A highly dangerous situations for tractor driver is the lateral rollover in operating conditions. Several accidents, involving tractor rollover, have indeed been encountered, requiring the design of a robust Roll-Over Protective Structure (ROPS). The aim of the thesis was to evaluate tractor behaviour in the rollover phase so as to calculate the energy absorbed by the ROPS to ensure driver safety. A Mathematical Model representing the behaviour of a generic tractor during a lateral rollover, with the possibility of modifying the geometry, the inertia of the tractor and the environmental boundary conditions, is proposed. The purpose is to define a method allowing the prediction of the elasto-plastic behaviour of the subsequent impacts occurring in the rollover phase. A tyre impact model capable of analysing the influence of the wheels on the energy to be absorbed by the ROPS has been also developed. Different tractor design parameters affecting the rollover behaviour, such as mass and dimensions, have been considered. This permitted the evaluation of their influence on the amount of energy to be absorbed by the ROPS. The mathematical model was designed and calibrated with respect to the results of actual lateral upset tests carried out on a narrow-track tractor. The dynamic behaviour of the tractor and the energy absorbed by the ROPS, obtained from the actual tests, showed to match the results of the model developed. The proposed approach represents a valuable tool in understanding the dynamics (kinetic energy) and kinematics (position, velocity, angular velocity, etc.) of the tractor in the phases of lateral rollover and the factors mainly affecting the event. The prediction of the amount of energy to be absorbed in some cases of accident is possible with good accuracy. It can then help in designing protective structures or active security devices.

Tractor rollover represent a primary cause of death or serious injury in agriculture and despite the mandatory Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS), that reduced the number of injuries, tractor accidents are still of great concern. Because of their versatility and wide use many studies on safety are concerned with the stability of tractors, but they often prefer controlled tests or laboratory tests. The evaluation of tractors working in field, instead, is a very complex issue because the rollover could be influenced by the interaction among operator, tractor and environment. Recent studies are oriented towards the evaluation of the actual working conditions developing prototypes for driver assistance and data acquisition. Currently these devices are produced and sold by manufacturers. A warning device was assessed in this study with the aim to evaluate its performance and to collect data on different variables influencing the dynamics of tractors in field by monitoring continuously the working conditions of tractors operating at the experimental farm of the Bologna University. The device consists of accelerometers, gyroscope, GSM/GPRS, GPS for geo-referencing and a transceiver for the automatic recognition of tractor-connected equipment. A microprocessor processes data and provides information, through a dedicated algorithm requiring data on the geometry of the tested tractor, on the level of risk for the operator in terms of probable loss of stability and suggests corrective measures to reduce the potential instability of the tractor.

Multiparental cross designs for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) in crops are efficient alternatives to conventional biparental experimental populations because they exploit a broader genetic basis and higher mapping resolution. We describe the development and deployment of a multiparental recombinant inbred line (RIL) population in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) obtained by crossing four elite cultivars characterized by different traits of agronomic value. A linkage map spanning 2,663 cM and including 7,594 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was produced by genotyping 338 RILs with a wheat-dedicated 90k SNP chip. A cluster file was developed for correct allele calling in the framework of the tetraploid durum wheat genome. Based on phenotypic data collected over four field experiments, a multi-trait quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was carried out for 18 traits of agronomic relevance (including yield, yield-components, morpho-physiological and seed quality traits). Across environments, a total of 63 QTL were identified and characterized in terms of the four founder haplotypes. We mapped two QTL for grain yield across environments and 23 QTL for grain yield components. A novel major QTL for number of grain per spikelet/ear was mapped on chr 2A and shown to control up to 39% of phenotypic variance in this cross. Functionally different QTL alleles, in terms of direction and size of genetic effect, were distributed among the four parents. Based on the occurrence of QTL-clusters, we characterized the breeding values (in terms of effects on yield) of most of QTL for heading and maturity as well as yield component and quality QTL. This multiparental RIL population provides the wheat community with a highly informative QTL mapping resource enabling the dissection of the genetic architecture of multiple agronomic relevant traits in durum wheat.

Among abiotic stresses, high salinity stress is the most severe environmental stress. High salinity exerts its negative impact mainly by disrupting the ionic and osmotic equilibrium of the cell. In saline soils, high levels of sodium ions lead to plant growth inhibition and even death. Salt tolerance in plants is a multifarious phenomenon involving a variety of changes at molecular, organelle, cellular, tissue as well as whole plant level. In addition, salt tolerant plants show a range of adaptations not only in morphological or structural features but also in metabolic and physiological processes that enable them to survive under extreme saline environments. The main objectives of my dissertation were understanding the main physiological and biomolecular features of plant responses to salinity in different genotypes of horticultural crops that are belonging to different families Solanaceae (tomato) and Cucurbitaceae (melon) and Brassicaceae (cabbage and radish). Several aspects of crop responses to salinity have been addressed with the final aim of combining elements of functional stress response in plants by using several ways for the assessment of plant stress perception that ranging from destructive measurements (eg. leaf area, relative growth rate, leaf area index, and total plant fresh and dry weight), to physiological determinations (eg. stomatal conductance, leaf gas exchanges, water use efficiency, and leaf water relation), to the determination of metabolite accumulation in plant tissue (eg. Proline and protein) as well as evaluation the role of enzymatic antioxidant capacity assay in scavenging reactive oxygen species that have been generated under salinized condition, and finally assessing the gene induction and up-down regulation upon salinization (eg. SOS pathway).

Questa tesi riassume il lavoro di ricerca da me effettuato per studiare i meccanismi della relazione uomo - pianta su cui si basa l’orticoltura terapeutica, le sue modalità di attuazione e le risposte dei pazienti al lavoro in giardino. La ricerca si è svolta in due diversi giardini terapeutici con pazienti adulti con varie tipologie di disabilità fisica o psichica. Partendo dalla analisi delle basi teoriche su cui si fonda l’ortoterapia, l’obiettivo era di capire come creare le condizioni migliori per ottenere i massimi benefici dall’uso dell’orticoltura e del giardinaggio per il benessere delle persone. Due elementi sono apparsi fondamentali per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi terapeutici: il primo è lo stretto legame esistente tra la forma del giardino e delle piante e la sua funzione terapeutica; il secondo sta nella necessità di creare nel paziente una connessione profonda con il giardino e il lavoro con le piante è risultato essere un fattore determinante per farlo. Utilizzando questionari e osservazioni degli utenti, sono stati raccolti ed elaborati dati relativi al benessere dei pazienti durante e dopo le attività in giardino e si è cercato di trovare un indice, individuato poi nella variazione di percezione del pollice verde, che potesse essere utilizzato per esprimere la soddisfazione del paziente. Infine si è cercato di capire come potesse variare la capacità ristorativa del giardino, in funzione della frequenza di visita e dell’attività che vi si svolgeva, attraverso la somministrazione della versione italiana della scala PRS a chi era impegnato nelle attività di orticoltura e giardinaggio, a chi passeggiava nel parco e a chi invece non lo frequentava regolarmente ma lo conosceva bene: è risultato che le tre modalità di fruizione del giardino davano ai fruitori un potenziale rigenerativo diverso e significativamente più alto per chi metteva le mani nella terra. / The research was carried out to investigate the people-plant connection, on which horticultural therapy is based, the rules to implementing it and the patients’ response to the work in the garden. The research took place in two different therapeutic gardens, with adult patients with various types of physical or mental disabilities. Starting from the analysis of the theoretical basis upon which horticultural therapy is founded, the goal was to work out how to create the best conditions to obtain the maximum benefits from the use of horticulture and gardening for the people's well-being. Two elements have played an important part in the achievement of therapeutic goals: the first was pointed out following all the phases of the Garden for Relive planning, created in the course of the research, and it is the close link between the design of the garden and its therapeutic function; the second lies in the need to create in the patient a deep connection with the garden: working with plants has proved to be crucial for it. Questionnaires and observations of users have been collected and data related to the welfare of patients during and after the activities in the garden were processed. We tested an index, then identified in the change in patient perception of personal green thumb, which could be used to express patient satisfaction. Finally, we tried to figure out how the restorative potential of the garden could change depending on the frequency of visits and on the activities carried out in the garden. The compilation of the Italian version of the scale PRS by three different types of users showed that the different use results in a different restorative potential of the garden: it was significantly higher among those who worked with the plants than the other two groups.

Turfgrasses are ubiquitous in urban landscape and their role on carbon (C) cycle is increasing important also due to the considerable footprint related to their management practices. It is crucial to understand the mechanisms driving the C assimilation potential of these terrestrial ecosystems Several approaches have been proposed to assess C dynamics: micro-meteorological methods, small-chamber enclosure system (SC), chrono-sequence approach and various models. Natural and human-induced variables influence turfgrasses C fluxes. Species composition, environmental conditions, site characteristics, former land use and agronomic management are the most important factors considered in literature driving C sequestration potential. At the same time different approaches seem to influence C budget estimates. In order to study the effect of different management intensities on turfgrass, we estimated net ecosystem exchange (NEE) through a SC approach in a hole of a golf course in the province of Verona (Italy) for one year. The SC approach presented several advantages but also limits related to the measurement frequency, timing and duration overtime, and to the methodological errors connected to the measuring system. Daily CO2 fluxes changed according to the intensity of maintenance, likely due to different inputs and disturbances affecting biogeochemical cycles, combined also to the different leaf area index (LAI). The annual cumulative NEE decreased with the increase of the intensity of management. NEE was related to the seasonality of turfgrass, following temperatures and physiological activity. Generally on the growing season CO2 fluxes towards atmosphere exceeded C sequestered. The cumulative NEE showed a system near to a steady state for C dynamics. In the final part greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions due to fossil fuel consumption for turfgrass upkeep were estimated, pinpointing that turfgrass may result a considerable C source. The C potential of trees and shrubs needs to be considered to obtain a complete budget.

Lo vendemmia meccanica incontra ancora resistenze legate al timore di peggiorare la qualità del prodotto e di avere elevate perdite di raccolta. In questo contesto sono state effettuate quattro prove sperimentali, finalizzate a definire le interazioni macchina, pianta e prodotto raccolto e a valutare nuove possibilità di regolazione delle vendemmiatrici e di gestione del prodotto raccolto. Le prime due sono state realizzate con vendemmiatrici a scuotimento orizzontale e verticale. L’obiettivo è stato quello di individuare l’influenza della frequenza del battitore sull’efficienza di raccolta e sulla qualità del prodotto e di verificare il maltrattamento provocato dagli organi di intercettazione e trasporto della vendemmiatrice. I risultati hanno dimostrato l’importanza della corretta regolazione del battitore delle vendemmiatrici a scuotimento orizzontale che operano direttamente sulla fascia produttiva del vigneto. Questa regolazione risulta più semplice sulle macchine a scuotimento verticale che agiscono indirettamente sui fili di sostegno delle doppie cortine. La misura delle sollecitazioni all’interno della macchina ha evidenziato valori anche elevati, pericolosi per l’integrità del prodotto raccolto, legati alla differente costruzione degli organi d’intercettazione e trasporto. La terza prova ha valutato l’efficacia di due nuovi accessori per le vendemmiatrici: la regolazione dell’ampiezza del battitore e un sensore per misurare in continuo il grado di ammostamento provocato. I risultati hanno dimostrato la loro validità per migliorare le prestazioni operative delle vendemmiatrici e per fornire agli operatori uno strumento di controllo in tempo reale sulla qualità della raccolta. Infine, considerando che le vendemmiatrici producono sempre un ammostamento dell’uva, abbiamo verificato un sistema innovativo che permette di anticipare la protezione del mosto libero già durante il trasporto dal campo. Il sistema si è dimostrato semplice, efficace ed economico. Queste esperienze hanno dimostrano che la vendemmia meccanica, se correttamente gestita, permette di ottenere ottimi risultati sotto il profilo qualitativo, tecnologico ed economico. / The use of mechanical harvesting is still influenced by prejudices concerning the deterioration of quality level of harvested grapes. In this context we have carried out trials aimed at determining the interactions between machine and plants, to explore new possibilities of harvester regulation and management on harvested yield. The experiment was divided into four trials. The first two trials were done using horizontal and vertical shaking harvesters. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of harvester beating frequency regulation on the crop yields and product quality, and to verify the stresses transmitted during the interception and transport of grape by mechanical tools of harvesters. Trials have shown the importance of beating frequency regulation in horizontal shaking harvesters that operate directly on the production area. This adjustment may be easier on the vertical shaking machines due to a closer interaction between the plant and the machine. The stresses measurement inside the machine showed high values for the integrity of harvested product, cause of the different structure of interception and transport mechanical tools of harvesters. The third trial evaluated the efficacy of two new proposals: the amplitude adjustment of beater’s horizontal movement and a sensor for continuous measurement of the releasing of must. The results showed the possibility to use these proposals to improve grape harvester performance and supply the vineyard operators with a real time checking instrument of the quality harvesting. Finally, because of releasing of must caused by mechanical harvester, we tested out an innovative system that allows to advance the protection of liquid part by chemical and physical compound directly in the field. This system has proven to be simple, effective in qualitative results and cheaper. These experiments demonstrate that mechanical harvesting if properly managed, can achieve excellent results in terms of quality, technology and costs.

Heavy pig breeding in Italy is mainly oriented for the production of high quality processed products. Of particular importance is the dry cured ham production, which is strictly regulated and requires specific carcass characteristics correlated with green leg characteristics. Furthermore, as pigs are slaughtered at about 160 kg live weight, the Italian pig breeding sector faces severe problems of production efficiency that are related to all biological aspects linked to growth, feed conversion, fat deposition and so on. It is well known that production and carcass traits are in part genetically determined. Therefore, as a first step to understand genetic basis of traits that could have a direct or indirect impact on dry cured ham production, a candidate gene approach can be used to identify DNA markers associated with parameters of economic importance. In this thesis, we investigated three candidate genes for carcass and production traits (TRIB3, PCSK1, MUC4) in pig breeds used for dry cured ham production, using different experimental approaches in order to find molecular markers associated with these parameters. / L’allevamento del suino pesante italiano è principalmente orientato verso la produzione di prodotti stagionati di alto pregio. Particolarmente importante è la produzione del prosciutto crudo, che è strettamente regolata e richiede specifiche caratteristiche della carcassa correlate con le caratteristiche della coscia fresca. Inoltre dato che i suini vengono macellati ad un peso di circa 160kg, il settore dell’allevamento del suino pesante italiano si trova a dover far fronte a numerosi problemi di efficienza di produzione che sono correlati a tutti gli aspetti biologici legati a crescita, conversione alimentare, deposizione di grasso e così via. E’ ben noto che caratteri produttivi e caratteristiche della carcassa sono in parte geneticamente determinate. Perciò come primo step per comprendere le basi genetiche di attributi che possono avere un impatto diretto o indiretto nella produzione del prosciutto crudo, l’approccio del gene candidato può essere usato per identificare marcatori a DNA associati a caratteri di importanza economica. In questa tesi abbiamo investigato tre geni candidati per caratteri produttivi e relativi alla carcassa (TRIB3, PCSK1, MUC4)in razze suine usate per la produzione del prosciutto crudo, utilizzando differenti approcci sperimentali al fine di trovare marcatori molecolari associati con questi caratteri.

Il tomografo sonico è uno strumento di recente applicazione nell’analisi morfo-sintomatica delle alberature. Si tratta di uno strumento che sfrutta la propagazione delle onde sonore nel legno per determinarne la densità e le possibili alterazioni interne. Oltre all’applicazione su larga scala in un parco di Imola, per effettuare una valutazione approfondita di tutti gli esemplari, lo strumento è stato applicato per scopi diversi. In prima analisi è stato utilizzato per valutare stadi precoci di alterazione e l’evoluzione delle patologie interne nel tempo. Successivamente si voleva identificare il percorso di sostanze liquide iniettate con mezzi endoterapici nel tronco, attraverso l’applicazione di tomografia sonica sopra e sotto il punto di iniezione. In ultima analisi è stato effettuato un confronto tra tomografia sonica e risonanza magnetica nucleare per identificare patologie invisibili ai normali strumenti utilizzati nell’analisi della stabilità delle piante. / Sonic tomograph is a new instrument used in morpho-symptomatic analysis of trees. This tool use sonic waves propagation to establish wood density and probably internal decay. Sonic tomography was applicated on large scale in a urban park in Imola, to value all trees in depth way. Subsequently was used for different aims. First of all the instrument was applied to evaluate early stage of decay and development of decline in urban trees, by periodic tests in time. Afterwards was used to determine the travel of liquid substances injected in the trees by trunk injection methods. In the last analysis there was carried out a comparison between sonic tomograph and nuclear magnetic resonance to identify decay invisible to normal tools used in tree evaluation

The principal aim of this research project has been the evaluation of the specific role of yeasts in ripening processes of dry-cured meat products, i.e. speck and in salami produced by adding Lactobacilli starter cultures, i.e. L. sakei, L. casei, L. fermentum, L. rhamnosus, L.sakei + S.xylosus. In particular the contribution of the predominant yeasts to the hydrolytic patterns of meat proteins has been studied both in model system and in real products. In fact, although several papers have been published on the microbial, enzymatic, aromatic and chemical characterization of dry-cured meat e.g. ham over ripening, the specific role of yeasts has been often underestimated. Therefore this research work has been focused on the following aspects: 1. Characterization of the yeasts and lactic acid bacteria in samples of speck produced by different farms and analyzed during the various production and ripening phases 2. Characterization of the superficial or internal yeasts population in salami produced with or without the use of lactobacilli as starter cultures 3. Molecular characterization of different strains of yeasts and detection of the dominant biotypes able to survive despite environmental stress factors (such as smoke, salt) 4. Study of the proteolytic profiles of speck and salami during the ripening process and comparison with the proteolytic profiles produced in meat model systems by a relevant number of yeasts isolated from speck and salami 5. Study of the proteolytic profiles of Lactobacilli starter cultures in meat model systems 6. Comparative statistical analysis of the proteolytic profiles to find possible relationships between specific bands and peptides and specific microorganisms 7. Evaluation of the aromatic characteristics of speck and salami to assess relationships among the metabolites released by the starter cultures or the dominant microflora