Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, 2016. / Submitted by Nayara Silva (nayarasilva@bce.unb.br) on 2016-06-24T15:55:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_ThaísNicolinideOliveira.pdf: 2383809 bytes, checksum: 92976f3067a5cb3679dc9f4bedc9119f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-07-07T21:13:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_ThaísNicolinideOliveira.pdf: 2383809 bytes, checksum: 92976f3067a5cb3679dc9f4bedc9119f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T21:13:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_ThaísNicolinideOliveira.pdf: 2383809 bytes, checksum: 92976f3067a5cb3679dc9f4bedc9119f (MD5) / Espécies silvestres têm sido exploradas como fonte de alelos de tolerância para o melhoramento genético vegetal de várias culturas. O parental silvestre do amendoim, Arachis duranensis, é um genótipo que apresenta alta adaptabilidade ao déficit hídrico e foi utilizado em um ensaio de dry drown para sequenciamento do transcriptoma. A análise in silico e a validação por RT-qPCR de genes diferencialmente expressos auxiliaram na identificação de genes candidatos associados à resposta a seca. Dentre eles, uma proteína LEA mostrou-se positivamente regulada mediante a esse estresse. Sabe-se que proteínas LEA se comportam como chaperonas e são encontradas em abundância em tecidos sob dessecação, diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar, clonar e introduzir esse gene via transgenia em planta modelo (Arabidopsis thaliana) para compreender os efeitos da sua superexpressão. O gene foi inserido em plantas de A. thaliana, ecotipo Columbia 0, utilizando o método de floral dip e os eventos em homozigose (geração T3) foram testados. As linhagens foram plantadas em placas de meio MS com 150 mM de NaCl e 200 mM de manitol, separadamente, além de outro grupo que foi plantado em meio MS e colocado em temperaturas extremas (-18°C por uma hora e 37°C por oito horas). Foram calculadas as taxas de sobrevivência e o teor de açúcares solúveis totais de cada amostra/ensaio. O teste de seca também foi feito, onde a irrigação foi suspensa por 15 dias e foram feitas análises de área foliar, teor relativo de água e coexpressão de genes relacionados à tolerância a seca. Nos ensaios com NaCl e manitol não houveram diferenças entre as linhagens e as plantas não transformadas, além de ter sido observado desenvolvimento reduzido das plantas. Nos ensaios com temperaturas extremas as linhagens mantiveram seus teores de açúcares iguais ao controle enquanto as não-transformadas (NT) aumentaram seu teor de açúcares solúveis totais apenas no tratamento de calor e sem diferença significativa na taxa de sobrevivência entre as linhagens e NT. No ensaio com seca houve maior desenvolvimento da área foliar em algumas linhagens quando comparadas às plantas NT. Na análise de teor relativo de água as linhagens mostraram maiores teores relativos de água quando comparado à NT, sob condição de rega controlada e após 15 dias sem irrigação, sendo uma linhagem com maior teor significativo. Esse evento foi selecionado para a análise de expressão gênica de três genes coexpressos com a Dehidrina. Houve aumento da expressão dos três genes em diferentes situações, tanto pelo fato da planta superexpressar a AdDHN quanto pela indução da seca. Os resultados sugerem que esse gene possa conferir uma melhor resposta aos estresses abióticos. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Wild species have been exploited as a source of tolerance alleles for plant breeding of various cultures. Arachis duranensis, a wild parental of the cultivated peanut, is a genotype which has high adaptability to drought and has been used in a dry down test for sequencing the transcriptome. In silico analysis and validation by RT-qPCR differentially expressed genes assisted in the identification of candidate genes associated with drought response. Among them, an LEA protein was positively regulated in response to this stress. It is known that LEA proteins behave as chaperones and are found in abundance in tissues under desiccation, therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize, clone and introduce this gene via genetic modification in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, to understand the effects of its overexpression. The gene was inserted into plants of A. thaliana, ecotype Columbia 0, using the floral dip method and homozygous lines (T3 generation) were assayed. The lines were sown on MS medium plates containing either 150 mM NaCl or 200mM mannitol, and another group that was grown in MS medium and placed at extremes temperatures (-18°C for one hour and 37°C for eight hours). Survival rates were calculated and the total soluble sugar content of each sample/test. The dry test was also done where irrigation was suspended for 15 days and analyses were made of leaf area, relative water content, and co-expression of genes related to drought tolerance. In assays with NaCl and mannitol, there were no differences between lines and non-transformed (NT) have been observed in addition to reduced development of plants. In assays with extreme temperatures, lines maintained their sugar content in levels equal to control while non-transformed (NT) increased their total soluble sugar content only under heat treatment, and no significant difference in survival rate between the lines and NT. In assay for drought, there was a greater leaf area development in some lines than in NT plants, while the relative water content analysis of the strains showed higher relative contents of water when compared to NT under controlled irrigation condition and after 15 days without irrigation, with one line showing a significant content. This line was selected for the gene expression analysis of ascorbate peroxidase, galactinol synthase and DREB. There was increased expression of the three genes in different situations, because the plant overexpresses the AdDHN and because the drought induction. The results suggest that AdDHN may give a better response to abiotic stresses.

In transgenic research the precise control of transgene expression is crucial in order to obtain transformed organisms with expected desirable traits. A broad range of transgenic plants use the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter to drive expression of selectable marker genes. Due to its strong enhancer function, this promoter can disturb the specificity of nearby eukaryotic promoters. When inserted immediately downstream of the 35S promoter in transformation vectors, special DNA sequences called insulators can prevent the influence of the CaMV35S promoter/enhancer on adjacent tissue-specific promoters for the transgene. Insulators occur naturally in organisms such as yeasts and animals but few insulators have been found in plants. Therefore, the goal of this study is to identify DNA sequences with insulator activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. A random oligonucleotide library was designed as an initial step to obtain potential insulators capable of blocking enhancer-promoter interactions in transgenic plants. Fragments from this library with insulator activity were identified and re-cloned into pB31, in order to confirm their activity. To date, one insulator sequence (CLO I-3) has been identified as likely possessing enhancer-blocking activity. Also, two other oligonucleotide sequences (CLO II-10 and CLO III-78) may possess insulator activity but more sampling is needed to confirm their activity. Further studies are needed to validate the function of plant insulator(s) and characterize their associated proteins.

El gineceo tiene un papel fundamental en la continuidad de la especie ya que está implicado en la recepción y germinación del polen, asegurando así la fertilización de los óvulos. Tras dicho proceso el gineceo pasa a denominarse fruto, y es el encargado de proteger las semillas durante su desarrollo y dispersarlas cuando estén maduras. En Arabidopsis se han identificado muchos de los genes necesarios para la morfogénesis del fruto y la formación de los tejidos necesarios para la dispersión de las semillas, aunque en la mayoría de los casos no se conocen con precisión las rutas genéticas implicadas en estos procesos. Por ello es importante ampliar los estudios genéticos y moleculares encaminados a desvelar las interacciones funcionales entre los genes implicados, así como identificar nuevos factores con funciones clave en la morfogénesis del gineceo. En la presente tesis se ha llevado a cabo la caracterización funcional de la pequeña subfamilia de factores de transcripción NGATHA (NGA) de Arabidopsis, y se ha estudiado el papel que desempeñan estos factores en las rutas genéticas responsables de la morfogénesis del gineceo. Para la caracterización funcional de los genes NGA se han identificado y caracterizado mutantes de pérdida de función para cada uno de estos loci, y se han generado y analizado combinaciones múltiples de estas mutaciones. Estos estudios han puesto de manifiesto el papel esencial que los genes NGA desempeñan en la morfogénesis de los tejidos apicales del gineceo en Arabidopsis. El análisis de los patrones de expresión temporal y espacial de los genes NGA muestra que su expresión tiene lugar en dominios que experimentan una proliferación activa y coincide, en general, con regiones que acumulan niveles altos de auxinas. Para profundizar en la relación entre los genes NGA y las rutas de señalización de auxinas se han realizado diferentes análisis, como el estudio de las respuestas clásicas a auxinas en los mutantes nga, la caracterización del efecto fenotípico de las auxinas y de inhibidores del transporte de auxinas en estos mutantes, y el análisis de expresión de genes implicados en la biosíntesis de auxinas, como los genes YUCCA (YUC), en los mutantes nga. Los resultados obtenidos indican que los fenotipos observados en el gineceo de los mutantes nga probablemente son debidos a una menor síntesis de auxinas en la región apical del gineceo como consecuencia de la falta de inducción de los genes YUC en este dominio. Por tanto, los factores NGA parecen estar implicados en la biosíntesis de auxinas a través de la regulación de los genes YUC. Además de las auxinas, los genes NGA podrían regular respuestas a brasinosteroides en la raíz, ya que se ha demostrado la interacción física entre las proteínas NGA y BRX. Así mismo, se ha llevado a cabo un exhaustivo análisis genético para determinar el papel de los genes NGA en las rutas que dirigen la morfogénesis del gineceo. Los estudios realizados con combinaciones múltiples de mutantes, tanto de pérdida como de ganancia de función, junto con análisis de expresión han puesto de manifiesto la existencia de una relación funcional entre los factores de transcripción de la familia STY/SHI y los factores NGA, pese a no estar relacionados estructuralmente. En este trabajo se muestra que estas dos familias probablemente no se regulan mutuamente, sino que actúan de manera cooperativa sobre dianas comunes. Los resultados obtenidos indican que un posible trímero NGA/STY1/CRC sería el responsable de especificar la formación del estilo. Se muestra también que los genes NGA participan en la regulación de genes que dirigen la formación de la zona de dehiscencia y la apertura del fruto y que también parecen tener un papel en la formación de las regiones apicales del gineceo. Los análisis genéticos realizados indican que los factores NGA podrían estar implicados en la inducción de los genes SHATTERPROOF (SHP) e interferir con la activación del gen FRUITFULL (FUL). / Navarrete Gomez, ML. (2011). Análisis funcional de genes reguladores del desarrollo del fruto y su relación con las vías reguladas por auxinas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/10940 / Palancia

Las Giberelinas (GAs) intervienen en la regulación de numerosos procesos en el desarrollo a lo largo de la vida de la planta, y lo hacen promoviendo la degradación de las proteínas DELLA (DELLAs) [1], reguladoras negativas de las respuestas a GAs. Las DELLAs son nucleares y carecen de sitios de unión a DNA, sin embargo son capaces de interaccionar con otras proteínas y de esta manera regular la expresión génica [2-6]. Una de las preguntas que se abordaran en este proyecto es el de entender como las GAs son capaces de regular diversos procesos del crecimiento y del desarrollo, nuestra hipótesis se basa en que las proteínas DELLA se encuentran reprimiendo o potenciando la actividad de otras proteínas involucradas en diferentes procesos del desarrollo. / Marín De La Rosa, NA. (2014). DELLA proteins as hubs in signaling networks in plants [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37193 / TESIS

The introduction of mass spectrometry techniques to the field of biology has made possible the exploration of the proteome as a whole system as opposed to prior techniques, such as anti-body based assays or yeast two-hybrid studies, which were strictly limited to the study of a few proteins at a time. This practice has allowed for a systems biology approach of exploring the proteome, with the possibility of viewing entire pathways over increments of time. In this study, the effect of treating Arabidopsis thaliana suspension culture cells with 3’,5’-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is a native second messenger, was examined. Samples were collected at four time points and proteins were extracted and enriched for both oxidation and phosphorylation before analysis via mass spectrometry. Preliminary results suggest a tendency towards an increased number of phosphorylated proteins as a result of cGMP treatment. The data also showed a sharp increase in methionine oxidation in response to the treatment, occurring within the first ten minutes. This finding suggests that cGMP may utilize methionine oxidation as a mechanism of signal transduction. As such, this study corroborates a growing body of evidence supporting the inclusion of methionine oxidation in intracellular signaling pathways.

Drought (soil water deficit) as a major adverse environmental condition can result in serious reduction in plant growth and crop production. Plants respond and adapt to drought stresses by triggering various signalling pathways leading to physiological, metabolic and developmental changes that may ultimately contribute to enhanced tolerance to the stress. Here, a novel non-coding RNA (ncRNA) involved in plant drought stress tolerance was identified. We showed that increasing the expression of this ncRNA led to enhanced sensitivity during seed germination and seedling growth to the phytohormone abscisic acid. The mutant seedlings are also more sensitive to osmotic stress inhibition of lateral root growth. Consistently, seedlings with enhanced expression of this ncRNA exhibited reduced transiprational water loss and were more drought-tolerant than the wild type. Future analyses of the mechanism for its role in drought tolerance may help us to understand how plant drought tolerance could be further regulated by this novel ncRNA.

Recently global warming and increasing environmental temperature are discussed very frequently. Ambient temperature is an important factor regulating plant growth and global changes in temperature could significantly affect the yield of the agriculture. Our previous work revealed the role of plant hormones cytokinins in response to temperature and showed cytokinins as negative regulators of the thermomorphogenesis. Since gibberellins are known as positive regulators of the thermomorphogenesis this work was focused on their interaction in response to temperature in Arabidopsis thaliana. Analysis of the morphology of plant seedlings showed that the effect of cytokinins dominates over gibberellins in response to high temperature and is detectable soon after high-temperature treatment. Analysis of gene expression showed that cytokinins induce expression of gibberellin biosynthesis enzyme GA20ox1 and decrease the expression of gibberellin degradation enzyme GA2ox6. On the other hand, cytokinins have an inhibitory effect on the expression of the master regulator of thermomorphogenesis PIF4. Analysis of transgenic line overexpressing PIF4 suggests that cytokinins could affect the thermomorphogenesis by regulation of the PIF4 expression but this process is not the key mechanism of the regulation of the response to high temperature.

Biotic stresses such as infection by bacteria negatively affect plant growth and pose a severe threat to human food production. Improving our understanding of the immune systems of plants should help ensure food supplies in the years ahead. Bacterial infections induce Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), a process in which plants perceive bacterial molecules and trigger an immune response. Mitogen- Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascades are key players in this immunity process. Since the MAP Kinases (MPKs) 3/4/6 are mainly responsible for flg22- dependent phosphorylation events, we sought to find out how oxidation of MPK4 affects its ability to respond to stresses. Previous studies have shown varying kinase activity of MPK4 upon oxidation. Therefore, this project aims to provide an insight into the oxidative defense signaling mechanism of A. thaliana by investigating the role of MPK4 Cysteine181 in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of oxidation-mimicking as well as oxidation-dead mutants gave first hints that Cysteine181, which is located in the MPK4 substrate binding pocket, is a highly important regulatory residue of oxidative stress signaling by affecting MPK4 kinase activity and the activation of MPK3 and MPK6. Binding studies revealed that those events are due to sterical hindrance within the binding pocket of MPK4 and the blockage of upstream activator binding. The second part of this study characterizes compositional and post-translational changes of plant ribosomes during pathogen infection. Ribosomal proteins selectively participate in the formation of polysomes under different environmental and developmental conditions. However, the function of these changes still remains elusive. The current research project attempts to understand the plant ribosomal changes that occur upon exposure to bacterial pathogens. To observe ribosomal changes, A. thaliana plants were treated with a pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP), flg22. Mass spectrometric analysis identified quantitative changes of PAMP-induced ribosomal proteins in polysomes as well as changes in post-translational modifications. Spatial simulations of ribosomes revealed specific regions within the ribosomes to be PTI specific. This study demonstrates that MPK6 contributes to modification of P-stalk composition and phosphorylation status. The MPK6 mediated modifications may affect translation and in combination indicate a mechanism of PTI-related translational control.

No description available.

The effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is activated at the site of pathogen infection and results in a state of enhanced immunity called systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in distal, uninfected plant organs. SAR relays on mobile signals transported from infected cells to distal organs, and on signal amplification which supports transcriptional re-programming associated with priming and execution of SAR. Previous research in our lab has identified the chloroplastic TOP1 and cytosolic TOP2 as salicylic acid (SA)–binding oligopeptidases, non-competitively inhibited by SA. We demonstrate that SAR triggered with P. syringae DC3000 AvrRpt2 is abolished in top2 whereas top1 top2 exhibits a SAR slightly but consistently stronger than wild type (WT) controls, indicating that top1 is epistatic to top2. In agreement with the observed SAR phenotypes, top2 is defective in the induction of SAR markers including SA and Pip synthesis and SA signaling genes, whereas top1 top2 shows significantly higher induction of these markers. SAR- phenotype of top2 is rescued by exogenous SA, H2O2 and Pip applications. Interestingly, neither top1 nor top 1top2 are unable to mount SAR in response to Pip and H2O2 treatments. Analysis of ROS-responsive transcription factors and antioxidant gene induction in infected and distal tissues reveal significantly dysregulated patterns in all mutants, with top2 and top1 top2 most affected, indicating that TOP1 and TOP2 function together to support a pattern of successive waves of oxidation and reduction during SAR. The local and systemic oscillations are anti-corelated in Wt. The local vs. systemic anti-correlation is lost in the mutant genotypes. The amplitude of the mRNA oscillations is significantly lower in top2 plants, and significantly increased in top1top2 plants. top1 and top1top2 lost the oscillation compared to WT but they are still able to keep the expression up in time. top2 is unable to support the expression of some of the genes and oscillations and continued the expression of these genes in time. Overall, our results argue for a defining role of TOP chloroplastic and cytosolic proteolytic pathways in maintaining redox signaling necessary for the induction of SAR transcriptional re-programming and execution.