This thesis examines parameters of FTTx networks and possibilities for increases in limit values of some selected parameters. The first and second chapters describe the necessary theory for understanding the outcomes presented in the rest part of the work. In the practical part of this thesis, analysis of the condition of the optical fibers in the Czech Republic is provided. Based on the results, the impact of the polarization mode dispersion on optical access networks was assessed. The next part of this thesis is focused on the active optical networks design, depending on the cost of implementation and operating costs. The main limiting parameters of the current passive optical networks are bandwidth and insertion loss of the optical distribution network. To increase the bandwidth a system based on optical time-division multiplexing with a bandwidth of 1.28 Tbit/s has been designed and created. By using polarization division multiplexing technique the system is also more tolerant to dispersions. In the last part of this thesis, a remote amplification system was verified by measurement and simulation. Based on the obtained results, a NG-PON2 network with a functional remote amplification system with a gain of more than 10 dB has been designed in the OptiSystem software.

La progéria ou HGPS (Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome) est une maladie caractérisée par un vieillissement prématuré et accéléré extrêmement rare. Son incidence est estimée à environ 1 cas pour 4 à 8 millions de naissances selon les études. Les signes cliniques qui la caractérisent incluent notamment un retard de croissance majeur, une lipodystrophie, des ostéolyses distales et une atteinte cardiovasculaire qui est la cause du décès à l'âge moyen de 13 ans. La progéria est causée de façon prédominante par une mutation de novo dans le gène LMNA codant les lamines A et C, découverte par notre équipe en 2003. Cette mutation récurrente, prédite pour être silencieuse (c.1824C>T; p.Gly608Gly), active un site d'épissage cryptique qui génère une forme tronquée, anormalement prénylée et toxique de la lamine A, appelée la progérine. Ce travail de thèse a eu pour objectifs : 1) la caractérisation de différents marqueurs moléculaires et phénotypiques des lignées de patients atteints d'HGPS ou de syndromes apparentés ainsi que dans le modèle murin de progéria LmnaG609G/G609G, 2) la caractérisation des aspects cognitifs de ce modèle murin ainsi qu'une étude élargie de l'expression des lamines dans le cerveau, 3) le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques dans le cadre de la progéria, in vitro et in vivo, incluant notamment l'exploration des effets d'une molécule antioxydante, le resvératrol, ainsi que l'adaptation de l'approche thérapeutique par oligonucléotides antisens (AON) (Osorio et al. 2011) visant à son administration par voie orale. / Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an extremely rare genetic disease characterized by premature, accelerated and segmental aging with an estimated incidence of 1 in 4 to 8 million of births. Children with HGPS present with major growth retardation, lipodystrophy, distal osteolysis and cardiovascular defects that cause their death at the mean age of 13 years. In 2003, our team discovered the causative mutation of HGPS in the LMNA gene. Despite being predicted as silent (c.1824 C>T; p.Gly608Gly), this de novo mutation activates a cryptic splicing site leading to the production of a truncated, aberrantly prenylated and toxic form of lamin A, called progerin. The main objectives of this thesis have been: 1) characterizing molecular and cellular biomarkers in HGPS or related syndromes patients' cell lines, together with the progeria mouse model LmnaG609G/G609G, 2) characterizing cognitive aspects as well as lamins' and progerin expression in the central nervous system in the same in vivo model and 3) the developement, in vitro and in vivo, of novel therapeutic approaches for progeria using either resveratrol, an antioxidant molecule, or micelle-coated antisense oligonucleotides with the intent of adapting an oral treatement for progeria children.

Future networks will face major challenges in accommodating emerging and future networked applications. These challenges include significant architecture and management issues pertaining to future networks. In this thesis, we study several of these challenges including issues such as configurability, application-awareness, rapid application-creation and deployment and scalable QoS management. To address these challenges, we propose a novel Application-Oriented Network (AON) architecture as a converged computing and communication network in which application providers are able to flexibly configure in-network resources on-demand. The resources in AON are virtualized and offered to the application providers through service-oriented approaches. To enable large-scale experimentation with future network architectures and applications, in the second part of this thesis, we present the Virtualized Application Networking Infrastructure (VANI) as a prototype of an Application-Oriented Network. VANI utilizes a service-oriented control and management plane that provides flexible and dynamic allocation, release, program and configuration of resources used for creating applications or performing network research experiments from layer three and up. Moreover, VANI resources allow development of network architectures that require a converged network of computing and communications resources such as in-network processing, storage and software and hardware-based reprogrammable resources. We also present a Distributed Ethernet Traffic Shaping (DETS) system used in bandwidth virtualization in VANI and designed to guarantee the send and receive Ethernet traffic rates in VANI, in a computing cluster or a datacenter. The third part of this thesis addresses the problem of scalable QoS and admission control in service-oriented environments where a limited number of instances of service components are shared among different application classes. We first use Markov Decision Processes to find optimal solutions to this problem. Next we present a scalable and distributed heuristic algorithm able to guarantee probability of successful completion of a composite application. The proposed algorithm does not assume a specific distribution type for services execution times and applications request inter-arrival times, and hence is suitable for systems with stationary or non-stationary request arrivals. We use simulations and experimental measurements to show the effectiveness of the proposed solutions and algorithms in various parts of this thesis.

Future networks will face major challenges in accommodating emerging and future networked applications. These challenges include significant architecture and management issues pertaining to future networks. In this thesis, we study several of these challenges including issues such as configurability, application-awareness, rapid application-creation and deployment and scalable QoS management. To address these challenges, we propose a novel Application-Oriented Network (AON) architecture as a converged computing and communication network in which application providers are able to flexibly configure in-network resources on-demand. The resources in AON are virtualized and offered to the application providers through service-oriented approaches. To enable large-scale experimentation with future network architectures and applications, in the second part of this thesis, we present the Virtualized Application Networking Infrastructure (VANI) as a prototype of an Application-Oriented Network. VANI utilizes a service-oriented control and management plane that provides flexible and dynamic allocation, release, program and configuration of resources used for creating applications or performing network research experiments from layer three and up. Moreover, VANI resources allow development of network architectures that require a converged network of computing and communications resources such as in-network processing, storage and software and hardware-based reprogrammable resources. We also present a Distributed Ethernet Traffic Shaping (DETS) system used in bandwidth virtualization in VANI and designed to guarantee the send and receive Ethernet traffic rates in VANI, in a computing cluster or a datacenter. The third part of this thesis addresses the problem of scalable QoS and admission control in service-oriented environments where a limited number of instances of service components are shared among different application classes. We first use Markov Decision Processes to find optimal solutions to this problem. Next we present a scalable and distributed heuristic algorithm able to guarantee probability of successful completion of a composite application. The proposed algorithm does not assume a specific distribution type for services execution times and applications request inter-arrival times, and hence is suitable for systems with stationary or non-stationary request arrivals. We use simulations and experimental measurements to show the effectiveness of the proposed solutions and algorithms in various parts of this thesis.

The master’s thesis is focused on the theoretical and practical issues of optical access networks. The first chapter of the thesis deals with the concept of the access networks known as FTTx. The second and third chapters focus on the principles and standardization of the active optical network AON P2P and the passive optical network TDM PON. The fourth chapter of the thesis focuses on the network WDM PON, wavelength multiplexes, solution concept and the LG-Ericsson EA 1100 platform. The fifth chapter of the thesis deals with the infrastructure of the optical paths for optical access networks. The sixth chapter of the thesis presents custom design of the headend for reception, processing and distribution of television broadcasting. Two custom access network solutions (AON P2P and WDM PON) for the town Bystřice nad Pernštejnem are presented in the seventh chapter. Case studies include the design of the optical paths infrastructure, central office infrastructure, end-user infrastructure, CAPEX/OPEX economic analysis and basic simulation in OptSim.