Meat and milk from sub Saharan African cattle systems tend to have high greenhouse gas emissions intensities; this is largely due to low levels of productivity. There is a need to increase production to meet an increasing demand for livestock commodities; driven by growing populations, and growing diet variation, as incomes and urbanisation increase. Without measures to reduce the emissions intensity of production, there will be significant increases in total greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, cost-effective ways of reducing emissions intensity, whilst increasing productivity should be identified. This thesis looks to support this by providing an assessment of low-input to semi-intensified cattle production systems in Senegal, West Africa; where cattle populations are growing and efforts are being made to increase domestic milk production. The emissions intensity of protein from current production systems is calculated using a version of the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM). Variation in emissions intensity is observed between current systems, which can be largely linked to feed ration quality and levels of protein productivity. Productivity improving interventions suitable for the study systems are identified, and their application to current systems modelled by altering input parameters within GLEAM. It is suggested that production systems could reduce emissions intensities by applying nutritional and health related intervention packages; through which the varying production systems could abate between 10% and 20% of their total greenhouse gas emissions whilst also making financial savings. A comparison between the current systems of production also suggests that changing the lower productivity systems to match higher producing systems would also offer substantial cost-saving emissions abatement. The thesis considers the key limitation to the use of GLEAM for modelling the application of nutritional mitigation measures, in that when nutritional improvements are made animal performance does not currently increase. Predicting how animals will respond to improved nutrition is challenging. However, a methodology is discussed, and is shown to have an important effect on the emissions abatement results. Subsequently, the thesis advocates further research to experimentally substantiate animal performance responses when nutritionally limited cattle are given improved feed regimes. Despite the study livestock keepers showing aspiration to improve the productivity of their herds, with subsequent potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the thesis recognises that the abatement potentials suggested by modelling would be restricted by the reality of production system context and constraints. Key barriers to a realisation of the productivity improvements include: a lack of financial means, limitations to resource access and affordability, and requirement for information and training concerning productivity improving options. For realisation of productivity improvements the current barriers would require further investigation, the thesis helps identify what form interventions should take.

This paper explores the relationship between security concerns and political development in three case studies: Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, and Senegal. It first analyzes the foundations of political institutions within the three states by exploring the creation of nationalist leaders in the pre-independence era, and how their personal development within these years affected their governance style after independence. Afterwards, the discussion separates into the three distinct case studies. The purpose of this analysis is to first outline the major developments within each country in the political field, highlight the major security concerns within the country, and then analyze how these two sectors have affected the other, or if they have not, why there has been little connection between the two.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-07-04T11:58:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 OrianaConchaDiaz_DISSERT.pdf: 4599832 bytes, checksum: d9d0224b35d064d2eb6be44c11c815c8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-07-11T13:40:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 OrianaConchaDiaz_DISSERT.pdf: 4599832 bytes, checksum: d9d0224b35d064d2eb6be44c11c815c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-11T13:40:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OrianaConchaDiaz_DISSERT.pdf: 4599832 bytes, checksum: d9d0224b35d064d2eb6be44c11c815c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / O Brasil surgiu recentemente como uma meta migrat?ria privilegiada para muitos senegaleses adeptos da confraria isl?mica sufi Muridiyya. O objetivo desta pesquisa ? o de indagar as din?micas de difus?o transnacional da Muridiyya, com um olhar atento ao consumo das Tecnologias da Informa??o e Comunica??o por parte de seus adeptos na di?spora. Nesse intuito, veremos como os fluxos transnacionais de dinheiro, objetos e informa??es contribuem para os processos de constru??o do pertencimento e para os projetos de mundializa??o que animam o desenvolvimento da confraria. Se, por um lado, o capitalismo tecnol?gico tende a favorecer os poderes estabelecidos, abrindo maiores espa?os para as culturas dominantes, por outro lado, podemos individuar iniciativas intersticiais atrav?s das quais agentes e grupos subalternos apropriam-se do instrumental tecnol?gico, criando espa?os pr?prios de intera??o e a??o. Enfocando a pesquisa na dimens?o do pertencimento religioso, procura-se tamb?m evidenciar a pluralidade das pr?ticas da f? isl?mica, no intuito de desconstruir a representa??o monol?tica do Isl? transmitida pela grande m?dia. / Brazil has recently emerged as a favorite migratory destination for many people from Senegal, mostly followers of the Islamic Sufi brotherhood Muridiyya. This research aims to investigate the transnational diffusion of Muridiyya, especially observing the appropriation of Information and Communication Technologies by murids of the diaspora. To this effect, we will analyze how the transnational flows of money, objects and information contribute to the belonging building process and to the globalization project that drive the brotherhood development. If, on one hand, technological capitalism fosters established powers by opening even more space to dominant cultures, on the other hand, we can individuate interstitial initiatives in which subaltern agents and groups appropriate the technological tools creating their own spaces of interaction and action. Focusing on religious belonging, we also seek to highlight the large plurality of Islamic practices, in order to deconstruct the monolithic representation of Islam, commonly conveyed by mainstream media.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento Urbano, 1999. / Submitted by Jaqueline Ferreira de Souza (jaquefs.braz@gmail.com) on 2013-05-17T12:32:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1999_NDiogouDiene.pdf: 10520511 bytes, checksum: fb5927a974737df2a5e316fd0b769d29 (MD5) / Rejected by Jaqueline Ferreira de Souza(jaquefs.braz@gmail.com), reason: on 2013-05-17T12:33:52Z (GMT) / Submitted by Jaqueline Ferreira de Souza (jaquefs.braz@gmail.com) on 2013-05-17T12:40:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1999_NDiogouDiene.pdf: 10520511 bytes, checksum: fb5927a974737df2a5e316fd0b769d29 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2013-05-17T15:01:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1999_NDiogouDiene.pdf: 10520511 bytes, checksum: fb5927a974737df2a5e316fd0b769d29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-17T15:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1999_NDiogouDiene.pdf: 10520511 bytes, checksum: fb5927a974737df2a5e316fd0b769d29 (MD5) / A presente Dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar, criticar, exaustivamente, os processos de Estruturação Espacial Urbana da Região Metropolitana de Dakar “Pós-lndepêdencia”, a partir das suas idiossincrasias e outros fenômenos que deles podem se originar e influir, direta ou indiretamente, no tocante à produção do espaço residencial intra-urbano. Entre estes, sua influência tríplice e de primeira importância: Árabo-lslâmica, Autóctone-Negro Africana e sobretudo Colonial Européia Francesa. Procura-se via, este canal, associar tais processos aos fatores econômicos, sócio-culturais, étnico-religiosos e gerontocráticos, numa análise contemporânea, que avalia o teor e a amplitude dos fenômenos de estratificação sócio-espacial, bem como as questões conjunturais de política e planejamento urbano. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The principal objective of this dissertation is to critically and extensively analyse the process of urban spatial organization of the Metropolitan Region of Post- Independence Dakar.lt begins by describing its historycal and cultural idiosyncracies and other phenomena which directly or indirectly, have an influence on the production of urban residential areas. Moreover,its three currents of ethnic influence are of fundamental importance : Arab-lslamic, indigenous Black-African and above all European French-Colonia. For this reason, it seeks, to associate ethnic influencies with economic socio-cultural, ethnic-religious and geronocratic factors in an unique contemporary analisys and to evaluate the tenor and the amplitude of the phenomena socio-spatial stratification. Finally it adress certan current questions of urban policy and planning. ______________________________________________________________________________ RESUMEN / Esta Dissertacíon tiene como principal objetivo, analizar de maneira critica y ampla los processos de la estructuracíon espacial urbana de la Región Metropolitana de Dakar Pós-lndenpendéncia, a partir de sus idiosincrasias y otros fenómenos que puedam originarse de ellas e influayan directa e indirectamente en la producción de su espacio residencial urbano.Por otro parte, en decorrencia de su influencia triple Árabe-lslâmica, autoctona Negro-Africana y Colonial-Europeia- Francesa, procura através deste canal, associar tales processos a los factores econômicos, socio-cuiturales, étnico-religioso y gerontocráticos en um único análisis contemporâneo, evaluando el nivel y la amplitud de los fenômenos de segregación socio-espacial y las cuestiones de politica e planificación urbana. ______________________________________________________________________________ RÉSUMÈ / Le but de cette Dissertation est d’ammener un apport analytique critique et exhaustif aux discutions relatives à la structuration spaciale urbaine de la Région Métropolitaine de DAKAR “Post-lndénpendance”, à partir de ses idiossyncrasies sociales et d ’autres phénomènes qui peuvent en découler et en même temps, influer direct et indirectement sur la production de son espace résidentiel urbain. En outre, dû à sa triple influence: Arabo-lslamique, Autochtone Négro- Africaine et surtout, Colonial-Européene Française, elle cherche par le biais de ce canal, à associer tels processus aux facteurs énconomiques, socio-culturels, éthnico-réligieux et gérontocratiques en une unique analise comtemporaine, avaliant la manière et l ’ampleure des phénomènes de stratification socio-spatiale et sourtout, les questions de politique et de plainification urbaine.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: Disclosure in the context of HIV is the sharing of information about one’s HIV-positive status with someone else. In the case of people living with HIV (PLHIV), many factors influence their decision to disclose. As with other illnesses there is a concern about possible discrimination or stigma. On the other hand, disclosure can lead to higher levels of support and better management of HIV infection. Types of disclosure can also vary depending on the need of the PLHIV, being partial or full, in order to gain the most benefit. Self-disclosure or mediated disclosure with the assistance of someone else is controlled by the PLHIV, whereas involuntary or forced disclosure might not be under the PLHIV's control and thus more likely to have negative consequences. No studies have been done in the rural area of Linguère, Senegal or in the rest of the country to identify the factors that influence the decisions of PLHIV around disclosure. Senegal has a concentrated HIV epidemic with national HIV prevalence stable at 0.7% in 2005 and 2010 Demographic and Health Surveys. Linguère District's HIV prevalence was at 0.8% in 2003. By knowing more about what motivates PLHIV to disclose or not disclose their status, service providers and others can better support PLHIV to practise beneficial disclosure. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore factors that influence the decision to disclose or not disclose one's HIV-positive status to regular sexual partners, friends and family in Linguère District,Senegal. Methods: A qualitative method with in-depth interviews was used to explore the factors that influenced decisions concerning disclosure. Fifteen PLHIV were identified through purposive sampling based on criteria such as marital status, gender and prior disclosure decisions. In addition, four service providers from the AIDS service organization, Projet SSP, and the district health and social workers served as key informants. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and translated from the local languages into French. Record reviews of the HIV/AIDS service organization complemented the interviews. The fieldwork was conducted in the study setting for two weeks in January 2012. The data was analysed through thematic analysis. Findings: The main themes that emerged as reasons for disclosure were maintaining psychosocial well-being, existence of trusting relationships, need for support with health care, reciprocal obligations and concern for others, whereas reasons for non-disclosure included stigma and discrimination and negative impact on family. However, the factors varied from one participant to another and could not consistently be attributed to one group or another, whether man or woman, married or divorced,etc. Influencing factors were related to gaining support for the participant or avoiding problems. Concerns about stigma were great and included reference to wanting others to have soutoura— privacy, dignity, respect. There were also factors which took into consideration the consequence for the person to whom they might disclose, such as desire to avoid upset or desire to seek testing and possible care for a spouse. Of the participants who had disclosed, there were no cases of severe negative consequences. Not one participant expressed regret for having disclosed, rather they acknowledged that there were positive benefits for themselves and sometimes also the other person to whom disclosure was made. The roles of the service providers and the support group were also influential in decision-making around disclosure, with a good number of cases of mediated disclosure. Conclusion: In line with consequence theory, PLHIV weighed up their benefits and costs when decisions around disclosure were contemplated. The benefits were that PLHIV who chose to disclose gained from increased social support and better management of their HIV infection. At the same time further transmission of infection was potentially reduced and others were oriented for testing and for access to care if needed. In general, HIV continues to be a particularly stigmatising condition and thus the majority of PLHIV in this study judged that it is not worth the risk of possible abandonment,rejection or slander to disclose their status, regardless of the fact that few have actually experienced severe negative consequences as a result of actual disclosure. Because of support provided through service providers and the support group, however, those participants who had chosen to disclose to someone outside of the support group were reaping benefits and also likely avoiding the need to turn to risky activities, such as transactional sex or formal sex work. Recommendations: Recommendations drawn from this study include the need to support programmes or initiatives which seek to reduce HIV-related stigma. There is also the need for leaders in the community to show support for PLHIV which can reduce stigma. Health care and service providers should be aware of the needs of PLHIV and the changes that may arise over time which could lead to a decision to practise beneficial disclosure. They should also learn from the experiences shared by other PLHIV which can in turn be shared. They should receive further training in order to better understand the complexity of disclosure and to assist with mediated disclosure.

How does gender-related legislation interact with the existing political, social, and religious norms? How do these interactions contribute to social changes, as well as to the theoretical discussion around gender norms and feminism in Africa? In the early 1990s, Africa saw a surge of women’s movements and activism supported by the wave of democratization on the continent. Along with discussions about women’s rights, there has been increased attention to how to improve women’s political visibility and participation in the region. Many countries have therefore turned to gender quotas and laws to remedy the relative absence of women in politics, and current research has partially shown that these legislative measures have some positive impact. Particularly, scholars have shown that gender quotas and laws have improved women’s political situation by discrediting the stereotypes that women are less capable than men, by increasing political opportunities for women, and by implementing policies directly related to women’s interests. This dissertation builds on these results and goes further by using the case of the gender parity law in Senegal to 1) examine some challenges these laws encounter, and 2) provide an African feminist framework. Based on in-depth interviews, ethnographic observation, and text analysis, the present research takes into account Senegal’s tradition, culture, and religion (Islam) to analyze the difficulties the gender parity law has had to face, including a weak legislative body and “religious justifications” as to why women should not hold the same political responsibilities as men. In a second part, the dissertation examines the discourse used by women in Senegal and highlights how the movement before and after the law, the language and the strategies used by the women can be interpreted within the larger debate in African feminist theories and traditions. Overall, the dissertation argues that 1) despite the initial success of the gender parity law, an overall consensus on the legitimacy of the law, especially from the male population, is still needed and the existing form of government (strong executive, weak legislative) and its effect on the law in the long term cannot be ignored. However, 2) the law remains part of the larger picture of the important and historical women’s movement in Senegal and contributes to the expansion of how to define gender norms specifically in Senegal and Africa.

This thesis aims to contribute to Senegal's progress towards sustainable development planning. It presents how Senegalese planning system is structured as well as its potential and its limits to change. Senegal is a West African country classified as a least developed country. Senegalese decision-makers seek to provide economic and social well-being to their population, while ensuring a rational and sustainable use of ecological resources. They have demonstrated their commitment to sustainable development in official planning documents and several development programs. However, the process towards sustainability faces several constraints. The structure of the development planning system is complex and rigid; involving a plurality of state agencies, local entities, advisory bodies, citizens, and parliamentarians whose work is uncoordinated and inefficient. Furthermore, a tension exists because the political organization is based on a social vision, while development actions are derived from a liberal policy. In addition, planners and decisions-makers do not share the same understanding of sustainable development. The situation is made more complex by international influences on the concept of sustainability that call for the integration of principles such as gender equality and universal education, making it difficult to establish a clear and commonly understood approach to sustainability. While Senegal seeks human, technical, and financial resources from international donors, the conditions of financial foreign partners further complicates the development planning system. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

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