The results of a laboratory Investigation into the pore pressure characteristics of an extrasensitive marine clay are presented. The soil samples were obtained from the Port Mann area of British Columbia. Experimental work consisted of the performance of long-duration triaxial shear tests with pore-pressure measurements. A stress-controlled triaxial machine equipped with a null-indicating type pore-pressure device was employed for all shear tests. The observed data show that for this soil a slow build-up of pore pressure occurs for both increases in cell pressure and axial stresses in the triaxial test. Even in saturated specimens the slow build-up effect prevailed. The rates of build-up observed for changes in axial stress were slower than those recorded for changes in cell pressure. Measurements at the upper end of some specimens, and at the centre of others, indicated that the pore pressure required more time to reach equilibrium, at the ends of cylindrical specimens. The hypothesis is put forward that the observations can be explained by plastic deformations of the adsorbed layers surrounding the particles. Strength and pore pressure parameters have been obtained for the soil. An automatic control has been developed to assist in the performance of long-duration tests. The apparatus employs the photo-electric effect to control movements of pore water. A detailed description of this device is presented. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Air pollution has become a serious environmental issue around the world. Among the multiple pollutants like NOx and O3, the atmospheric particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) has been the most serious problem lately. The daily life and health of general public are greatly affected by PM2.5. For instance, the extended exposure to PM2.5 was reported to have association with increased prevalence of heart and lung diseases. China has suffered from serious PM2.5 pollution for many years. The vast territory, abundant anthropogenic activities and various geographical features make the formation mechanisms and possible health effects of PM2.5 become diverse and complicated. Because of that, regional study is necessary to control PM2.5 pollution and reduce the associated health risks. Taiyuan and Guangzhou are two typical megacities with strong regional characteristics in North and South China, both of which are subjected to PM2.5 pollution for long time. Through the analysis of PM2.5 samples collected from Taiyuan and Guangzhou, it will benefit the investigations of sources and toxicities of PM2.5 in Northern and Southern regions in China. Due to the complexity, research on components of PM2.5 is important. Polyaromatic organic contaminants are an important PM2.5 composition because of their relatively high concentration and obvious toxicity. In this study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), hydroxy-PAHs (OHPAHs) in PM2.5 samples from Taiyuan and Guangzhou were determined. A novel atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) method with higher sensitivity was developed. 19 PAHs, 18 NPAHs and 12 OHPAHs in PM2.5 were analyzed with the method detection limits of 0.021 (PAHs), 0.001 (NPAHs) and 0.005 (OHPAHs) pg m-3, respectively. The developed APGC-MS/MS method provided acceptable recoveries (70 - 120%) and precision (RSD < 15%). PM2.5 samples collected from Taiyuan and Guangzhou from May. 2017 to April. 2018 were analyzed for 19 PAHs, 18 NPAHs and 12 OHPAHs. The pollution characteristics, including contamination levels, sources and possible influences on human health, were investigated and compared between the two sampling sites. Compared to Guangzhou, Taiyuan had higher contamination levels for most of the determined PAHs, NPAHs and OHPAHs in PM2.5. Except for NPAHs, whose major source was the OH· radical-initiated secondary formation, the predominant pollution sources of PAHs and OHPAHs in PM2.5 were different in these two cities. The mixed primary source of coal combustion and traffic emission was predominant for both PAHs and OHPAHs in PM2.5 from Taiyuan. But in Guangzhou, single primary traffic emission was major source. Higher carcinogenic health risks of PM2.5 were found in Taiyuan for adults, children and infants compared to Guangzhou based on the determined concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs. Obvious temporal and spatial variations among Taiyuan and Guangzhou were seen, which indicated that the pollution status of PAHs, NPAHs and OHPAHs in PM2.5 in Taiyuan was serious. The pollution levels of PM2.5-bound PAHs and NPAHs in Guangzhou also became higher in recent years. Besides PAHs and their derivatives, 14 emerging polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) were detected in PM2.5 collected from Taiyuan and Guangzhou. They were assessed by accurate quantification, investigation of contamination levels and pollution sources, and the preliminary studies of pollutant-induced toxic effects. A novel APGC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of the PASHs in PM2.5 with superior sensitivity of 0.052 -1.673 pg m-3. Higher contamination levels in atmosphere were found in Taiyuan at ng m-3. Coal combustion/secondary formation and traffic emission/secondary formation were found as pollution sources of the PASHs in PM2.5 from Taiyuan and Guangzhou, respectively. Dithiothreitol (DTT) and cell viability assays were performed for the preliminary assessment of PASH-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell toxicity based on the exposure dosage for human. The results indicated that PASHs in PM2.5 collected from Taiyuan could lead to oxidative stress and human bronchial epithelial cells' death. The toxicity results suggest that more efforts are necessary to control the local primary sources and secondary formation of PASHs in PM2.5. In summary, a novel analytical method using APGC-MS/MS was developed and successfully applied for determination of different polyaromatic organic contaminants in PM2.5. 19 PAHs, 18 NPAHs, 12 OHPAHs and 14 PASHs in PM2.5 collected from Taiyuan and Guangzhou, the typical regions in North and South China, were determined. The pollution characteristics, including contamination levels, sources, health risks and temporal/spatial distributions were investigated and compared. Significantly different pollution characteristics of PAHs, NPAHs and OHPAHs in PM2.5 showed a close connection between pollution features with local economic structures. For the 14 emerging PASHs, their pollution status, sources and implication for human health in these two sites were studied. Compared to Guangzhou, Taiyuan had relatively higher exposure levels and health risks of PASHs in PM2.5 for local people. The study of pollution characteristics of the polyaromatic organic contaminants in PM2.5 from representative areas could provide a useful guidance for PM2.5 pollution control and general public health protection in China.

Air pollution has become a serious environmental issue around the world. Among the multiple pollutants like NOx and O3, the atmospheric particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) has been the most serious problem lately. The daily life and health of general public are greatly affected by PM2.5. For instance, the extended exposure to PM2.5 was reported to have association with increased prevalence of heart and lung diseases. China has suffered from serious PM2.5 pollution for many years. The vast territory, abundant anthropogenic activities and various geographical features make the formation mechanisms and possible health effects of PM2.5 become diverse and complicated. Because of that, regional study is necessary to control PM2.5 pollution and reduce the associated health risks. Taiyuan and Guangzhou are two typical megacities with strong regional characteristics in North and South China, both of which are subjected to PM2.5 pollution for long time. Through the analysis of PM2.5 samples collected from Taiyuan and Guangzhou, it will benefit the investigations of sources and toxicities of PM2.5 in Northern and Southern regions in China. Due to the complexity, research on components of PM2.5 is important. Polyaromatic organic contaminants are an important PM2.5 composition because of their relatively high concentration and obvious toxicity. In this study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), hydroxy-PAHs (OHPAHs) in PM2.5 samples from Taiyuan and Guangzhou were determined. A novel atmospheric pressure gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (APGC-MS/MS) method with higher sensitivity was developed. 19 PAHs, 18 NPAHs and 12 OHPAHs in PM2.5 were analyzed with the method detection limits of 0.021 (PAHs), 0.001 (NPAHs) and 0.005 (OHPAHs) pg m-3, respectively. The developed APGC-MS/MS method provided acceptable recoveries (70 - 120%) and precision (RSD < 15%). PM2.5 samples collected from Taiyuan and Guangzhou from May. 2017 to April. 2018 were analyzed for 19 PAHs, 18 NPAHs and 12 OHPAHs. The pollution characteristics, including contamination levels, sources and possible influences on human health, were investigated and compared between the two sampling sites. Compared to Guangzhou, Taiyuan had higher contamination levels for most of the determined PAHs, NPAHs and OHPAHs in PM2.5. Except for NPAHs, whose major source was the OH· radical-initiated secondary formation, the predominant pollution sources of PAHs and OHPAHs in PM2.5 were different in these two cities. The mixed primary source of coal combustion and traffic emission was predominant for both PAHs and OHPAHs in PM2.5 from Taiyuan. But in Guangzhou, single primary traffic emission was major source. Higher carcinogenic health risks of PM2.5 were found in Taiyuan for adults, children and infants compared to Guangzhou based on the determined concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs. Obvious temporal and spatial variations among Taiyuan and Guangzhou were seen, which indicated that the pollution status of PAHs, NPAHs and OHPAHs in PM2.5 in Taiyuan was serious. The pollution levels of PM2.5-bound PAHs and NPAHs in Guangzhou also became higher in recent years. Besides PAHs and their derivatives, 14 emerging polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) were detected in PM2.5 collected from Taiyuan and Guangzhou. They were assessed by accurate quantification, investigation of contamination levels and pollution sources, and the preliminary studies of pollutant-induced toxic effects. A novel APGC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of the PASHs in PM2.5 with superior sensitivity of 0.052 -1.673 pg m-3. Higher contamination levels in atmosphere were found in Taiyuan at ng m-3. Coal combustion/secondary formation and traffic emission/secondary formation were found as pollution sources of the PASHs in PM2.5 from Taiyuan and Guangzhou, respectively. Dithiothreitol (DTT) and cell viability assays were performed for the preliminary assessment of PASH-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell toxicity based on the exposure dosage for human. The results indicated that PASHs in PM2.5 collected from Taiyuan could lead to oxidative stress and human bronchial epithelial cells' death. The toxicity results suggest that more efforts are necessary to control the local primary sources and secondary formation of PASHs in PM2.5. In summary, a novel analytical method using APGC-MS/MS was developed and successfully applied for determination of different polyaromatic organic contaminants in PM2.5. 19 PAHs, 18 NPAHs, 12 OHPAHs and 14 PASHs in PM2.5 collected from Taiyuan and Guangzhou, the typical regions in North and South China, were determined. The pollution characteristics, including contamination levels, sources, health risks and temporal/spatial distributions were investigated and compared. Significantly different pollution characteristics of PAHs, NPAHs and OHPAHs in PM2.5 showed a close connection between pollution features with local economic structures. For the 14 emerging PASHs, their pollution status, sources and implication for human health in these two sites were studied. Compared to Guangzhou, Taiyuan had relatively higher exposure levels and health risks of PASHs in PM2.5 for local people. The study of pollution characteristics of the polyaromatic organic contaminants in PM2.5 from representative areas could provide a useful guidance for PM2.5 pollution control and general public health protection in China.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis examines the reliance on air power for fire support by light forces and whether other fire support assets could perform these missions better. By studying the historical evolution of fire support, air power and small wars doctrine, patterns emerge in how these developments interrelate. These patterns have led to a system that does not take advantage of some of the capabilities of other fire support assets, mainly artillery and mortars. The case of Operation Enduring Freedom, in Afghanistan, highlights how light forces have come to depend on airpower. Could other forms of fire support have provided coverage that would have been more effective than the air support received? Light forces need to be aware that they have more choices for fire support than calling in air strikes and that artillery and mortars provide capabilities that air power cannot currently duplicate. Afghanistan demonstrated that artillery remains relevant. In a very permissive environment with few competing missions, there were times when air power could not provide the needed fire support to the ground maneuver forces. / Major, United States Army

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2015.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon Graduate Center, 1978.