This thesis examines a comprehensive planning model to determine the level of citizen participation attained in the process and to test the degree of representation of the planning policies contained in the plan as they relate to the attitudes and opinions of citizens. An evaluation questionnaire, developed from the Arnstein definition of citizen participation, was used to determine the level of participation. A survey was used to collect citizen opinions and attitudes which were compared to planning policies contained in the plan. Differences represent a lack of citizen representation. / Department of Urban Planning

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The purpose of this creative project was to outline the concept of Wetland Incentive Zones and to develop a site masterplan based on this concept. Meant as an alternative to large single-site wetland banks, Wetland Incentive Zones would be linear areas of land where wetland construction and preservation efforts would be concentrated. The linear structure would distribute the benefits associated with wetlands through a greater area than would a typical wetland bank. If linked together, the zones would form a network of recreational greenways and function as a travel corridor for wildlife. Participating zone landowners would benefit from tax abatements on wetland acreage and other incentive programs. The public would benefit from the preservation and construction of wetlands and the zone's recreational and educational elements.The masterplan was developed to direct wetland site development opportunities and public recreation and educational functions within a 3200 acre study site located in Allen County, Indiana. This site masterplan identified areas suitable for wetland construction, investigated their potential as wildlife habitat, and the wetland condition likely to be supported. The development plan for the site was focused on the use of an abandoned railroad line as a trail system for public recreation and educational use. / Department of Landscape Architecture

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The outwash deposits of the Eel River paleo meltwater channel in DeKalb and Allen Counties, Indiana predominantly originated from the Erie Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, but do contain some sediment from the Saginaw Lobe. This determination helps clarify the ice dynamics and Last Glacial Maximum sediment depostional history in northeastern Indiana, which is complicated because of the interactions between the Erie and Saginaw Lobes. Outwash deposits were analyzed from IGS core SC0802 in the Eel River paleo meltwater channel, which intersects the previously identified Huntertown Formation. The core includes 29.2 m of deposits underlain by the hard glacial till of the Trafalgar formation. Mean grain size, sediment skewness, lithology, magnetic susceptibility, and quantitative X-ray diffraction were used to evaluate the provenance of the outwash deposits. Representative samples of Erie Lobe and Saginaw Lobe deposits were analyzed to develop end member provenance signatures. A weight of evidence approach was developed and revealed that deposits from 8.0-13.8 m are of mixed origin from the Erie and Saginaw Lobes, whereas the 0-8.0 and 13.8-29.2 m deposits are Erie Lobe in origin. Cluster analysis and discriminant function analysis supported the findings of this approach. These findings suggests that the Eel River paleo meltwater channel was formed as an outwash channel, and that the adjacent Huntertown Formation does not appear to have been directly deposited by the Saginaw Lobe. The sediments of Saginaw origin from ~8-14 m in the Eel River paleo meltwater channel were likely transported from an upgradient source. The sediments from this zone have a larger mean grain size indicating deposition occurred during higher meltwater discharge, such as the release of meltwater from the drainage of proglacial or subglacial lake(s) associated with the disintegration of the Saginaw Lobe, thus resulting in the mixing of Saginaw Lobe deposits with Erie Lobe deposits. However, the majority of the sediment in the Eel River paleo channel near SC0802 is Erie Lobe in origin. Based on the provenance and depositional sequence at SC0802, the Saginaw Lobe disintegrated prior to the Erie Lobe retreat from the Wabash moraine around 16-17 cal ka.

Increased residential and commercial development threatens wetland functions, particularly near urban centers. This research explores the values and attitudes of residents concerning wetlands, wetland restoration, and development near Fort Wayne and Huntington, Indiana, the location of a large wetland restoration project. Key Informant interviews were conducted to contextualize issues on wetlands, stormwater management, development, and community involvement. Interviews results were used to generate a random sample, multi-county mail survey. Results show that residents find protecting groundwater, green space, and access to clean drinking water very important. Environmental concern is high regarding flooding, development, and water quality. KI’s underestimate resident’s awareness of water quality issues. A proposed model of significant factors in explaining resident’s attitudes towards wetlands includes whether or not they are a farmer, wetland knowledge, well-being, and positive attitudes towards green space and development. This research is unique because the respondents have exposure to wetland areas on a regular basis. Wetlands are highly appreciated and are an important part of the community. There is a fine balance of property rights and pro-conservation attitudes among residents. Future research can explore whatconservation specifically means to people and how their views on property rights shape that meaning. Results from this research can aid management decisions that can be either beneficial or detrimental to the wetland and those who depend on it for a variety of needs. / Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management

Recent archaeological surveys of portions of Fox Island County Park near Fort Wayne, Indiana, revealed the locations of 16 archaeological sites. This study was undertaken to explore the factors affecting site selection and to analyze the artifacts and investigate lithic procurement and reduction strategies as reflected by them. Further, an attempt was made to understand Fox Island's role in the prehistoric subsistence-settlement system. The sites appear to have been selected because of the environmental setting of Fox Island, a wooded sand dune complex surrounded by wet prairie and marsh with upland decidious forests within a mile. The variety of habitats concentraved a wealth of food resources within an easily exploitable area. Analysis of the artifacts from the sites revealed a primary reliance on lithic raw material from near Huntington and an occupational sequence spanning approximately 8,000 years from the Early Archaic through historic aboriginal occupation of the area. Cultural affiliation of the Late Woodland occupation was with the southeastern Michigan Younge Tradition. Although somewhat contradictory, subsistence-settlement pattern models from surrounding areas suggested that Fox Island should have been primarily occupied during spring and summer in conjunction with the seasons of' greatest carrying capacity of the wet prairie and marsh. This was consistent with the few food remains encountered.

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