Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a process where elevated temperature and pressure is used in order to convert biomass to hydrochar, a coal-like substance with good dewatering properties and many potential uses. HTC can be used to treat digestate from anaerobic digestion, but the process water that remains after the hydrochar has been recovered needs to be treated further in the wastewater treatment plant. In order to make HTC more competitive compared to other sludge treatments it is important to find a good use for the process water. The main objective of this master thesis was to investigate the effects of recirculating HTC process water to the anaerobic digestion. To achieve the objective, both theoretical calculations and experimental trials were performed. The experimental trials were conducted with an Automatic Methane Potential Test System (AMPTS II) in order to investigate the anaerobic digestion in laboratory scale. In the first trial, three substrates, process water, hydrochar, and primary sludge were tested for their biochemical methane potential (BMP). All substrates were mixed with inoculum. Process water had a BMP of 335 ± 10 % NmL/gvs (normalized CH4 production in mL per g added VS (volatile solids)), hydrochar had BMP of 150 ± 5 % NmL/gvs, and primary sludge had a BMP of 343 ± 2 % NmL/gvs. The methane production was almost the same for process water as for primary sludge i.e. no inhibitory effects could be seen when process water was mixed with only inoculum. In the second trial, a more realistic scenario was tested where process water was co-digested with primary sludge at different ratios. The results from the second trial were not statistically reliable and therefore cannot be used on their own to determine with certainty if the process water could have an inhibitory effect in a full-scale anaerobic digester. However, the combined results from both trials indicate that it is unlikely that the process water would have an inhibitory effect. The possible increase in methane yield, if the digestate from a biogas facility was treated in full-scale implementation of the HTC process, was calculated theoretically. The produced process water would have the capacity to increase the methane production with approximately 10 % for a biogas facility. For the calculations, the BMP for process water was assumed to be 335 NmL/gvs and no synergetic effects was considered.

Anaerob rötning är en naturlig nedbrytningsprocess av organiskt material som tar tillvara på avfall samtidigt som nyttig energi kan utvinnas. På Biogasbolaget AB i Karlskoga omvandlas substrat som matavfall, gödsel och ensilage till biogas som sedan kan uppgraderas till fordonsgas. Fordonsgasen kan användas som drivmedel till bussar i närområdet. Det bildas dessutom en rötrest som används som biogödsel, men som är kostsam för företaget. Rötkamrarna i Karlskoga är överdimensionerade i förhållande till den mängden substrat som levereras, vilket innebär att de kan ta hand om mer gas än det som bildas i dagsläget. Tidigare studier har visat att tillsats av hydrokol kan öka metangasproduktionen. Därför var syftet med studien att utvärdera ifall hydrokol kan öka metangasproduktionen i satsvis anaerob rötning. Målen var att jämföra två olika hydrokol; skogsindustriellt och kommunalt, samt att komma fram till en optimal dos. Eftersom området är relativt nytt var det också av intresse att ta reda på hur klimatpåverkan förändras vid tillsats av hydrokol genom att utföra en enkel livscykelanalys.   Utvärderingen av hydrokolets potential i anaerob rötning utfördes genom satsvis rötning i två omgångar. Substrat och ymp hämtades från Karlskogas biogasanläggning. De doserna hydrokol som testades i båda försöken var 4, 8 och 10 g/l samt referensfallet 0 g/l vilket motsvarade Karlskogas förhållanden. Det gjordes även försök med endast hydrokol för att ta reda på om det var hydrokolet i sig som producerade metangas. Den satsvisa rötningen visade att det kommunala hydrokolet med en dos på 8 g/l gav mest metangas (841 Nml/g VS) jämfört med referensen 0 g/l (435 Nml/g VS) vilket var en ökning med 93%. Det skogsindustriella hydrokolet med en dos på 8 g/l visade en ökning med 16,6% (517 Nml/g VS) jämfört med referensen 0 g/l (443 Nml/g VS). Den enkla livscykelanalysen visade att det resulterade i en större minskning av utsläpp när dieselbussar kan bytas ut mot hydrokolsbaserad biogas jämfört med vanlig biogas. Vid tillsats av kommunalt hydrokol till biogasprocessen blev besparingen 14783 ton CO2.ekv./år vid utbyte av diesel och för skogsindustriellt hydrokol motsvarade besparingen 8938 ton CO2.ekv./år. Det jämfört med biogas som produceras utan hydrokol som vid utbyte av diesel sparar 7688 ton CO2.ekv./år. Massflödesanalysen visade att det teoretiskt är möjligt att använda Karlskogas rötrest för att använda som substrat till HTC-anläggningen och därmed införa ett cirkulärt system. Däremot visade metallanalysen att det finns risk för förhöjda mängder tungmetall i rötresten, vilket skulle kunna leda till att de inte klarar de krav som finns för att certifiera biogödseln.   För Biogasbolaget AB i Karlskoga innebär resultaten att de med 8 g/l kommunalt alternativt skogsindustriellt hydrokol skulle kunna öka sin metangasproduktion med 93% respektive 16,6%. Däremot kan det leda till problem med metallhalterna i rötresten som riskerar att överstiga gränsvärdena som finns för biogödsel. / Anaerobic digestion is a natural decomposition process of organic material that utilizes waste while extracting useful energy. At Biogasbolaget AB in Karlskoga, substrates such as food waste, manure, and silage are converted into biogas, which can then be upgraded to vehicle fuel. The vehicle gas can be used as fuel for buses in the local area. Additionally, a digestate is formed, which is used as biofertilizer but is costly for the company. The digesters in Karlskoga are oversized compared to the amount of substrate delivered, which means they can handle more gas than is currently being produced. Previous studies have shown that the addition of hydrochar can increase methane gas production. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate whether hydrochar can increase methane gas production in batch anaerobic digestion. The goals were to compare two different types of hydrochar: from the forestry industry and municipal sources, and to determine the optimal dosage. Since the area is relatively new, it was also of interest to determine how the climate impact changes with the addition of hydrochar by conducting a simple life cycle analysis.   The evaluation of hydrochar's potential in anaerobic digestion was carried out through batch digestion in two rounds. Substrate and inoculum were obtained from Karlskoga's biogas plant. The doses of hydrochar tested in both experiments were 4, 8, and 10 g/l, as well as the reference case of 0 g/l, which corresponded to Karlskoga's conditions. Experiments were also conducted with hydrochar alone to determine if it was the hydrochar itself that produced methane gas. The batch digestion showed that the municipal hydrochar with a dosage of 8 g/l produced the most methane gas (841 Nml/g VS) compared to the reference of 0 g/l (435 Nml/g VS), which was an increase of 93%. The forestry industry hydrochar with a dosage of 8 g/l showed an increase of 16,6% (517 Nml/g VS) compared to the reference of 0 g/l (443 Nml/g VS). The simple life cycle analysis showed that it resulted in a greater reduction in emissions when diesel buses can be replaced by hydrochar-based biogas compared to regular biogas. When municipal hydrochar was added to the biogas process, the savings amounted to 14,783 tons of CO2 equivalent per year through diesel substitution. For forest industry hydrochar the equivalent resulted in savings of 8,938 tons of CO2 equivalent per year. This is in comparison to biogas produced without hydrochar, which saves 7,688 tons of CO2 equivalent per year when substituting diesel. The mass flow analysis showed that it is theoretically possible to use Karlskoga's digestate as substrate for the HTC plant, thus introducing a circular system. However, the metal analysis revealed a potential risk of elevated levels of heavy metals in the digestate, which could prevent it from meeting the requirements for certifying the biofertilizer.   For Biogasbolaget AB in Karlskoga, the results mean that with 8 g/l of municipal or forest industry hydrochar, they could increase their methane gas production by 93% and 16.6%, respectively. However, this could lead to issues with metal levels in the digestate, which may exceed the threshold values set for  biofertilizer.