinese uses both main verbs and satellites to express the Path information in motion events. Additionally, the grammaticalization trend of Chinese Path verbs and the shift from independent Path verbs into Path satellites and grammatical relation markers also show that Chinese is not part of any of the parallel system, the split system, or the intermixed system for expressing motion events. Chinese is in the transferring period from a S-framed language to a V-framed language.

The goal of this study is to confirm Eurasia as an independent linguistic area with respect to four features of possessive morphology: locus of marking, position of pronominal possessive affixes, obligatory possessive inflection, and possessive classification. Raw data on these features was taken from the WALS database and then run through an algorithm of genealogical stratification called g-sampling, in order to minimize the bias of the sample. The resulting g-units were then categorized by type and geographical area (New World vs. Old World, Eurasia vs. the rest of the world). These counts were tested for significance using Fisher's exact test. Two features, locus of marking and possessive classification, were confirmed to be significantly different in Eurasia; the other two features were not significantly different. Possible reasons for these areal patterns-primarily structural reasons-are briefly discussed.

No description available.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Stephanie A. Rolley / People living in urban and suburban areas are disconnected from agriculture. The food that we consume is grown many miles from our homes and we have little knowledge of how that food travels from seed to plate. Incorporating edible landscapes into public land in cities brings people in direct contact with the food they eat. Edible landscapes are neighborhood scale sites with the specific purpose of producing food. Edible landscapes became popular in the late 1970s. Typically developed with a focus on food production and little attention to aesthetics, the general public often thinks of these landscapes as messy and farm-like. Through quality design edible landscapes can be productive and aesthetically pleasing. The combination of these ideals create exciting and unique solutions that differ from the edible landscapes of the past. Attention to site and community design principles as well as growing conditions results in a new type of public landscape that can enhance a community’s appearance while feeding its residents. A typology of edible landscapes was applied to Manhattan, Kansas to test the potential for a community-wide system of edible landscapes. The typology is based on: garden purpose, physical characteristics, visual characteristics, and potential user groups. The inventory of public land is based upon the Diggable City project in Portland, Oregon. Potential sites were evaluated on their physical characteristics, visual profile, and design potential to determine what garden type would be most appropriate. Further analysis of each site’s design potential resulted in the selection of three sites for prototypical design development. The prototypical designs provide examples of how design principles and growing conditions can work together to create new edible landscapes and enrich the community.

This thesis focuses upon the material culture associated with warfare, conflict and inter-personal violence in northern Britain during the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age and Early Historic Period. Its aims are to understand the evolving role of warfare in society, who were the individuals engaging in conflict, what weapons were being used, and how were they being used. Although previous studies have touched on some of these topics, the material of northern Britain is frequently overlooked in favour of southern British data, and none consider the development of the topic over several time periods. Contextual data was collected on all the extant swords, spears and shields within the parameters, while a significant proportion were fully examined to enable more complex analysis. Evident opportunities and weaknesses within the resulting database were addressed and exploited, applying experimental archaeology to the bronze spearheads to investigate use patterns, and typological theory to the iron spearheads to enable meaningful inclusion. A range of additional sources of information, including iconographic, textual and osteological, were synthesised to facilitate a discussion of the life-cycles of the extant weapons themselves, and to address occasions when a gap appears in the archaeological record – as occurs during the Early Historic Period, where weaponry is almost absent, but other forms of evidence regularly reference conflict. Two particular conclusions of this thesis challenge traditional perceptions of both weapons and warriors; spears are found to be complex, both in use and social symbolism, rather than simplistic and low-status, and their integration into general discussions of weapons and warfare is a matter of urgency if the topic is to progress. The typological groupings of iron spearheads presented here is intended as a first step towards greater inclusion. The identity of combatants is also shown to be occasionally at odds with the traditional perception of the warrior, wherein reality and idealised social constructions diverge. This is not necessarily problematic, with the projection of warrior identities shown to be a deliberate vi choice, rather than a reflection of reality, the constraints and motivations behind such choices a fascinating topic for further work. Finally, the development of armed social conflict in northern Britain over two millenia, and the changing relationships and dominance between religion, display, consumption, social hierarchy and warfare, are presented through the manufacture, use, deposition and associations of the weapons in the database.

No description available.

A linguagem, manifestação natural do ser humano, vem sendo estudada por pelo menos dois milênios. No entanto, a comunidade científica em geral ainda reluta em considerar o estudo da linguagem humana (lingüística) como uma ciência. Certamente a forma como se estuda a linguagem influencia nessa opinião. A dicotomia entre língua e fala atribuída a Saussure (1970) ainda guia grande parte dos estudos científicos hoje em dia. Essa dicotomia ainda faz surgir grandes debates no mundo lingüístico. Se um pesquisador opta por estudar a fala, ele/ela provavelmente não vai lidar com língua e vice-versa. No entanto, nos últimos anos, essa perspectiva vem mudando, sob o impulso de pesquisadores como Ohala (1990) e Lindblom (1986), que perpetuam as fundações já estabelecidas no começo do século 20 por Rousselot (1904). Isso não significa que uma tendência lingüística mais baseada na substância negue qualquer princípio da teoria fonológica contemporânea. Ao contrário, procura prová-las baseando-se em paradigmas da ciência experimental. Dados de fala permitem fazer analises robustas de fenômenos lingüísticos, e paradigmas experimentais se aplicam bem a esses fenômenos. Essa é a perspectiva adotada por essa dissertação. Baseado na tipologia das línguas, e na teoria molde/conteúdo de evolução da fala (MACNEILAGE, 1998; 2008), este estudo objetiva situar o português do Brasil na tipologia das línguas do mundo, de forma a mostrar como seus padrões silábicos respeitam certas restrições neurológicas, psicológicas e sensoriais. Para alcançar esse objetivo, um banco de dados do português dividido em sílabas foi feito. Esse banco de dados foi analisado com um programa desenvolvido especificamente para estudos tipológicos da sílaba. Alguns fenômenos lingüísticos, tais como associações silábicas labial-central, coronal-frontal, dorsal-posteiror e o efeito L.C. (labial-coronal) são discutidos dentro do quadro da teoria molde/conteúdo. / Language, the natural expression of human beings, has been studied for at least two millennia. However, the scientific community still disagrees in considering the study of natural language (i.e. linguistics), as a science. Certainly the way it has been studied in the past influences this opinion. The dichotomy between language and speech attributed to Saussure (1970), still guides a substantial part of the research in linguistics nowadays. This dichotomy has been arising great debates in the linguistic world. If a researcher chooses to study speech, he/she will likely not deal with language and vice versa. However, in the last few decades, this perspective has been changing, under the impulsion of researchers like Ohala (1990) and Lindblom (1986) who perpetuate the foundations already established at the beginning of the 20th century by Rousselot (1904). This does not mean that a more substance-based linguistic trend denies every statement made in contemporary phonological theory. Instead, it rather searches to prove them based on the paradigms of experimental science. Speech data, allow making robust analyses of linguistic phenomena, and experimental paradigms apply particularly well to these phenomena. This is the perspective adopted by this thesis. Based on language typology, and on the frame/content theory of speech (MACNEILAGE, 1998; 2008), this study aims to situate Brazilian Portuguese in the syllable typology of the worlds languages, in order to show how its syllable patterns respect certain sensorial, physiological and neurological constraints.. In order to achieve this goal a data base of Portuguese words divided into syllables was made. This data base was then analyzed with a program specifically developed for typological studies of syllables. Some linguistic phenomena such as labial-central, coronal-frontal and dorsal-back associations and the L.C. (labial-coronal) effect are discussed within the frame/content theory framework.

Narcissism is a multidimensional construct consisting of many components and a variety of conceptualizations. One such example is the NARC conceptualization of grandiose narcissism and its two subcomponents admiration and rivalry. This research aims to answer three questions about the NARC conceptualization: (1) what is the relationship between narcissism and Big Six Personality dimensions?; (2) what is the relationship between narcissism and observable behavior?; and (3) how does narcissism relate to situational experiences in daily life? Results showed that, consistent with previous research, narcissism was related to Big Six personality. Additionally, narcissism was related to observable behavior. Finally, the results also showed a relationship between narcissism and every day experience (i.e., situation experiences and state expressions of personality). Most critically, the pattern of results suggests that although admiration and rivalry are related subcomponents of narcissism, they are quite distinct in terms of their personality and behavioral correlates. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

A linguagem, manifestação natural do ser humano, vem sendo estudada por pelo menos dois milênios. No entanto, a comunidade científica em geral ainda reluta em considerar o estudo da linguagem humana (lingüística) como uma ciência. Certamente a forma como se estuda a linguagem influencia nessa opinião. A dicotomia entre língua e fala atribuída a Saussure (1970) ainda guia grande parte dos estudos científicos hoje em dia. Essa dicotomia ainda faz surgir grandes debates no mundo lingüístico. Se um pesquisador opta por estudar a fala, ele/ela provavelmente não vai lidar com língua e vice-versa. No entanto, nos últimos anos, essa perspectiva vem mudando, sob o impulso de pesquisadores como Ohala (1990) e Lindblom (1986), que perpetuam as fundações já estabelecidas no começo do século 20 por Rousselot (1904). Isso não significa que uma tendência lingüística mais baseada na substância negue qualquer princípio da teoria fonológica contemporânea. Ao contrário, procura prová-las baseando-se em paradigmas da ciência experimental. Dados de fala permitem fazer analises robustas de fenômenos lingüísticos, e paradigmas experimentais se aplicam bem a esses fenômenos. Essa é a perspectiva adotada por essa dissertação. Baseado na tipologia das línguas, e na teoria molde/conteúdo de evolução da fala (MACNEILAGE, 1998; 2008), este estudo objetiva situar o português do Brasil na tipologia das línguas do mundo, de forma a mostrar como seus padrões silábicos respeitam certas restrições neurológicas, psicológicas e sensoriais. Para alcançar esse objetivo, um banco de dados do português dividido em sílabas foi feito. Esse banco de dados foi analisado com um programa desenvolvido especificamente para estudos tipológicos da sílaba. Alguns fenômenos lingüísticos, tais como associações silábicas labial-central, coronal-frontal, dorsal-posteiror e o efeito L.C. (labial-coronal) são discutidos dentro do quadro da teoria molde/conteúdo. / Language, the natural expression of human beings, has been studied for at least two millennia. However, the scientific community still disagrees in considering the study of natural language (i.e. linguistics), as a science. Certainly the way it has been studied in the past influences this opinion. The dichotomy between language and speech attributed to Saussure (1970), still guides a substantial part of the research in linguistics nowadays. This dichotomy has been arising great debates in the linguistic world. If a researcher chooses to study speech, he/she will likely not deal with language and vice versa. However, in the last few decades, this perspective has been changing, under the impulsion of researchers like Ohala (1990) and Lindblom (1986) who perpetuate the foundations already established at the beginning of the 20th century by Rousselot (1904). This does not mean that a more substance-based linguistic trend denies every statement made in contemporary phonological theory. Instead, it rather searches to prove them based on the paradigms of experimental science. Speech data, allow making robust analyses of linguistic phenomena, and experimental paradigms apply particularly well to these phenomena. This is the perspective adopted by this thesis. Based on language typology, and on the frame/content theory of speech (MACNEILAGE, 1998; 2008), this study aims to situate Brazilian Portuguese in the syllable typology of the worlds languages, in order to show how its syllable patterns respect certain sensorial, physiological and neurological constraints.. In order to achieve this goal a data base of Portuguese words divided into syllables was made. This data base was then analyzed with a program specifically developed for typological studies of syllables. Some linguistic phenomena such as labial-central, coronal-frontal and dorsal-back associations and the L.C. (labial-coronal) effect are discussed within the frame/content theory framework.

This dissertation argues that a biblical theology of the priestly mediation of the new covenant is necessary for understanding the extent of the atonement and that such a study will result in a clear affirmation of definite atonement. Chapter 1 shows how theologians have truncated Christ's priestly office and how biblical scholars have neglected to apply the priesthood to matters of the atonement's efficacy and extent. This chapter validates the need for a whole Bible typology of the priestly work of Christ. Chapter 2 proposes an approach to typology that sets forth the methodological commitments of this dissertation. It argues that typology should be prospective in its orientation, Christotelic in its aim, and covenantal in its structure. It explains these three facets at length, helping the reader to understand how the dissertation uses typology. Chapter 3 introduces the priestly prototype in the person and work of Adam. Next, it asserts that Noah and Abraham functions as priestly types when they offer sacrifice, mediate covenants, and offer blessings. With each type, theological reflections are given in conversation with the New Testament fulfillment of Adam, Noah, and Abraham. Chapter 4 examines the legislation of the priesthood. It asserts that three functions of the priesthood emerge in the Law of Moses: The priest is (1) a Kohen Victor, who defends the holiness of God's sanctuary, (2) a Kohen Mediator, who offers sacrifice for atonement, and a (3) Kohen Teacher, who teaches the covenant community the torah of God. This threefold orientation provides the authorized "mold" (Vorbild) by which the priestly type (Nachbild) can be formed and evaluated. Chapter 5 argues that the prophets condemned the Levitical priests for their disobedience to God's law and their failure to fulfill their assigned duties (guarding, sacrificing, and teaching). The prophets' criticisms function in this dissertation as an inspired rubric for evaluating theological proposals for Christ's priesthood and the atonement. In particular, this chapter argues that general atonement does not match the stipulations of the priesthood, and is therefore liable to prophetic censure. Chapter 6 outlines the priestly expectations of the Former and Latter Prophets. It suggests that the eschatological priest is a royal figure from the line of David who defends God's holiness (Kohen Victor), sacrifices himself for his people (Kohen Mediator), and instructs the covenant community with absolute efficacy (Kohen Teacher). On the basis of these prophetic anticipations, this chapter argues that the priest of the new covenant will provide a definite and particular atonement. Chapter 7 shows from the New Testament how Christ Jesus fulfills all of the Old Testament promises in regards to the priesthood. Specifically, it demonstrates the threefold ministry of Christ--Kohen Victor, Kohen Mediator, and Kohen Teacher. Following the chronological development of Christ's priestly ministry (i.e., on earth, on the cross, in heaven), it will argue that the atonement's extent must be particular and definite, not general and indefinite. Chapter 8 summarizes the biblical theological data espoused in chapters 3 to 7. It applies the priesthood to five areas of systematic theology (i.e., theological hermeneutics, the extent of the atonement, the person of Christ, the universal offer of the gospel, and reconciliation of the cosmos). It concludes with an appeal for holding definite atonement on the basis of Christ's priesthood. In addition, it suggests various avenues for doing future research on the priesthood of Christ.