The main purpose of this study was to describe and compare nurses' and nursing students' attitudes toward AIDS patients. A corollary aim was to ascertain whether these two groups of health care providers differed in their perceptions of the quality of care AIDS patients receive compared to other patients. This study also examined nurses across type of educational background (i.e., ADN, BSN, Diploma) in regards to differences in attitudinal tolerance towards AIDS patients as measured by the Aids Attitude Survey (AAS). Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) Theory of Reasoned Action was the theoretical framework of this study. A convenience sample of 58 registered nurses and 58 nursing students from East Central Indiana completed the AAS and a demographic sheet. The attitudes of these two groups toward AIDS patients were examined in a comparative descriptive design.Cronbach's alpha (1947) equaled .95 for 54 items using 116 valid cases. Findings revealed no significant difference between nurses and nursing students in tolerance of attitudes towards AIDS patients (F = .0966, df - 1,114, p < .76). Also no significant difference was found between nurses and nursing students in their perceptions regarding the quality of care given to AIDS patients versus other patients (X2 = 5.77412, df = 4, p < .22). No significant difference was found between ADN, BSN, and Diploma nurses in their tolerance of attitudes toward AIDS patients (F = 2.0924, df = 2,55, p < .1331). A post hoc finding revealed a significant difference between nurses' and nursing students reported use of universal precautions (x2 = 12.97276, 3 df, p < .00470).Analysis of AAS individual items revealed that only 4 percent of respondents believed that AIDS patients should be sent to sanitariums to protect others from AIDS. Ninety-four percent of respondents believed that people would not be so afraid of AIDS if individuals knew more about the disease. / School of Nursing

A substantial amount of international research exists examining the impact of HIV/AIDS on health care workers. However, the impact of HIV/AIDS on nursing staff in South Africa has been relatively neglected. The primary objective of this study was to examine the impact of the AIDS pandemic on the subjective work experiences of peri-urban nurses in South Africa. The study explored the relationship between external changes in the nurses' working environment and their internal psychological responses for negotiating this change. A focus group of eight nurses was conducted, followed by indepth individual interviews with three group members. A grounded theory method was utilised to process and analyse the data. The research showed that nurses experience two forms of change. It was suggested that nurses respond to external changes in a manner designed to maximise their control and sense of meaning in an unpredictable environment. This accommodation involves the restoration of an internal psychological equilibrium through a process of balancing positive and negative experiences. The attainment of such an acceptable equilibrium may allow for diminished stress, increased satisfaction or fulfilment and the validation of personal and professional significance.

HIV/AIDS care needs to be comprehensive and holistic (UNAIDS, 2002). Counselling has proved to be one of the most effective behavioral tools in the global anti-HIV/AIDS fight by equipping people mentally, emotionally, psychologically and socially for the disease (Anon, 2000). Over the past two decades researchers identified cultural factors, race, gender and class as leading inequitable treatments in general counselling situations (Coleman, 1995). This challenge happened to be the same in HIV/AIDS counselling, especially because the counselor work with sensitive information. Nurses who forms the back-bone of HIV/AIDS counselling, are all trained on a Western model of HIV/AIDS counselling. Herbst (1990) also pointed out that knowledge concerning cultures and subcultures and its implications has become a major issue for the nurse to deliver health care in South Africa. Faced with the history of South Africa and the diverse cultures it was my personal experience as a professional nurse, counselor and researcher while I was working on the *Ufe health train, that the knowledge of culture is one of the most important factors of HIV/AIDS counselling. This motivated me to embark on this research. This research aims at providing an analytical description of the experience of counselling for African (Batswana) counselees and their counselors with specific reference to HIV/AIDS counselling with view to improve this interaction. The objectives of this research was to: a) analyse the counselling done by Western and African counsellors in the health system, with a particular focus on HIV/AIDS counselling, b) establish how acceptance and decision-making is promoted, understanding of the counselee is established and psychosocial support is given, and c) develop a middle -range theory that describes appropriate HIV/AIDS counselling for African counselees. Glaser's (1965; 1967; 1992) grounded theory approach was used to guide this research. Multiple data collection methods were used, which took place concurrently with the descriptive analysis. Glaser's conceptual analysis paradigm for qualitative data analysis was utilised. Based on the results of this research the importance of an HIV/AIDS counselling approach for Africans is emphasised. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.

This study examines the Professional nurses' knowledge and understanding of AIDS/HIV infection. The Professional nurses that participated in the study, are those working in a specialised institution which caters for tuberculosis and psychiatric patients, and those suffering from oesophageal and lung cancer; and the patients with orthopaedic problems. Knowledge explored is specifically related to AIDS/HIV infection, which includes the causes, mode of spread of infection, symptoms, diagnostic tests available, prevention, complications and identification of high risk groups. The sample was formed by 53 Professional nurses; 27 being those that have done the AIDS counselling course, and 26 who have not done the course. To collect data, questionnaires were sent to the participants. Apart from the questionnaires, focus group interviews (21 participants) were done to elicit any information that may not be obtained through the use of a questionnaire. The theoritical framework used is a combination of two theories, Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Fear of Contagion Theory. Cognitive Dissonance Theory assumes that people want to maintain consistency with their beliefs, attitudes, values and behaviour. People confronted with examples of their own inconsistency in these areas, will experience psychological discomfort and be motivated to eliminate the inconsistency. Fear of Contagion Theory developed as a response to perceived threat of catching the disease/infection. Three behaviours characterise this fear:- avoidance, taking extreme precautions, and verbal expression of fear regarding the disease. As a result, apart from looking at factual knowledge, one had to identify the behaviors that relate to this theoretical framework. These included fear, avoidance, taking extreme precautions and dissonance/discomfort. These areas are covered in the questionnaire as well as in the interview with the focus group. The results show high knowledge of general information, including the mode of spread. Lack of knowledge in identification of high risk groups, symptoms, diagnostic tests and use of universal precautions in specific areas was identified. Fears and dissonance are found to be caused by lack of knowledge, aggravated by the fact that the disease is incurable, as it was expressed by the focus groups. Uncertanty was marked with regard to the use of protective clothing. Some participants responded in a manner that showed the use of extreme precautions, while others were unsure in such a way that in the end they indentified different protective clothing for the similar situations. In areas where knowledge deficit was identified, it was discovered that the Trained AIDS Counsellors had better knowledge than those that have not done the course except for universal precautions. On looking at the programme it was discovered that the use of universal precautions was not included in the programme and this might be the cause for the uncertainty. The difference between the two groups might have been in the understanding gained from knowledge acquired during the counselling course, since both groups were exposed to the same enviroment, policies and circulars regarding caring for HIV infected patients. Although the results showed the numerical differences, it was surprising that in certain sections when these differences were tested statistically, no statistical difference was shown between the two groups. This might have been due to the small sample used. There are respondents that showed a negative attitude towards caring for AIDS/HIV infected patients; unfortunately no further questions were asked to explore this aspect. This is a shortfall of this study. It is clear that AIDS/HIV infection is a challenge to all professionals, since it has become one of the leading causes of death. It is then believed that nurses should be equipped with adequate knowledge so as to be able to care for those suffering from AIDS/HIV infection. In conclusion it was clear that AIDS/HIV infection is a challenge for all professionals. / Thesis (M.Cur.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1993.

The purpose of the study was to explore barriers hospital nurses perceive in the care of AIDS or HIV positive patients. According to the Center for Disease Control, the total number of AIDS cases reported in the United States as of December 1991 was 206,392. The Center for Disease Control reported of the known AIDS cases in the United States 59% have resulted in death.A grounded theory approach was used in the study of sixteen nurses working with AIDS patients in a medical surgical area of the hospital. Results of the study showed nurses had a need to maintain self integrity. All barriers found as a result of the study related to the nurses need to maintain self integrity. Barriers found as a result of the study include the following: fear of contagion, family concerns, fear of the unknown, issues in confidentiality, issues in universal precautions, and emotional and spiritual aspects. / School of Nursing

This paper explores the experience of nurses who work both as Primary Health Care Providers and counsellors trained in the narrative model of counselling in primary health care settings. Five focus groups were conducted in both Xhosa and English. Discourse analysis was used as a method of analysing the data. Training nurses in the narrative counselling model introduced an alternative discourse, which was experienced as contradicting their usual way of working. Two dominant discourses were the “not knowing” approach, assumed by the narrative model of counselling, and the “knowing” stance, assumed by health education. The institutionalised construction of counselling by doctors and matrons, and their power versus the power of the nurse counsellors was also cited as sources of conflict. Despite the tensions, narrative model of counselling seems to be offering new positions, which may benefit people living with HIV and improve HIV/AIDS activities in the Primary Health Care (PHC) context.

The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis developed by the author which states that most of the variation in nurses' anxiety when dealing with HIV/AIDS patients can be explained by the combination of the variables Knowledge on HIV, Judgement of Risk, Homophobia, Death Anxiety and Perceived Social Support. 72 nurses representing two state hospitals and one private hospital volunteered to participate in the study, and completed questionnaires. Contrary to the findings in the literature study, the nurses in the sample were not found to be reluctant or anxious when caring for HIV/AIDS patients. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the hypothesis is confirmed, that the independent variables explain some variation (R = 0.649) in the dependent variable to a significant degree. There are indications that uninvestigated variables are however also at play, and should be considered for future research. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

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mso-style-parent:"" / mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt / mso-para-margin-top:0cm / mso-para-margin-right:0cm / mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt / mso-para-margin-left:0cm / line-height:115% / mso-pagination:widow-orphan / font-size:11.0pt / font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif" / mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri / mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin / mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri / mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin / mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman" / mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi / mso-fareast-language:EN-US / } </style> <![endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt / line-height:115% / font-family:&quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / mso-fareast-font-family:&quot / Times New Roman&quot / mso-ansi-language:EN-ZA / mso-fareast-language:EN-ZA / mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">The Western Cape AIDS Training, Information and Counselling Centre (ATICC) primarily focuses on the development and provision of information and different types of training programmes on HIV/AID/STIs. The Director of the Health Service of the Cape Metropolitan Council was invited by ATICC to select seven health educators and nurses who were involved in health education and counselling in their local clinics to complete a six-month training course. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the ATICC training course on the counselling practice of trainees at their clinics.</span></p>

<p>The Western Cape AIDS Training,Information and Counselling Centre (ATICC) primarily focuses on the development and provision of information and different types of training programmes on HIV/AID/STIs. The Director of the Health Service of the Cape Metropolitan Council was invited by ATICC to select seven health educators and nurses who were involved in health education and counselling in their local clinics to complete a six-month training course. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the ATICC training course on the counselling practice of trainees at their clinics.</p>

<p>The Western Cape AIDS Training,Information and Counselling Centre (ATICC) primarily focuses on the development and provision of information and different types of training programmes on HIV/AID/STIs. The Director of the Health Service of the Cape Metropolitan Council was invited by ATICC to select seven health educators and nurses who were involved in health education and counselling in their local clinics to complete a six-month training course. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the ATICC training course on the counselling practice of trainees at their clinics.</p>