Nowdays, an emphasis is plased on an antibacterial properties of various products, including floor and coating materials. This work is about an testing of effectivity of the chosen antibacterial agents in the water born and solvent free floor systems which are epoxide or polyurethane based. As first step, the most suitable representative of each floor system was chosen, the silver based agents (respectively silver anion Ag+ based) which should have an antibacterial effect when incorporated into the floor system was chosen. The selected ones are Ag/SiO2, Ag/TiO2, Ag/Al2O3, Ag/ZnO, Ag/BaO, Ag/zeolite, AgI. The necessary was a creating of the test method which has to offer exact and reproducable outputs. At the begining, the method came out from the norms ČSN EN ISO 20645 Squared textiles – Determination of antibacterial activity – Test of diffusion throught the agar plate, ČSN 79 3880 Testing of antimicrobial properties of material and product of boot industry, Antifugal and antibacterial properties. Testing by this way did not bring repriducable outputs. Only the bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus was used according to the norms. The method of recultivation was used for testing. The process is: an application of the coating on the bottom of the Petri´s dish, curing, appplication of the bacterial solution, cultivation for 24 hours at 37 °C, inoculation onto the agar in the Petri´s dish, cultivation for 24 hours at 37 °C, interpretation of the grow/inhibition of the bacteries. The results offer the overview about the advantages and disadvantages of each antibacterial agent in the chosen systems.

This diploma thesis focuses on the photocatalytic effect of titanium dioxide and ultraviolet light. Theoretical part shows the effect of titanium dioxide and aplication in various branches. Antibacterial effect of titanium dioxide iluminated by ultraviolet light was observed in the flow tube reactor on the yeast Hansenula anomala. After adjusting the optimal flow rate experimented with different inicial concentration of yeast cells. To increase desired effect also silver was used in the photocatalytic system. As observed in many previous studies, silver decreases the time needed for killing the microorganisms. The optained date were analysed.

Despite extensive preventative efforts, the problem of controlling infections associated with biomedical materials persists. Bacteria tend to colonize on biocompatible materials and form biofilms; thus, novel biomaterials with antibacterial properties are of great interest. In this thesis, titanium dioxide (TiO2)-associated photocatalysis under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was investigated as a strategy for developing bioactivity and antibacterial properties on biomaterials. Although much of the work was specifically directed towards dental materials, the results presented are applicable to a wide range of biomaterial applications. Most of the experimental work in the thesis was based on a resin-TiO2 nanocomposite that was prepared by adding 20 wt% TiO2 nanoparticles to a resin-based polymer material. Tests showed that the addition of the nanoparticles endowed the adhesive material with photocatalytic activity without affecting the functional bonding strength. Subsequent studies indicated a number of additional beneficial properties associated with the nanocomposite that appear promising for biomaterial applications. For example, irradiation with UV light induced bioactivity on the otherwise non-bioactive nanocomposite; this was indicated by hydroxyapatite formation on the surface following soaking in Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline. Under UV irradiation, the resin-TiO2 nanocomposite provided effective antibacterial action against both planktonic and biofilm bacteria. UV irradiation of the nanocomposite also provided a prolonged antibacterial effect that continued after removal of the UV light source. UV treatment also reduced bacterial adhesion to the resin-TiO2 surface. The mechanisms involved in the antibacterial effects of TiO2 photocatalysis were studied by investigating the specific contributions of the photocatalytic reaction products (the reactive oxygen species) and their disinfection kinetics. Methods of improving the viability analysis of bacteria subjected to photocatalysis were also developed.

La mucoviscidose est une maladie génétique grave et évolutive dont les atteintes pulmonaires sont, aujourd’hui, les causes principales de décès des patients. Du fait de l’absence ou du dysfonctionnement du canal chlore CFTR, les patients atteints de mucoviscidose présentent un mucus hypervisqueux notamment au niveau des voies respiratoires. Ce mucus est un environnement favorable à la colonisation par des bactéries opportunistes telles que le Staphylococcus aureus ou le Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La chronicité des infections couplées avec une inflammation importante conduisent à la dégradation progressive des fonctions respiratoires. Actuellement, hormis la greffe coeur/poumon, aucun traitement curatif n’est encore accessible pour l’ensemble des patients. L’approche par thérapie génique apparait être une bonne stratégie pour tenter de guérir tous les patients indépendamment du type de mutations dont ils sont porteurs. Il s’agit d’apporter une copie saine du gène CFTR à l’intérieur des cellules afin que celles-ci expriment une protéine fonctionnelle. Pour ce faire, de nombreuses barrières sont à franchir. Parmi elles, la présence de bactéries dans l’environnement cellulaire est un frein s’opposant au transfert de gènes notamment par vecteurs. Il semble pertinent de développer une formulation multifonctionnelle permettant d’une part d’éliminer les bactéries en surface et d’autre part, de transfecter les cellules cibles. Cette formulation doit rester efficace après qu’elle ait été aérosolisée. Au cours de ce travail, plusieurs formulations, incorporant des lipides cationiques et des composés argent, ont été mises au point. / Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease with lung damages as the current main causes of death. Due to the absence or dysfunction of the CFTR chloride channel, CF patients have hyper-viscous mucus, particularly in the respiratory tract. This mucus is an environment favorable to infection development by opportunistic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The chronicity of infections coupled with significant inflammation leads to the progressive degradation of respiratory functions. Currently, apart from the heart-lung transplantation, no cure is still available for all patients.The approach by gene therapy appears to be a good strategy to cure all patients regardless of the type of mutations they have. It is a matter of bringing a healthy copy of the CFTR gene into the cells so that they express a functional protein. To do this, many barriers must be overcome. Among them, the presence of bacteria in the cellular environment is a brake against the transfer of genes in particular by vectors. It seems pertinent to develop a multifunctional formulation that on the one hand eliminates surface bacteria and on the other hand transfect the target cells. This formulation must remain effective after it has been aerosolized. During this work, several formulations, incorporating cationic lipids and silver compounds, have been developed.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Juliana Marchi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2017. / O vidro biocompatível pode ser utilizado como biomaterial para substituição e reconstituição óssea, por apresentar similaridade química com este tecido. Uma das principais complicações para a recuperação deste tecido ósseo é a ação da infecção bacteriana, que dificulta a utilização de um implante ósseo para corrigir o defeito deixado pela remoção do tecido infectado. Deste modo, torna-se desejável a introdução de um componente de ação antibacteriana para o tratamento da infecção do tecido através da distribuição de um agente bactericida como a prata, que foi incorporada na composição do vidro biocompatível estudado. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidas formulações de vidro do sistema ternário SiO2-CaO-P2O5 com incorporação de prata em diferentes concentrações (1, 5 e 10% em massa). As amostras foram obtidas pelo processamento via síntese sol-gel, e em seguida liofilizadas e calcinadas a 550°C. Os materiais foram caracterizados física e quimicamente, utilizando-se técnicas de análise térmica diferencial, análise termogravimétrica, difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, e ensaio de dissolução. Os materiais foram caracterizados biologicamente através da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima, concentração bactericida mínima e da avaliação da citotoxidade. Os resultados das análises físicas e químicas mostraram que os materiais são de natureza amorfa, com exceção do material com 10% em massa de prata, que apresentou formação de clusters de prata metálica. Todos os materiais apresentaram estrutura química dos grupos funcionais característicos de vidros biocompatíveis. Os resultados da caracterização biológica indicaram a eficácia da incorporação da prata como agente antibacteriano nos materiais estudados, o que afetou diretamente a toxicidade do material, onde algumas composições com maior teor de prata apresentaram citotoxicidade. Este efeito pode ser controlado através da diluição destas composições em veículos carreadores, obtendo-se desta forma um material promissor para ser utilizado na reconstrução óssea com associação do efeito bactericida. / Biocompatible glass can be used as biomaterial for bone replacement and reconstitution, because it presents chemical similarity with this tissue. One of the main complications for the bone tissue recovery is the action of bacterial infection, which difficult to the use of an orthopedic implant to correct the bone defect after removal of infected tissue. Thus, it the introduction of a component with antibacterial action is desirable for the treatment of tissue infection through the delivery of a bactericidal agent as a silver, which has been incorporated into the biocompatible glass composition studied. In this work, biocompatible glass formulations of the ternary systems SiO2-CaO-P2O5 with silver incorporation in different concentrations were developed (1, 5 and 10% w/w). The samples were obtained by sol-gel synthesis, and then lyophilized and calcined at 550° C. The materials was were characterized chemically and physically by differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, X ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and dissolution test. The materials were characterized biologically by determination of minimum inhibitory concentration, minimal bactericidal concentration and cytotoxicity evaluation. The results of the physical and chemical analysis showed the amorphous nature of materials, except for the silver-incorpored material with 10%, which presented formation of metallic silver clusters in the matrix where crystallization took place. In addition, all the materials studied presented chemical structure of the characteristic functional groups of biocompatible glasses. The results of biological characterization of the materials indicated the effectiveness of the silver incorporation as antibacterial agent in the studied materials, which directly affected the toxicity of the material, where some compositions with higher silver content in the material presented cytotoxicity. This effect can be controlled by diluting these compositions in carrier vehicles, thereby obtaining a promising material to be used as bone reconstruction with association of the antibacterial effect.

Au Mexique, les fromages de chèvre ne sont pas très consommés en dehors des zones de production. Dans cette étude a été évalué : si l’ajout de piment (Capsicum annuum var. jalapeño) pouvait rendre les fromages de chèvre plus populaires auprès des consommateurs ; l’effet antibactérien d’un extrait aqueux de piment sur des bactéries d’intérêt alimentaire et la faisabilité économique d’une entreprise intégrée production-fabrication de fromage pimenté. La technologie de fabrication a été mise au point. Onze fromages avec quatre concentrations de capsaicinoïdes (0, 5, 10 et 15 ppm) ont été évalués par deux jurys non experts : Français et Mexicains. Les Français ont bien apprécié les fromages sans piment et peu pimentés avec jalapeño rouge et capsaicinoïdes et les Mexicains les peu et moyennement pimentés, quelle que soit la provenance du caractère brûlant. L’appréciation des fromages diminue avec l’augmentation de la couleur. Les souches de yaourt (S. thermophilus et Lb. delbrueckii) se sont révélées plus sensibles à l’extrait aqueux de piment et les bactéries Gram négatives étudiées n’ont pas montré aucun effet. Une entreprise intégrée est financièrement attractive et peu sensible à une variation de 15 % des coûts de l’alimentation du troupeau, de la main d’œuvre, de la somme des deux et de 8 % sur le taux de rentabilité ; elle est sensible mais faisable à une variation (15 %) du prix de vente du produit (fromage) et très sensible à la diminution en 50 % du rendement ; elle n’est pas économiquement intéressant si produit seulement du lait / In Mexico, the goat’s cheeses are not very much consumed outside production zones. The objective of this study was to obtain a cheese with chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum var. jalapeño). The technology, sensorial parameters for acceptance, hygienic and economical aspects were analyzed. A simple manufacturing process of goat cheeses with chilli pepper was developed. Eleven cheeses with fourth concentrations of capsaicinoids (0, 5, 10 and 15 ppm) were evaluated by two untrained groups: Mexicans and French. Cheeses without chilli pepper and lightly spiced (5 ppm) with red jalapeño and capsaicinoids were well appreciated by French subjects. These cheeses as well as fairly spiced ones (10 ppm), whatever the source of spiciness, were appreciated by Mexicans. The appreciation of cheeses decrease with the increase in red colour intensity. Yoghourt bacteria (S. thermophilus and Lb. delbrueckii) appeared more sensitive to the aqueous red pepper jalapeño extract and no effect could be shown on the studied negative Gram bacteria. The economic survey showed that a goat’s exploitation production-spiced cheese manufacture is profitable. The project is not very sensitive to a variation of 15% in cost of food, labour, sum of both and to 8% of profit rate. It is sensitive but feasible with a variation (15%) of the selling price of the cheese and very sensitive to a decrease of 50% in output and it is not economically interesting if the company produces only milk

The first aim of this study was to detect antiviral activities of substances isolated from natural products against tick-borne encephalitis virus in in vitro model. Resveratrol isolated from plant material and adamantane derivatives were studied in this regard. The maximum tolerated concentrations of the investigated substances were determined for the glioblastoma cell line used in the experiments using flow cytometry and subsequently. Next, the number of viral particles produced by infected cells after incubation with the studied substances was determined using plaque titration. Possible antibacterial effects of the studied materials against standard strains of bacteria Staphyloccocus aureus, Staphyloccocus epidermidis, Escherichia coli and selected strains of Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes were examined.