This study explores the application of micro-CCHP systems that utilize a 30 kW gas microturbine and an absorption chiller. Engineering Equation Solver (EES) is used to model a novel single-effect and double-effect water-lithium bromide absorption chiller that integrates the heat recovery unit and cooling tower of a conventional CCHP system into the chiller’s design, reducing the cost and footprint of the system. The results of the EES model are used to perform heat and material balances for the micro-CCHP systems employing the novel integrated chillers, and energy budgets for these systems are developed. While the thermal performance of existing CCHP systems range from 50-70%, the resulting thermal performance of the new systems in this study can double those previously documented. The size of the new system can be significantly reduced to less than one third the size of the existing system.

Le rafraîchissement solaire constitue une alternative intéressante à la climatisation réalisée au moyen de machines frigorifiques à compression mécanique de vapeur dont l’alimentation est électrique. Parmi les différentes solutions susceptibles de convenir, l’utilisation d’un cycle frigorifique tri-therme permet une valorisation de chaleur solaire en énergie frigorifique et constitue une voie prometteuse. Cependant, la variabilité des conditions aux limites (météorologiques notamment) et de ses influences temporelles sur le comportement global rend, à ce jour, très difficile, l’évaluation des performances énergétiques du système et plus encore son dimensionnement optimal, compte tenu de l’absence de moyen d’investigation. Cette thèse introduit la problématique du sujet et analyse les différentes technologies de rafraîchissement solaire envisageables à l'heure actuelle, afin d'expliquer la forte prépondérance des systèmes à absorption. Ensuite, pour répondre au problème, une nouvelle méthode de modélisation de ces machines permettant la prédiction des performances en régime transitoire est introduite et appliquée à quatre machines du marché. Puis, une installation pilotede rafraîchissement solaire est présentée dans le but d'analyser et de comprendre son comportement dynamique, afin d'identifier des voies d'optimisation. Enfin, les résultats expérimentaux de cette installation sont utilisés dans le but de développer et valider un outil complet d'analyse et d'optimisation des performances, c'est à dire depuis le champ de capteurs jusqu'à la distribution de froid. Cet outil de modélisation de systèmes de rafraîchissement solaire pourra ensuite être valorisé par la mise au point d'une méthodologie d'aide au dimensionnement de ce type d'installation, destiné au décideur ou à l'ingénieur. / The general context of the thesis is the solar cooling. This is an interesting alternative to conventional air conditioning systems, that is to say systems using mechanical vapour compression from electric power. Among the various solutions that may be suitable, the use of a refrigeration tri-thermal cycle is a promising issue. However, given the lack of means of investigation, the variability of the boundary conditions (including weather) and its temporal influences on the overall behaviour makes it very difficult, to evaluate the energy performance of the system nowadays, and even more difficult its optimal sizing. This thesis introduces the issue of the subject and analyzes the different state-of-the-art solar cooling technologies in order to explain the strong predominance of absorption systems. Then, to address the problem, a new method of modelling of these machines for the prediction of transient performance is introduced and applied to four machines on the market. Then, a solar cooling pilot is presented in order to analyze and understand its dynamic behaviour, to identify ways of optimization. Finally, the experimental results of this plant are used in order to develop and validate a completeanalysis and performance optimization methodology, i.e. from the collector field to the cooling distribution. This modelling tool for solar cooling systems can then be enhanced by the development of a methodology to help the design of this type of installation, for the decision maker or for the engineer.

Orientador: Paulo Henrique de Mello Sant'Ana / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2017. / O mundo contemporâneo tem intensificado esforços para responder e solucionar problemas, que embora identificados no passado, tem se tornado objeto de crescente preocupação para a humanidade. As preocupações cada vez maiores com o aquecimento global e a tendência do aumento da posse de sistemas elétricos para a climatização ambiental fazem com que a utilização de energia limpa para alimentar estes sistemas seja cada vez mais considerada como forma de contribuir para uma sociedade mais sustentável. Para isso a presente tese, diante de uma proposta interdisciplinar, descreve qual é a influência da energia termo solar no planejamento de instalações de chillers solares residenciais no Brasil. A abordagem teórica deste trabalho possibilitou estudar a energia termo solar de maneira isolada na forma de níveis de potenciais. Os resultados obtidos mostram a existência de uso de potenciais de energia termo solar no Brasil, principalmente nas regiões que compõe o cinturão solar. O custo nivelado de geração de energia termo solar obtido é suficientemente competitivo com as tarifas de eletricidade. Vários elementos apresentados no decorrer da tese são inseríveis no Fluxo das Soluções no Modelo de Kingdon e considerados no processo de formulação de políticas públicas. / The contemporary world has intensified its efforts to respond to and solve problems, which, although identified in the past, have become an object of increasing concern to humanity. The growing concern about global warming and the trend of increasing the possession of electrical systems for environmental air conditioning means that the use of clean energy to feed these systems is increasingly considered as contributing to a more sustainable society. For this, the present thesis, in view of an interdisciplinary proposal, describes what is the influence of solar thermal energy in the planning of residential solar chillers installations in Brazil. The theoretical approach of this work made it possible to study solar thermal energy in an isolated manner in the form of potential levels. The results obtained show the existence of solar thermal energy potentials in Brazil, mainly in the regions that make up the solar belt. The leveled cost of generating solar thermal power is sufficiently competitive with electricity rates. Several elements presented in the course of the thesis are insertable in the Solution Flow in the Kingdon Model and considered in the process of public policy formulation.

This independent degree project has been implemented on behalf of FVB Sverige AB in collaboration Sundsvall Energi AB with the initial purpose of mapping manufacturers of hot water driven absorption chillers. After that, several technical solutions are examined to manage the peak load of a theoretical object which cannot produce the cooling power required with only an absorptions chiller, due to limitations in the district heating supply. The market study has shown that the supply of absorption chillers with drive temperatures of 70–90˚C is limited to a few manufacturers. World Energy offers a unit with drive temperatures of 70 ˚C and efficiency (COP) of 0,4. Due to limitations of district heating flow, a unit with drive temperature of 85 ˚C and efficiency of 0,77 is chosen. The technical solutions are dimensioned for a building with a peak power of 264 kilowatt, where the required peak load ranges from 31 to 39 kilowatt. The technical solutions examined are a solar collector system, tap water heat exchanger, and a conventional compressor driven chiller. The solar collectors are dependent on location but use no refrigerants that are affected by the F-gas regulation. The tap water solution consumes large flows of tap water, but the installation is simple. The conventional chiller is not location dependent but uses ozone degrading refrigerants and has a high cost of operation. From an economic perspective the technical solutions are equally profitable with a present net value of approximately 500 000 SEK and pay-back of 13 years. The examination has also shown that the present value is one million crowns in sales of heat and building after a ten-year period. In conclusion the conventional chiller has the biggest prerequisites to be used as a standardised solution for buildings with a bigger cooling load. Based on the technical and economical conditions.

Due to effects of global warming and rising living standards, Kerala’s, India air conditioning sector has seen an increase in energy consumption in recent years. Increased need for power resulted in a peak demand owing to the usage of traditional air conditioning systems running on electricity produced from fossil fuels. For reduced environmental effects of air conditioning/refrigerant system operation, this study considers alternative energy sources. The solar powered air conditioning is marketed as an appealing appliance that makes use of free, clear, and sustainable solar energy. In this study we are installing an air conditioning system based on solar collector using absorption chiller for a commercial building in Palakkad district Kerala, India, and thus making the building sustainable. The study uses a case study methodology comparing two systems. One old using hazardous refrigerant and one new with environmentally friendly coolant. This study designs an air-conditioning system for required cooling demand and checking the viability of the installation by cost analysis and energy use. Installing roof top solar panels will make the building completely energy sustainable. The study proves the new solar collector air conditioning system and integrated solar panels can come to a breakeven point within one year of operation.

The supply of cooling has increased significantly in recent years, the trend shows that the increase will continue one reason is that the standard of living has increased, but EU has also set a requirement that energy consumption must be better at the same time. With “better” means more efficient and environmentally friendly. District cooling today uses either chillers or naturally available cold sources such as deep sea water, lake water or cold air. Cold air is, of course, only available when the seasons permit it and the cold air is not available when comfort cooling is needed for e.g. offices. The only alternative for areas that do not have a cold water source nearby is to use chillers. The most common chillers today are compressor chillers and absorption chillers. The most interesting chiller for the energy and environmental company HEM in Halmstad, is the absorption chiller which is driven by heat. HEM has, during the summer, surplus heat produced in Kristinehed plant which they want to use, they also have an increased inventory of waste during the summer which they get from the municipality of Halland. This heat is, of course, qualified to be used in the making of cold. Absorption chillers is today, however, not as common as compressor chillers which are capable of dealing with most cooling capacities, from small to large, and simultaneously works more or less flawlessly. Most of today’s absorption chillers are of a few hundred kW and upwards while there are no absorption chillers for the smaller effects, they are also very expensive and can have problems with crystallization of the absorbent if the operation is handled incorrectly. But it’s also expensive when it comes to piping of district cooling networks depending on where the pipes are desired, for example if it is the middle of town or over a grass field. A fictional project of the area Sannarp is used for a case study in this thesis where one investment alternative was to extend the existing district cooling pipes and another alternative was to invest in absorption chillers to meet the company's cooling demand. The results were obviously much affected by the area's layout and the distance to the first company starting from the existing pipe. The company's cooling demand also affected the results and the first alternatives investment cost could only be competitive with alternative 2 because the distance was just of the right length. If the distance to the company had been shorter, then the cooling demand for the same company has had to be less. The conclusion of the project was still in the end that and expansion of the current district cooling network to the company was the most feasible and economically advantageous.

Au cours des dernières années, l'utilisation des systèmes de climatisation classiques a connu une augmentation importante qui directement augmente la consommation d'électricité dans différents types de bâtiments.Par conséquent, le développement du système de climatisation solaire appliqué aux bâtiments est la nouvelle technologie qui pourrait remplacer le système conventionnel à compresseur. De cette façon, il est nécessaire de comprendre et d’évaluer cette solution alternative. À cet effet, notre Institut de recherche en énergie solaire et en énergies renouvelables (IRESEN) a financé un projet appelé «Refroidissement solaire au Maroc» basé sur la technologie d'absorption, afin de réaliser des études de faisabilité sur ce type de systèmes afin de les intégrer dans la nouvelle génération du bâtiment.Dans ce but, cette thèse a traité un système de refroidissement solaire en utilisant la machine à absorption comme la technologie de production de froid dans différentes conditions et climats. Tout d'abord, cette thèse commence par une étude bibliographique ou elle analyse et critique plusieurs travaux traitant les systèmes de refroidissement solaire, ainsi que les diffèrent technologie de capteur solaire. Deuxième point de cette thèse focalise sur la machine à absorption où elle présente un modèle mathématique d'une machine à absorption à simple effet, afin de comprendre le comportement dynamique de ce type de machine face à une variation des conditions extérieures telles que (rayonnement solaire, température extérieure, charges climatique internes). En plus, l'analyse du système de refroidissement solaire devrait prendre en compte une approche énergétique et financière qui permette de prévoir toutes les performances énergétiques (fraction solaire, coefficient de performance, efficacité thermique et efficacité exergétique…) et d'optimiser la taille des composants les plus importants, qui sont la surface du capteur solaire et le volume du ballon de stockage. Une évaluation détaillée de ces deux paramètres est examinée dans les six zones climatiques du Maroc, puis généralisée à neuf capitales africaines afin de fournir un outil numérique pour le dimensionnement et l'optimisation du système de refroidissement solaire non seulement au Maroc mais également dans l'ensemble des régions africaines. / In the last few years, the use of conventional air conditioning system has known an important increase, which directly increase the electricity consumption in different type of building.Therefore, the development of solar cooling system applied to buildings is the new technology that could replace the conventional system of air conditioning. That way, there is a need to understand and evaluate this alternative solution. For that purpose, our Institute of Research in Solar energy and renewable energies (SPCM) has finance a project called Solar cooling in Morocco based on the absorption technology, in order to have a feasibility studies on this kind of systems, in the scope of implementing them in the new generation of buildings. Thus, this thesis treats the solar cooling system using an absorption chiller as the technology of cooling under different conditions and climates. Firstly, it presents a mathematical model of a single effect absorption chiller, in order to understand the dynamic behavior of this kind of machine when they are confronted to a variation in the external conditions such as (solar radiation, external temperature, cooling loads).Moreover, the analysis of the solar cooling system should take into account an energetic and a financial approach to predict all the energetic performances (solar fraction, coefficient of performance, thermal efficiency and exergetic efficiency…) and to optimize the size of the most important component which are the solar collector surface and the storage tank volume. A detailed assessment of these two parameters is investigated in the six climatic zones of Morocco and then it is generalized to nine African capitals in order to give a numerical tool to pre-sizing and optimizing the solar cooling system not only in Morocco but also in all Africa.

This research studies the performance of a salinity gradient solar pond driving an absorption cooling system, as an alternative to a conventional electrically powered cooling system, to provide cool air for a modern single family house in the hot dry climate of Baghdad, Iraq. The system comprises a salinity gradient solar pond, a hot-water-fired absorption water chiller, a chilled-water cooling coil which cools the air in the house, and a cooling tower which rejects heat to the ambient air. Hot brine from the pond circulates through a heat exchanger, where it heats water that is then pumped to the chiller. This arrangement protects the chiller from the corrosive brine. The system is controlled on-off by a room thermostat in the house. The system performance is modelled by dynamic thermal simulation using TMY2 hourly typical weather data. TRNSYS software is used for the main simulation, coupled to a MATLAB model of heat and mass transfer in the pond and the ground beneath it. The model of the pond and the ground is one-dimensional (only vertical transfers are considered). Radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation and diffusion are considered; the ground water at some depth below the pond is treated as being at a fixed temperature. All input data and parameter values in the simulation are based on published, standard or manufacturer's data. Temperature profiles in the pond were calculated and found to be in good agreement with published experimental results. It was found that a pond area of approximately 400 m2 was required to provide satisfactory cooling for a non-insulated house of approximately 125 m2 floor area. It was found that varying the pond area, ground conditions and pond layer thicknesses affected the system performance. The optimum site is one that has soil with low thermal conductivity, low moisture content and a deep water table. It is concluded that Iraq's climate has a potential for solar-pond-powered thermal cooling systems. It is feasible to use a solar-pond-powered cooling system to meet the space cooling load for a single family house in the summer season. Improving the thermal performance of the house by insulation could reduce the required solar pond area.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet SCRIB (“dispositif Solaire de Climatisation Réversible Intégré au Bâti”) porté par la société Helioclim. Ce projet est financé par l’état français dans le cadre des « Investissements d’avenir » pilotés par l’ADEME (Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie). Le but de ce projet est de développer une solution de climatisation solaire réversible capable de répondre à l’ensemble des besoins thermiques des bâtiments industriels et tertiaires (climatisation, chauffage, production de froid industriel, eau chaude sanitaire). Le système est constitué d’une machine à absorption réversible, alimentée par un système de capteurs solaires innovants. Le cycle de la machine à absorption est en configuration GAX (Generator-Absorber heat eXchange – échange de chaleur entre le générateur et l’absorbeur).Ce travail de thèse s’est intéressé au développement d’un outil logiciel aidant à la conception et au contrôle d’une telle machine. Un modèle de connaissance prenant en compte les paramètres de fonctionnement et de dimensionnement a été ainsi mis en œuvre. L’originalité de ce travail repose sur les points suivants :- L’outil logiciel propose plusieurs modules qui permettent de simuler différentes configurations de machine à absorption (mono ou multi-étagée).- Les propriétés thermodynamiques des mélanges ont été modélisées à l’aide de modèles basés sur l’utilisation d’une équation d’état ou d’un modèle d’enthalpie libre d’excès. Ainsi, le couple fluide pourra être facilement changé.- Un modèle de « Flash Positif » permet de prédire l’état de chaque courant (liquide sous-refroidi, liquide-vapeur ou vapeur surchauffée) sans poser d’hypothèses a priori. Chaque courant est considéré multiconstituant.- Les bilans matière et d’énergie sont écrits pour les différents appareils (évaporateur, absorbeur, détenteur,…).- Le générateur est modélisé par un empilement d’étages théoriques. Les équations MESH (Mass balance, Equilibrium, Summation, Heat balance) ont été écrites pour chaque étage.- Les inerties thermiques et de matière sont prises en compte.Les résultats de simulation obtenus à l’aide de cet outil logiciel ont été comparés avec succès à une étude publiée qui concernait un cycle GAX fonctionnant avec le couple ammoniac/eau. A l’aide de cet outil, le régime permanent et le comportement dynamique du système soumis à une perturbation peuvent être simulés, ce qui peut constituer une aide importante dans le développement de la politique de contrôle du système. / This PhD thesis was carried on in the framework of the SCRIB project (“dispositif Solaire de Climatisation Réversible Intégré au Bâti”) led by the Helioclim company. This project is funded by the French government (“Investissements d’Avenir” operated by the French Agency for Energy and Environment, ADEME). The goal of this project is to develop a reversible solar cooling system which can respond to a set of thermal requirements in industrial and tertiary building sector (cooling system, heating system, industrial cooling system and domestic hot water). Thus an ammonia/water absorption chiller prototype, powered by innovative thermal solar concentrators, has been built. This absorption chiller has a GAX (Generator-Absorber heat eXchange) configuration.This PhD work focused on the development of a support tool for the conception and the control of such device. A software tool has been developed implementing knowledge-based model, which took into account the operating and design parameters of the absorption chiller. The key originalities of the proposed work are as follows:- The software has been designed in a modular way allowing the simulation of various absorption chiller configurations (single or multi-stage).- The thermodynamic properties of the mixture have been modeled by equation of state or excess Gibb’s energy model. The working fluids can then be changed easily.- A “Positive Flash” model allows the description of all the possible states (sub-cooled, super-heated, biphasic…) of the various streams which are all considered as multicomponent mixtures, without a priori assumptions.- The various devices (evaporator, absorber, valves, etc.) are modeled from balance equations (mass, energy). - The generator is modeled using the concept of theoretical plates. MESH equations (Mass balance, Equilibrium, Summation, Heat balance) have been written for each stage.- Both thermal and material inertia are considered.Simulation results obtained with this software have been successfully compared to an earlier published experimental study for a GAX configuration absorption chiller which used ammonia/water as working fluids. Thanks to this tool, the steady state and the transient behavior of the system submitted to a perturbation can be simulated, which can be helpful for the development of the control policy of the absorption chiller.

The aim of the Masterâs thesis was to create a computational model for integration of the cogeneration unit into the smart thermal network. For the better use of waste heat from the selected cogeneration unit MOTORGAS MGM250 during the summer period, the absorption circuit was dimensioned and the appropriate trigeneration computational model was formed. In the theoretical part, the function, operation and heat performance of the cogeneration unit as well as the suitability of the connection of the cogeneration unit with the absorption chiller during the summer period were described. In the practical part, the operational data of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the Brno University of Technology and the theoretical performance data from created cogeneration and trigeneration computational models were compared. Based on this comparison, the conclusion about the suitability of use of both computational models was made.