Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-178). Available also in an electronic version from UMI Company.

The variations in the composition, specifically the Cr20 S content and the Cr:Fe ratio, and the morphology of the Lower Group (LG) and Middle Group (MG) chromitite seams of the Critical Zone (CZ) across the western Bushveld Complex, including the Ruighoek and Brits sections, is investigated by means of whole-rock chemical data, both major and trace elements analysis, XRD and electron microprobe data. As a result ofthe paucity of exposed or developed LG1 - LG5 chromitite seams in the western Bushveld Complex, this study is confined to the investigation of the compositional variations of the LG6 to MG4 chromitite seams. In only one section, the Ruighoek section, was the entire succession of chromitite seams, from the LG1 - MG4, exposed. The silicate host rocks from the LG6 pyroxenite footwall to the collar of the CC2 drillcore (lower uCZ) in the Rustenburg section were sampled. This study reviews the compositional trends of the silicate host rocks, as the compositional variations of the chromitite seams reflect the chemical evolution of the host cumulate environment and, to a lesser degree, the composition onhe interstitial mineral phases in the chromitite seams. The compositional variations of the LG and MG chromitite seams are attributed to the compositional contrast between the replenishing magma and the resident magma. The chemical trends of the LG and MG chromitite layers and the host cumUlate rOCKS do not support the existence of two compositionalfy dissimilar magmas in the CZ, rather the cyclic layering of the CZ and the chemical variations of the chromitite seams are attributed to the mixing of primitive magma with the resident magma, both of which have essentially similar compositions. The compositional variations of the LG and MG chromitite seams along strike away from the supposed feeder site (Union section) to the distal facies (Brits section) are attributed to the advanced compositional contrast between the resident magma and the replenishing primitive magma pulses. The CZ is characterized by reversals in fractionation trends and this is attributed to the compositional evolution of the parental magma and not to the replenishment of the resident magma by influxes of grossly dissimilar magma compositions. The Cr20 S content and the Cr:Fe ratio of the MG chromitite layers increase from the Ruighoek (near proximal) section to the Brits section (distal facies). This is attributed to the advanced compositional contrasts between the resident magma and the replenishing primitive magma. In contrast, the Cr20 3 content and Cr:Fe ratios ofthe LG6 and LG8a chromitite seams decreases eastwards from the Ruighoek section. The average Cr:Fe ratio for the western Bushveld Complex is between 1.5 and\2.0, nonetheless, a progressively lower Cr:Fe ratio is noted from the LG1 chromitite up through to the MG4 chromitite seam in the Ruighoek section. tn the LG2 - LG4 chromitite interval a deviation to higher.lratios is encountered. A progressive substitution of Cr by AT and Fe in the Cr-spinel crystal lattice characterizes the chromitite succession from the LG1 seam up through the chromitite succession to MG4. The petrogeneSiS of the chromitite seams of the CZ is attributed to magma mixing and fractional crystallization of a single magma type.

Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is a cosmopolitan species of fern which possesses extrafloral nectaries. A survey of the arthropod fauna associated with the plant throughout its range in South Africa identified the most widespread and damaging bracken herbivores and those species most likely to be influenced by ants visiting the extrafloral nectaries. Seventeen herbivorous arthropods were found to be definitely feeding on bracken and a further thirteen species with a less certain status were recorded. In addition, several species of ants were observed on the fronds and feeding at the extrafloral nectarie. On the basis of their widespread distribution and abundance, four bracken herbivores emerged as being particularly detrimental to the plant in South Africa. They were an eriophyid gall mite, a leafhopper and two moths. The biology of the two lepidopterans, Appana cinisigna and Panotima sp., suggested that they were potentially vulnerable to ants at various stages of their life histories. Laboratory experiments were undertaken to observe ant-lepidopteran interactions under controlled conditions. The ant Crematogaster peringueyi rapidly removed exposed A. cini igna eggs, but did not appear to regard Panotima eggs as food items. Small instar larvae of both species proved vulnerable, but the larger larvae appeared capable of escaping ant predation. Ant exclusion experiments in the field, using natural and artificially augmented ant densities, were carried out at two sites near Grahamstown. The dominant ant species was C. peringueyi. Neither the numbers of lepidopterans nor levels of herbivory were significantly reduced by the presence of ants . Despite the implications of the laboratory tests, the results of these field experiments did not support the hypothesis that ants which visit bracken extrafloral nectaries benefit the plant. Ant-bracken field studies on other continents also reported no significant ant-related effects, though marginal reductions in the abundance of certain herbivores have been noted at one site in the U.K. Since ant protection does not appear to be an inevitable consequence of having extrafloral nectaries, their value to bracken is in some doubt. The most likely situation where effective protection will occur is when high densities of vulnerable herbivores are preyed upon by large numbers of aggressive ants. However, even under these conditions, enhancement of plant fitness is not inevitable. This raises the question of why extrafloral nectaries have been retained in a plant that is as successful and widespread as bracken.

A dissertation ... giving details of problems and methods of obtaining statistics of the more important demographic aspects of the African Negroid populations, that is the size of a population, its sex and age distribution, migration movements, deaths and rates of increase.

Tese (Doutorado) Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciencias Juridicas, 1990 / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-05T20:06:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1990Bitstream added on 2016-01-08T16:44:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 78923.pdf: 35400914 bytes, checksum: 681de932a516f3bec4add7e8f6de7dc5 (MD5) / Ninguém mais põe em dúvida que a descolonização da África Negra veio trazer um outro significado para o mundo de hoje, pela grande quantidade de Estados independentes, pelas vicissitudes porque têm passado e, também, por sua contribuição para a história do mundo. Séculos de passividade, de lutas intestinas, de opressão e de silêncio, com o surgimento desses Estados, sofreram uma mudança radical e o silêncio foi substituído por uma incessante gritaria, que vinha de todos os quadrantes da África. Eles queriam, que boas ações de seus líderes e governantes, fazer-se ouvir. E o continente foi então chamado de muitas maneiras diferentes, de África imatura, de África jovem, de África cruel, a difícil África Negra e nem se sabe de quantas maneiras mais. Só não foi chamada de África, de Nova África, que precisava de quem a conhecesse e a compreendesse, também, da melhor maneira possível . Ela buscava desesperadamente um caminho, um caminho seu, que se ajustasse ao modo de ser de sua gente, de suas muitas nações, de seus povos e muitíssimas línguas. A África Negra e sua compreensão é um trabalho muito árduo, de paciência, tolerância, impactos e desenganos também. É uma matéria complexa como podem ser as mais complexas, requer uma visão sobretudo humanística e, como tal, acreditamos que deva ser feita com os olhos voltados para a idio-sincrasia dos africanos, ou suas idiossincrasias. Torna-se, às vezes, difícil a tolerância quando se nos deparam exemplos chocantes de brutalidade e violência, de antinomias gritantes, de teimosias que levam a destruição de velhas instituições e de experimentos por vezes perigosos, em substituição a modelos que pareciam estáveis e bem adaptados. Mas em nenhuma parte do mundo a polícia tem sido tão vibrantemente dinâmica do que na África. A polícia formal, exterior, para os olhos dos que estão fora. Em contrapartida, sobreexistem velhas instituições que parecem estacionadas no tempo e, contudo, convivem com o presente. E essa convivência nos ensina a tolerância para com a própria África dos jornais, das manchetes, dos noticiários e dessa tolerância, uma compreensão muito mais vasta, muito mais ampla: não é possível olharmos a África Negra apenas com olhos científicos. Resultaria um trabalho profundamente antipático e duro. É preciso olhá-la com humanismo. Foi a nossa proposta básica na tese "Novos Estados em África", que antecedeu a esta outra, tese acadêmica de Doutorado , "Novos tipos de Estados e regimes na África Negra no Pós-colonialismo - Uma visão humanística", apresentada agora. Um tanto "à vol d'oiseau" passamos revista pelo continente, a sua geografia e geologia, a sua etnologia, as línguas ali faladas, os muitos povos que a habitam e os muitos Estados que se criaram, sobre os escombros e cinzas de velhos impérios e reinos, muitos deles encobertos pela lenda, pasto fértil do mito. O mito pervagava a maioria dos Estados do passado africano. Já não havia deles a não ser restos quando os europeus chegaram e retalharam a terra africana, gananciosamente, ambiciosamente, impiedosamente. Depois, estudamos os movimentos de libertação, os grandes movimentos políticos que sacudiram - e encheram de sangue - a África. Vimos seus líderes, homens cultos, de muito mais sólido presente preparo universitário que a maioria dos governantes latino-americanos, força é dizê-lo, mas ao mesmo tempo homens duros, sempre prontos à vingança pessoal, à perseguição, ao autoritarismo mais exagerado. Passamos em revista, da maneira mais imparcial, a significação que eles tiveram no refazimento de uma Nova África, e não esquecemos as suas indecisões que, muita vez, mergulharam em conflitos os novos Estados. Essa parte e a seguinte, sustentaram teoricamente a nossa tese de que existe um Estado Africano emerso da multidão de tipos diferentes de Estados e regimes e que esse Estado pode ser chamado, sem qualquer erro, de Estado Africano, isto é, um tipo de Estado, genérico, forte, diferente, que só vamos encontrar em África, ou, mais precisamente, na África Negra. O estudo de casos, com o capítulo que o antecede, serve, pois, de sustentação teórica da tese. Os exemplos foram escolhidos, segundo a metodologia científica, aleatoriamente dentre uma colcha de retalhos que é o mapa político do continente. Curiosamente, os Estados de expressão portuguesa não foram contemplados e coincidem com aqueles cujos experimentos institucionais e modelos constitucionais são mais inexpressivos, falha quiçá da colonização portuguesa ou de ser a região a menos fértil em modelos institucionais. Não há demérito nisso, apenas mostra, uma vez mais, a diversidade que é a África. Aparentemente volumosa, a tese, porém, é um resumo, um primeiro capítulo de um estudo, que pode ser feito ainda mais pacientemente, das instituições políticas africanas e não serão de estranhar se, dentro de um ou dois anos, novos modelos se juntem a esses estudados e novas conclusões possam ser apresentadas. Não há uma conclusão definitiva - o que é definitivo em Política e na vida das Nações e Estados? - mas propostas acadêmicas, fruto de uma dedicação de muitos anos à África Negra. Mas recorremos às conclusões sentimentais que abundam nos autores nacionais que tratam da matéria, como uma vinculação brasileira à África Negra, até onde vão as nossas influências e até onde chegam as influências deles em nossa terra. As teses do passado, que se ligavam umbilicalmente à hereditariedade e raça, estão, faz longo tempo, ultrapassadas. A visão, hoje, prende-se mais a uma Kulturkampf, apesar de seu nome antipático, a um problema sociológico. Talvez alguns passos da tese possam parecer duros e até muito críticos. Se-lo-ão, mas jamais irônicos ou injustos. É a visão humanística de compreender a África, vendo-a como ela é criticando o que deve ser criticado e sendo duro quando necessário. Nunca intolerante. Sempre tentando explicá-la, que é isso a "Kritik Kantiana". O homem está sempre presente nesta tese. O homo-africanus e, como ele, a sua weltanschauung, o que tentamos explicar na tese.

Rapid economic growth has always been one of the goals of the South African government after 1994. Despite the contradicting views of the theorists, the country considered the global market as one of the gateways to accelerated economic growth. In the early 1990s South Africa opened up to foreign markets by removing trade barriers. However, the results of such actions were not entirely as expected. Different economists suggest other barriers that may be the reason behind lower levels of national output. This study examined the causal relationship between exports and economic growth in South Africa using annual data from 1970 to 2014. However, in order to achieve the main objective of this study, it was necessary to include other variables in the model as suggested by both theoretical and empirical literature. The choice of these variables was informed by an extensive review of literature on both exports and economic growth. The VECM and Granger Wild test has been utilised to capture the short run and long run dynamics of the model. The results from those tests do not approve of the Export-Led growth hypothesis and did not approve any sort relationship between exports and GDP in the short run. In the long run however, using the VECM, the study proved that exports have a positive impact on GDP. The results further suggested a negative long run relationship between consumption and economic growth. Furthermore; the results suggested that government expenditure can be detrimental to the economy in the long run. With regards to private investments, the results of this study suggest a positive relationship between investments and economic growth. Therefore, if South African government seeks to increase economic growth it needs to dedicate a considerable amount of resources in promoting local markets to expand South African exports, cut on government expenditure and attracting investment into the county.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the MAGISTER EDUCATIONIS in the Faculty of Education and Social Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2007 / Gangsterism affecting schools on the Cape Flats, as well as concerns about this phenomenon as addressed by the Provincial Minister of Education, Cameron Dugmore, during his Education Budget Speech in 2006, has led to widespread media attention in South Africa. Despite the Western Cape Education Department’s implementation of the Safer Schools project in 2001 to assist educators working in gang-ridden communities, not enough is being done to eradicate the problems caused by gangsterism which educators face in their schools on a daily basis. This research embarks on enquiring how gangsterism influences the morale of educators, focusing specifically on the educators’ perception of their morale and their experiences while working in gang-ridden communities. The research acknowledges that the educators play a vital role in education and are therefore regarded as key stakeholders in a community. The research is located in a qualitative paradigm because it seeks to achieve a deeper understanding of the educators’ morale disposition in gang-ridden communities and investigates the constructs of how gangsterism influences the morale of educators. Data was collected from principals and educators working in the following gangridden communities: Bonteheuwel, Manenberg, Heideveld, Hanover Park and Valhalla Park. A total of 53 respondents, including both educators and principals, participated in this research. Methods of data collection included observations, seven unstructured interviews and six structured focus group interviews. The result revealed that gangsterism does influence the morale of educators working in gang-ridden communities. It was also found that gangsterism affects the whole school community - educators, learners and parents. It is a powerful yet destructive phenomenon and has a negative effect on educator morale.

D.Phil. (African Languages) / This study attempts to fill a gap in the available research on language use in Black urban speech communities. Previous studies conducted in these communities, concentrated on specific language varieties. However, no attempt at describing the entire language situation in such a community had hitherto been made. A macro-level sociolinguistic description which would serve as an orientation for various detailed studies on the language varieties occurring in these communities, was therefore needed. The aim of the present study was to provide such a description. In order to achieve this, a sound theoretical framework had to be established. Phenomena such as language 'Contact, language variation and language use had to be researched and defined in order to apply to the particular situation under investigation. In .this sense, this study has succeeded in making a contribution to the theoretical debate regarding various sociolinguistic concepts, in that it has shown how these concepts apply to the South African situation. The study also investigated qualitative research methodology. The background to and implications of this methodology were discussed and analysed. A particular type of qualitative research, namely, interactive qualitative research was explored. Within this framework, a unique approach to two basic data collection techniques, namely, individual and focus group interviewing, was proposed. These techniques were used to gather the primary data for this study, and were discussed in detail. The primary data was gathered from residents of the township known as Tembisa. The secondary data was taken from studies done on individual language varieties in other Black urban speech communities. The primary data was analysed and a comprehensive qualitative description of the entire language situation in the speech community of Tembisa was given. The findings of the Tembisa study were compared with the secondary data, resulting in the identification of a number of distinct language varieties which occur in the township situations that were studied. These are: a number of Standard languages, Fanakalo (although seldom used), a Black urban vernacular, Afrikaans-based Tsotsitaal, Zulu-based Tsotsitaal, Soweto Zulu Slang, Soweto Iscamtho, Tembisa Iscamtho, English and Afrikaans. Sociolinguistic profiles of each of these language varieties were drawn up. These profiles provided clarity on the linguistic diversity in the Black urban speech communities studied and enabled the rendering of a graphic representation of the language situation in Tembisa. The above-mentioned varieties were typologised. Based on language type and language function, the study proposed a model which may be used as a framework for describing the language situation in multilingual Black urban speech communities. The study concludes with recommendations with regard to the need for linguistic analyses of the language varieties used in Black urban speech communities. The implications of the widespread use of these varieties, particularly for education, also deserve further investigation as a matter of urgency...

The subject of this thesis is international studies, specifically a study of constitutional frameworks in Africa in the second half of the 20th century, focussing on a statistical correlation between constitutional frameworks, party systems, electoral systems and the Index of Democracy. The struggle to consolidate new democracies - especially those in Eastern Europe, Latin America and Asia - has given rise to a wide-ranging debate about the hard choices concerning democratic political institutions and political markets. According to Stepan and Skach " this literature has produced provocative hypotheses about the effects of institutions on democracy" (Stepan and Skach, 1993 : 1). It forms part of the' new institutionalism I literature in comparative politics that'holds as a premise that political democracy depends not only on economic and social conditions but also on the design of political institutions (Koelble, 1995 : 231-243). " One fundamental political-institutional question that has only received serious scholarly attention concerns the impact of different constitutional frameworks on democratic consolidation. Although the topic has been increasingly debated and discussed, little systematic cross-regional evidence [especially for our field of research: Africa] has been brought to bear on it " (Stepan and Skach, 1993 : 1-2). So far, only the book"on regime transitions in Africa written by Bratton and Van De Walle seeks to fill this empirical gap (Bratton and Van De Walle, 1997, preface xiii). In this thesis, we paid particular attention to the dichotomy between (pure) parliamentarism and (pure) presidentialism. Each type has fundamental characteristics, and for the purposes of classification these characteristics are necessary and sufficient. It was not our purpose to weigh the benefits and drawbacks of parliamentarism and presidentialism. Our intention was to report and analyse different sources of data, and we based our case exclusively on statistic correlatiohs between regime type and the record of democratic success and failure. We collected a data set about constitutional frameworks (matrix1), democracy indices (matrix2), party systems (matrix3) and election systems (matrix4). The basis for matrix 1 was the constitutions of the African countries (over time) and relevant literature. The basis for matrix 2 was the annual Freedom House ratings made by Raymond D. Gastil and others. The basis for matrix 3 and 4 was relevant literature. Once these matrices had been composed, we compared them and calculated statistic correlations. This long-dyration model allowed us to estimate whether African constitutional frameworks, party systems and electoral systems exhibit positive or negative correlation with the index of democracy.

Submitted in full requirement for the Degree of Master of Management Sciences Specialising in Hospitality and Tourism, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Over the years the rapid growth of the tourism industry has revealed itself to be a major source of income and social improvement for many. However, with this growth comes the undoubtable carbon footprint it carries. As a result, the growth and expansion of many tourism ecolabels have surfaced in the hopes of alleviating the negative environmental impacts the tourism industry imposes. This study aimed to ascertain the impacts of tourism ecolabels on businesses. It assessed the level of success of the ecolabel within the organisation as well as ascertained the benefits and challenges associated with ecolabel certification. A quantitative research approach was used and the data was collected by means of online questionnaires that were targeted at managers of tourism businesses in South Africa. The study reveals that tourism businesses in South Africa do experience the benefits of being certified with an ecolabel in terms of the natural, socio-cultural and economic environments. However, the high costs associated with being certified, the lack of general public awareness regarding ecolabels and the absence of government support are still prevalent. Consequently, cost reduction, promotion of public awareness as well as government support are the main areas of improvement required by tourism establishments with regard to ecolabels. / M