An experiment on life-table of the aphid on Bt-maize and isoline was performed. No significant differences were found between treatments. Differences in aphid performance were the lower adult and total longevity on the second generation, and the opposite trend of the pre-reproductive time that increased from the first to the second generation on isoline and decreased on Bt-maize. None of the demographic parameters analyzed showed significant differences. LTREs showed that this trend could be ascribed to a higher fecundity of young adult aphids of the second generation, probably connected to the lower pre-reproductive time. These differences could be the result of differences in chemical constituents. Analyses of secondary metabolites showed significant reduction of free polyphenols in Bt-maize. The experiment with the coccinellid H. variegata were performed evaluating the effects due to eating Cry1Ab toxin in maize pollen. No significant differences were found between GM and near-isogenic maize in all the parameter studied. Even if no significant, the reduced λ of H. variegata feeding on Bt-maize pollen, caused a population delay of 28 days. LTRE decomposition showed a lower egg and larval survival in the offspring of Bt pollen fed H. variegata, all contributing most on λ reduction. A bioassays were carried out in the greenhouse to assess the population-level responses of the coccinellid H. variegata, feeding on aphids reared on Bt-Maize and near-isogenic plants in a more realistic condition respect to laboratory trials. No differences in the mean number of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults of H. variegata between Bt-maize and near-isogenic line. A higher number of pupae was found a week early in Bt-maize. No differences observed in H. variegata population growth rates between treatments. Using LTRE decomposition, the effect of Bt-maize exposition on λ have been decomposed into contributions arising from the effect on each stage-specific parameter.

Minimally processed fruit (MPF) are products that have to maintain their quality similar to those of fresh ones. Being metabolic active tissues, they show physical and physiological response to minimal processing (wounding), that negatively influence their shelf-life. In the last decades, novel non-thermal processing methods have attracted the interest of food scientists, industries and consumers as technologies useful for shelf-life extension or increasing product functionality, with a minimal impact on the nutritional and sensory properties of foods. The main aim of this PhD thesis was to investigate qualitative, metabolic and nutritional aspects of different MPF, submitted to traditional and innovative non-thermal processes. This issue was addressed considering the product as a dynamic system, both in terms of endogenous physiological activity and porous matrix interacting with the surrounding ambient (during processing and storage), through the application of multi-analytical approach. The most consistent results related to the applied non-thermal techniques confirmed their different potentiality in the optic of processing and product innovation, but the need of their modulation in relation to the different raw material susceptibility to degradation and final product target. Cold plasma treatment effects on fresh-cut fruit, characterized by different kind of stability criticisms, resulted mainly bound to the inactivation of degradative enzymes and microbial cells, without evidencing functional modifications in the final products. The study of osmotic dehydration and vacuum impregnation highlighted as these techniques can be successfully applied for cold formulation/enrichment of MPF, but also the necessity to carefully account for the metabolic and structural modifications induced by the processing on the vegetable tissues. An induction of metabolic stress response was also evidenced as a consequence of pulsed electric fields treatment related to electric field strength. Below the threshold limit of irreversible damages to cell membranes, the treatment promoted only slight and reversible modifications of the metabolic profiles.

The topic of wine oxidation and the need of innovative strategies to prevent its extent were the subject of this PhD thesis. The complexity of the oxidative chemical reactions occurring in wine during its conservation were highlighted, and multiple analytical approaches were used to provide a more comprehensive understanding of wine oxidation and to plan tailored strategies to avoid its occurrence. The complexity of wine oxidation could be in a simplified manner attributed to the following main factors: wine composition, storage conditions, and oxygen exposure. An integrated theoretical and experimental approach was used, including study of chemical, physical and technological variables involved in wine production and storage. Standard protocols currently used to analyse the wine composition were implemented, if needed, and the lab scale trials were coupled with monitoring real case study along the supply chain. In particular, the effectiveness of plant extracts (tannins) commonly used in oenology was also evaluate in order to better understand their antioxidant properties and to encourage an harmonized regulation of their use in winemaking. The information provided and the scientific approach proposed in this thesis work may be useful in future work aimed to study practical implications and effective strategies to control oxidation in wine.

No description available.

In recent years the interest of consumers and manufacturers on traditional foods and biodiversity has been constantly growing. The definition of traditional foods has been scientifically elaborated with different approaches, mainly based on a top-down approach. During BaSeFood, a 3 year research programme, investigations were carried out in Black sea area countries, Italy and Portugal, following a scheme of qualitative cross-cultural, on-site surveys of traditional foods and plant raw materials; the information collected has been the basis for both an extensive documentation and the selection and sampling of material to be entered in the experimental phase. A similar scheme was followed in an area of Northern Tuscany (Italy), focussing on local species and critical points in food preparation. The experimental part, was aimed at: a) evaluating the variability of local populations of the selected crops, with respect to key phytochemical compounds content; b) analyze the retention of phytochemicals following cooking/processing. Primitive wheats, mainly represented by Triticum monococcum and Triticum dicoccum, and leafy vegetables of Brassicaceae and Asteraceae families were locally collected as target species. The fate of primitive wheats phytochemicals was monitored during traditional processing of glume removal and kernel crushing, in comparison with a modern plant: besides the efficiency of the process, no relevant differences were found in bioactive compounds retention. In Brassica, retention of main phytochemical compounds was evaluated following the most common cooking methods (boiling, steaming and stir frying), also applying kinetic modelling. Retention was mainly affected by cooking method and duration, plant matrix (extractability) and the chemical nature of individual compounds. Finally, glucosinolate thermal degradation was analyzed in different binary model systems, containing broccoli, to assess the effect of added ingredients during thermal treatment. Added ingredients could play an important role on retention, however further studies are still necessary to better understand which mechanisms are involved.

My PhD thesis concerns natural and human factors that affect the life cycle of exotic and native insects. I compared, in laboratory, the longevity and the reproduction capacity of two coccinellid species, the exotic Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and the native Adalia bipunctata (L.) after the exposure to the indigenous parasitoid Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hymenoptera Braconidae). The aim was the evaluation of the effects induced by the parasitoid on the fitness of coccinellid females, with a particular stress on the Asian H. axyridis. Moreover the study continued with the assessment of the parasitization effect of the native tachinid Exorista larvarum (L.) on the exotic box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis (Walker). The aim was to check the possibility for Cydalima larvae to be accepted and/or successfully parasitized by the tachinid, with a complete development of the parasitoid through formation of puparia and emergence of adults. Then, I studied the lethal and sublethal effects of two insecticides( the neonicotinoid Imidacloprid and the product of biological matrix, Spinetoram) on H. axyridis and A. bipunctata. The aim was to evaluate acute and long-term effects of the two insecticides on these predators in laboratory. These three parts are included in the GEISCA Program. The last part is related to two laboratory experiments carried out at Wageningen University (NL). The study was inserted in the AMIGA Project, focused on the evaluation of the risk of GMO in the environment. In this study it was evaluated the impact of GM potato plants, resistant to the fungus Phytophthora infestans de Bary, towards the development time of the hymenopteran braconid Aphidius colemani Viereck. In the second experiment it was evaluated the development time of A. bipunctata fed on Myzus, that was reared on non-GM potato plants infected by P. infestans. The aim was to observe some effects on this coccinellid / La mia tesi di dottorato riguarda fattori naturali ed umani che influenzano il ciclo di vita delle specie di insetti esotici e nativi. Ho confrontato, in laboratorio, la longevità e la capacità di riproduzione di due specie coccinellid, l'esotico Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) e il nativo Adalia bipunctata (L.) dopo l'esposizione al parassitoide indigeno Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hymenoptera Braconidae). L'obiettivo è stato quello di valutare gli effetti indotti dal parassitoide sulla idoneità delle femmine di coccinellidi, con particolare accento sulla H. axyridis asiatica. Inoltre lo studio è proseguito con la valutazione dell'effetto parassitizzazione del tachinide nativo Exorista larvarum (L.) sulla piralide del bosso Cydalima perspectalis (Walker). L'obiettivo era quello di verificare la possibilità per le larve di Cydalima di essere accettate e / o parassitizzate con successo dal tachinide, con un completo sviluppo del parassitoide tramite formazione di pupari e comparsa di individui adulti. Inoltre, ho studiato gli effetti letali e subletali di due insetticidi (il neonicotinoide imidacloprid e il prodotto di matrice biologica, Spinetoram) su H. axyridis e A. bipunctata. L'obiettivo era quello di valutare gli effetti acuti ea lungo termine dei due insetticidi su questi predatori in laboratorio. Queste tre parti sono incluse nel Programma GEISCA. L'ultima parte è legata a due esperimenti di laboratorio effettuati presso l'Università di Wageningen (NL). Lo studio è stato inserito nel progetto AMIGA, focalizzata sulla valutazione del rischio di OGM nell'ambiente. In questo studio è stato valutato l'impatto di piante di patate geneticamente modificate, resistenti al fungo Phytophthora infestans de Bary, verso i tempi di sviluppo dell’ imenottero braconide Aphidius colemani Viereck. In più è stato valutato il tempo di sviluppo di A. bipunctata alimentata con Myzus persicae Sulzer, allevato piante di patate non GM infettate da P. infestans. Lo scopo era quello di osservare alcuni effetti del fugo sul coccinellide

Grain quality is well known as one of the most interesting breeding objectives in Mediterranean countries. It still has great importance in wheat markets because of the increased interest of the consumers for high-quality staple food such as pasta, couscous and various types of bread. The performance of many quality characteristics depends greatly on environmental conditions and, in this context, organic agriculture could guarantee a durum wheat material with high nutraceutical value for healthy food production and special dietary uses. Among organic wheat production, KAMUT® khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. turanicum (Jakubz.)) has attracted great attention due to its specific nutritional and functional properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and prebiotic activities). The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the environmental and climatic effects on the nutritional and nutraceutical quality of organic durum and durum-type wheat varieties. The work was subdivided into three main sections aimed at understanding the dynamic affecting the accumulation of nutritional and functional compounds in wheat caryopsis of durum and durum type wheat varieties. The first two section provide a complete characterization of KAMUT® khorasan grain. This is a distinctive study: first a collection of the same organically grown genotype collected during two decades of cultivation was characterized for nutritional and functional properties; then the investigation has shifted to the same crop harvested in a vast region (180000 km2), including several different environments. In the third section 24 old and modern durum and durum-type wheat varieties, cropped in the same location and growing season, were analyzed in order to determine and compare the phenolic composition. Results obtained gives a fundamental understanding of durum wheat grains composition in terms of nutrient and bioactive compounds.

Nel corso degli ultimi anni le problematiche legate al ruolo vettore delle zanzare stanno emergendo sia per quanto riguarda l’uomo che gli animali allevati e selvatici. Diversi arbovirus come West Nile, Chikungunya, Usutu e Dengue, possono facilmente spostarsi a livello planetario ed essere introdotti anche nei nostri territori dove possono dare avvio a episodi epidemici. Le tecniche di monitoraggio e sorveglianza dei Culicidi possono essere convenientemente utilizzate per il rilevamento precoce dell’attività virale sul territorio e per la stima del rischio di epidemie al fine dell’adozione delle opportune azioni di Sanità Pubblica. Io scopo della ricerca del dottorato è inserito nel contesto dei temi di sviluppo del Piano regionale sorveglianza delle malattie trasmesse da vettori in Emilia Romagna. La ricerca condotta è inquadrata prevalentemente sotto l’aspetto entomologico applicativo di utilizzo di dispositivi (trappole) che possano catturare efficacemente possibili insetti vettori. In particolare questa ricerca è stata mirata allo studio comparativo in campo di diversi tipi di trappole per la cattura di adulti di zanzara, cercando di interpretare i dati per capire un potenziale valore di efficacia/efficienza nel rilevamento della circolazione virale e come supporto alla pianificazione della rete di sorveglianza dal punto di vista operativo mediante dispositivi adeguati alle finalità d’indagine. Si è cercato di trovare un dispositivo idoneo, approfondendone gli aspetti operativi/funzionali, ai fini di cattura del vettore principale del West Nile Virus, cioè la zanzara comune, da affiancare all’unica tipologia di trappola usata in precedenza. Le prove saranno svolte sia in campo che presso il laboratorio di Entomologia Medica Veterinaria del Centro Agricoltura Ambiente “G. Nicoli” di Crevalcore, in collaborazione con il Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroambientali della Facoltà di Agraria dell’Università di Bologna. / In recent years the issues related to the role of vector mosquitoes are emerging both for humans and animals reared and wild. Several arboviruses such as West Nile, Chikungunya, Dengue and Usutu, can easily move to global level and also be introduced in our territories where they can initiate outbreaks. The techniques for monitoring and surveillance of Culicidae can be conveniently used for the early detection of viral activity in the area and to estimate the risk of epidemics in order for ensuring appropriate actions of Public Health. Aim of the PhD research is included into the context of the issues of development of the Regional Plan surveillance of vector-borne diseases in Emilia-Romagna. The research is focused mainly into the aspect of entomological application using devices (traps) that can effectively capture potential insect vectors. In particular, this research was aimed at the comparative study in field of different kinds of traps to catch adult mosquito, trying to interpret the data to understand the potential value of effectiveness / efficiency in the detection of viral circulation as support for the planning of surveillance network from the operational point of view by means of suitable devices to the purposes of investigation. We tried to find a suitable device, deepening the operational / functional, for the purpose of capturing the main vectors of the West Nile Virus, to be joined to the only type of trap used previously. The tests will be carried out in the field and at the Laboratory of Medical and Entomology Veterinary of CAA "G. Nicoli " in collaboration with the Department of Agro-Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bologna.

Two Asian longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), commonly known as Citrus Longhorned Beetle (CLB), Anoplophora chinensis (Forster), and Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB), A. glabripennis (Motschulsky), are considered the most destructive wood borers introduced in Lombardy (northern Italy). This research aimed at (1) improving laboratory rearing methods for the biological control agent Aprostocetus anoplophorae (Hym.: Eulophidae), an egg parasitoid specific to CLB, and defining release techniques allowing its establishment; (2) test the efficacy of the sentinel tree technique for the early detection of CLB; and (3) evaluating the efficacy of traps baited with artificial lures in attracting adults of ALB and possibly CLB. Several problems were faced while rearing the egg parasitoid in laboratory. It appeared that the rate of parasitism of the hosts could depend on the age of the host eggs and/or age of the laying parasitoid females. Data results from the field experiments about A. anoplophorae release-capture showed that the percentage of slits containing a CLB egg was particularly low on most sentinel trees and the percentage of CLB eggs that were killed, because of natural predators, was high. Only one egg amongst those exposed was attacked by the released parasitoid. These negative results were anyway very useful, since they provided evidence and information on the type of host plants to be used, the time necessary for the exposure of the plants to the egg-laying CLB females, the number of laying parasitoid females to be inserted per cage. The sentinel trees technique revealed to be not successful; signs and symptoms of CLB presence were not recorded during the two seasons of field observations (2012-2013). Extremely positive was instead the trial with artificial lures carried out during summer 2013. A total of 32 beetles were captured (4 ALB and 28 CLB) deploying 50 baited traps.

The growing substrate of the putting greens is considered a key factor for a healthy turf ecosystem. Actually detailed study on the effects of growth promoting bacteria and biostimulants on a professional sport turf are very limited. This thesis aimed to study the effectiveness of different microorganisms and biostimulants in order to improve the knowledge relative to the relationship between the beneficial microflora and root apparatus of sport turfs. The research project was divided in three principal steps: Initially, commercial products based on biostimulants and microorganisms were tested on a Lolium perenne L. essence grown in a controlled-environment. The principal evaluations were the study of the habitus of plants, biomass production and length of leaves and roots. Were studied the capacity of colonization of microorganisms within root tissues and rhizosphere. In the second step were developed two different biostimulant solutions based on effective microorganisms, mycorrhizae and humic acids. This test was conducted both on an Agrostis stolonifera putting green (Modena Golf & Country Club) in a semi-field condition and within a growth chamber on a Lolium perenne L. essence. Fungicide and chemicals applications were suspended in order to assess the effectiveness of the inoculants for nutrition and control of pests. In the last step, different microorganism mixes and biostimulants were tested on an experimental putting green in the Turf Research Center (TRC) (Virginia Tech, United States) in a real managing situation. The effects of different treatments were studied maintaining all chemicals and mechanicals managements scheduled during a sport season. Both growth-chamber and field results confirmed the capacity of microorganisms based biostimulants to promote the physiologic conditions of the plants, improve the growth of the roots and enhance the aesthetic performance of the turf. Molecular analysis confirmed the capacity of microorganisms to colonize the root tissues.