Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1960. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Alnarp : Sveriges lantbruksuniversit, 2008. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Localized calcium (Ca) deficiencies frequently develop independent from total Ca supply and total fruit Ca concentration. Bulk mineral analyses is therefore not completely suitable for determination of the susceptibility of fruit in developing Ca-linked fruit physiological disorders like bitter pit, as it supplies insufficient information regarding the spatial accumulation of Ca within the fruit. Additional Ca is applied either as soil or foliar applications, where soil applications are applied either after fruit set (pre-harvest) or in the period after harvest. The contribution of these different methods of Ca application to the total Ca concentration in "Braeburn" fruit was quantified over three consecutive growing seasons. Foliar applications have been proven to be successful in suppressing bitter pit development and improving the Ca status of the fruit. The effectiveness of different formulations of foliar Ca products in influencing these parameters was also determined. Furthermore, the distribution pattern of fruit Ca resulting from different application strategies was mapped using particle induced X-ray emission technology. In the "Braeburn" trial, mineral analyses indicated no significant differences between treatments in terms of Ca concentration at 80 days after full bloom (dafb). However, when soil applications occurred with active root growth (visually monitored), treatments differed significantly 80 dafb. Weekly foliar Ca applications from 28 dafb resulted in higher fruit Ca concentrations 80 dafb than a pre-harvest soil Ca application (January, 2010). A possible explanation for the inefficiency of pre-harvest soil Ca is the disintegration of xylem vessels from 40 dafb (before root uptake) for sensitive cultivars such as Braeburn. Bitter pit initiation has been shown to occur in the earlier part of the season. This, together with a reduced Ca supply to the fruit early in the season due to xylem disintegration (for sensitive cultivars), indicates the importance of early season foliar Ca applications. PIXE analyses were used to establish the radial Ca distribution in apples. Ca was concentrated in the skin and core, with very low values in the outer cortex. PIXE results indicated fruit Ca concentrations to be the lowest in the pre-harvest soil application treatment. This was in agreement with mineral analyses results. Ca enriched areas resulting from effective Ca delivery via the vascular bundles, had a profound effect on fruit Ca concentrations in the immediate core and cortex. At harvest, this effect was much more subtle and emphasizes the importance of untimely xylem rupturing on eventual fruit Ca concentration. At 80 dafb, treatments where foliar Ca was applied showed higher Ca concentrations in the outer cortex (where symptoms of bitter pit typically occur). Calflo™ fruit had significantly higher Ca concentrations in "Braeburn" compared to fruits from Foliar GS™ and GG™ treatments. Calflo™ and Calcimax™ had a higher active Ca percentage (12%) compared to Foliar GSTM and GGTM (10%). Adding the Lecithin™ (surfactant) to Calcimax™ is not recommended as it did not improve its uptake. In "Golden Delicious", the commercial spray program of seven, weekly foliar applications (Calcinit™) resulted in fruit with significantly higher Ca concentrations compared to other treatments. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kalsium (Ca) tekorte ontstaan gewoonlik in gelokaliseerde areas in die appelvrug en ontwikkel dikwels ten spyte van voldoende totale vrug Ca. Minerale analises van heel vrugte verskaf dus nie genoeg inligting aangaande die verspreiding van Ca in die vrug wanneer die ontwikkelling van fisiologiese defekte soos bitterpit ter sprake is nie. Addisionele Ca word gewoonlik aangewend as blaar- of grondtoedienings, waar grondtoedienings tipies voor-oes (net na set) of in die na-oes periode, toegedien word. Die bydraes van die verskillende toedieningsmetodes tot die totale Ca konsentrasie van "Braeburn" appels is geëvalueer oor drie agtereenvolgende seisoene. Blaartoedienings van Ca word algemeen gebruik om die voorkoms van bitterpit te beheer en die Ca konsentrasie van die vrug te verhoog. Die effektiwiteit van `n reeks blaartoedienings-produkte om hierdie faktore te verbeter, is ook ondersoek. Die spesifieke verspreiding van die Ca in die vrug is gekarteer na gelang van elke toediening deur middel van PIXE-analises (Particle induced X-ray emission). In die "Braeburn" proef was daar geen beduidende verskille in terme van vrug Ca konsentrasie op 80 dnvb (dae na volblom) nie. Daarteenoor, was daar wel beduidende verskille by 80 dnvb toe grond toedienings saam met aktiewe wortelgroei geskied het (visuele inspeksie). Weeklikse blaartoedienings vanaf 21 dnvb het gelei tot vrugte met betekenisvol hoër Ca konsentrasies as die behandeling waar grondtoedienings slegs voor-oes geskied het (Januarie 2010). `n Moontlike oorsaak vir die oneffektiwiteit van voor-oes grondtoedings is die vroeë disintigrasie van xileem vesels in die vrug (soms voor 40 dnvb en voor die aanvang van wortelopname) in sensitiewe kultivars soos "Braeburn". Hierdie vroeë inhibering van Ca voorsiening, tesame met die vroeë inisiasie van bitterpit, beklemtoon die belangrikheid van blaarbespuitings vroeg in die seisoen. Die PIXE-analises wat aangewend is om die radiale verspreiding van Ca in die vrug te bepaal het getoon dat Ca meestal in die skil en kern van die vrug gekonsentreer was, met baie lae konsentrasies in die buitenste korteks. Die laagste Ca konsentrasies is waargeneem in vrugte van die behandeling waar voor-oes Ca slegs as `n grondtoediening geskied het. Hierdie waarneming is in ooreenstemming met die mineraalanalise resultate. Ca verykte areas, afkomstig van die naby geleë vaatbundels (xileem vesels), het egter die grootste effek op vrug Ca konsentrasie gehad. Hierdie effek was nie so groot by oes nie en beklemtoon dus die belangrikheid van die funksionaliteit van die vaatbundels. Blaartoedienings kon die Ca konsentrasie in die buitenste korteks suksesvol verhoog - waar simptome van bitterpit tipies voorkom. Die Calflo™ behandeling het beduidende hoër Ca konsentrasies gehad as die Foliar GS™ en GG™ behandelings. Die Calflo™ en Calcimax™ behandelings het `n hoër aktiewe Ca persentasie (12%) relatief tot die Foliar GS™ en GG™ (10%) behandelings bevat. Die byvoeging van Lecithin™ by Calcimax™ word nie aanbeveel nie, omdat dit geensins Ca opname vermeerder het nie. In die "Golden Delicious" proef het die kommersiële behandeling (Sewe weeklikse spuite van Calcinit™) gelei tot vrugte met die hoogste Ca konsentrasie van al die behandelings.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Research was carried out to increase the current knowledge on sunburn development and its control in apples. In addition to its chief causes, viz. high irradiance and high temperatures, water stress has long been thought to contribute to sunburn susceptibility. Certain fruit chemical and textural characteristics have also been suspected to increase sunburn, while it is not clear how factors such as crop load affect sunburn in relation to other fruit quality parameters. In red and blushed cultivars, sunburn could be underestimated due to masking by the red colour overlay. Half and total irrigation water were withheld for two weeks in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples while in a concomitant trial, mulching with vermicompost (plus a thin layer of woodchips), woodchips, plant compost and black geotextile were used to regulate plant water by reducing soil evaporative loss. Sunburn increased with an increase in moisture stress. Mulching had no effect on plant water status, but it generally enhanced plant photochemistry, reducing fruit surface temperature (FST) and sunburn. Chemical and textural characteristics of exposed, but non-burned ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples were compared with that of fruit with induced and naturally occurring sunburn. Flesh firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA) of induced and naturally occurring sunburnt fruit did not differ from each other, but were significantly different from the non-burnt fruit. Based on this, we concluded that sunburn induces textural and compositional changes in sunburnt fruit rather than some fruit being predisposed to develop sunburn due to their texture and chemical composition. Differences in heat stress tolerance, flesh texture and chemical composition of sun exposed and shaded fruit sides seem to relate to their light exposure history. The effect of crop load on sunburn and fruit quality were assessed on a fruit cluster level in 2008-09 and on a whole tree basis in 2009-10 in ‘Cripps’ Pink’. In 2008-09, sunburn, red colour and the proportion of first grade fruit decreased with an increase in number of fruit per cluster. Crop load did not have an effect on sunburn and fruit colour in 2009-10 although the lowest thinning severity seemed to increase sunburn severity while the proportion of first grade fruit was highest for the highest thinning severity. Fruit number per cluster had no effect on fruit size, while at the whole tree level, fruit size decreased with increasing crop load. Flesh firmness, starch breakdown, TA and TSS were neither affected by the number of fruit per cluster nor the crop load of the tree as a whole. Green ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Golden Delicious’, blushed ‘Royal Gala’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Cripps’ Pink’, and full red ‘Topred’ were used to assess how red colour (anthocyanins) masks superficial sunburn browning and bleaching. The greater reduction in superficial sunburn, but not in sunburn necrosis in red and blushed compared to green cultivars with increasing red colour a month towards harvest seemed to confirm the effect of masking. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing is verrig ter uitbreiding van die huidige kennis oor die ontwikkeling en beheer van sonbrand in appels. Addisioneel tot die hoof oorsake van sonbrand, naamlik hoë irradiasie en hoë temperatuur, word waterstres gesien as bydraend tot sonbrandsensitiwiteit. Daar word ook vermoed dat sekere chemiese en teksturele eienskappe van die vrug sonbrand kan verhoog terwyl daar nie duidelikheid is oor hoe faktore soos oeslading sonbrand relatief tot ander vrugkwaliteitparameters kan affekteer nie. Die omvang van sonbrand in rooi en bloskultivars kan dalk onderskat word vanweë maskering deur die oorliggende rooi pigmentasie. Besproeiing is vir twee weke gehalveer of gestop in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ appels. Sonbrand het toegeneem met ‘n toename in vogstres. ‘n Deklaag van vermikompos (plus ‘n dun laag houtstukkies), houtstukkies, plantkompos en ‘n swart geotekstiel is toegedien om die plant waterstatus te reguleer deur evaporasie vanuit die grond te beperk. Die deklae het geen effek op die plant waterstatus gehad nie, maar het wel die blaar fotochemie bevorder en terselftertyd die vrugoppervlaktemperatuur verlaag en sonbrand verminder. Die chemiese en tekturele eienskappe van sonligblootgestelde ‘Cripps’ Pink’ appels sonder sonbrand is vergelyk met vrugte met geïnduseerde sonbrand en vrugte met sonbrand wat natuurlik ontwikkel het. Vrugvleisfermheid, totale oplosbare vastestowwe (TOV) en titreerbare suur (TS) van vrugte met natuurlik en geïnduseerde sonbrand het nie onderling verskil nie, maar het wel betekesnisvol verskil van vrugte sonder sonbrand. Ons het gevolglik afgelei dat sonbrand teksturele en komposisionele veranderinge teweeg bring eerder as dat sekere vrugte gepredisponeer word om sonbrand te ontwikkel vanweë hul tekstuur en chemiese samestelling. Dit kom voor dat verskille in hittestres toleransie, tekstuur en chemiese samestelling tussen die sonligblootgestelde en skadu kante van appels verband hou met hul verskil in sonligblootstelling. Die effek van oeslading op sonbrand en vrugkwaliteit in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ is ge-evalueer op trosvlak in 2008-09 en op ‘n per boom basis in 2009-10. Sonbrand, rooi kleur en die proporsie eersteklas vrugte het afgeneem met ‘n toename in die aantal vrugte per tros. Op ‘n per boom basis is rooi kleur en sonbrand egter nie deur oeslading geaffekteer nie. Die laagste vlak van vruguitdunning het wel oënskynlik die graad van sonbrand verhoog terwyl die hoogste vlak van vruguitdunning tot ‘n toename in die proporsie eersteklas vrugte gelei het. Die aantal vrugte per tros het geen effek op vruggrootte gehad nie terwyl vruggrootte afgeneem het met oeslading op ‘n heelboombasis. Vrugvleisfermheid, styselafbraak, TOV en TS is nie deur aantal vrugte per tros of die oeslading per boom geaffekteer nie. Groen ‘Granny Smith’ en ‘Golden Delicious’, rooiblos ‘Royal Gala’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Braeburn’ en ‘Cripps’ Pink’, en volrooi ‘Topred’ is gebruik om die maskering van oppervlakkige sonbrandverbruining en –verbleiking deur rooi antosianien te bestudeer. Oppervlakkige sonbrand het minder toegeneem in die maand voor oes in die rooi- en bloskultivars as in die groen kultivars terwyl vrugkleur skynbaar nie die aanwesigheid van die meer sigbare sonbrandnekrose geaffekteer het nie. Maskering speel dus ‘n rol in die aanwesigheid van sigbare sonbrand.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Three field trials were conducted to investigate the effects of mulching on the chemical and biological aspects of the soil as it is reflected by tree performance and fruit quality in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ orchards. In the two trials at Lourensford Estate, where only the soil type differed between sandy silt loam (sandy) and heavy silt loam (heavy), mulches where used as an additive to the soil surface together with a standard, commercial, inorganic fertilization program. Four different mulch types: compost, wood chips, vermi-compost and a geotextile fabric, were compared to a bare surface control in a randomized complete block design. At the heavy silt loam site (site 1), the wood chips treatment was the most effective in regulating diurnal soil temperatures in the top 10 cm of soil (2009/10), whereas all mulches regulated average diurnal soil temperature similarly and more effectively than the control at the sandy silt loam site (site 2). After two seasons of treatment at site 1, the vermi-compost treatment significantly increased soil phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), manganese (Mn), zink (Zn) and boron (B) significantly compared to the control. The wood chips treatment increased Na, K and Ca and compost only increased soil K significantly compared to the control. For site 2, only wood chips (Na and K) and vermi-compost (Na, K and Mg) showed significant increases in soil nutrient elements compared to the control. Yield efficiency was significantly increased by the wood chips (both seasons) and vermicompost (only 2009/10) treatments compared to the control in site 1. In site 2, none of the treatments differed significantly in yield efficiency compared to the control treatment. The number of roots and fine feeder roots were increased (not sign) by the wood chips and geotextile treatments compared to the control. In site 1, all treatments improved the number of roots compared to the control treatment, in contrast with site 2, where the number of roots of the control, compost and vermi-compost treatments was more similar. Fruit quality showed significant differences between the wood chips and vermi-compost treatments compared to the geotextile and control treatments for malic acid, at site 1, at harvest in 2009. This did not differ significantly from the compost treatment. Leaf mineral analysis only showed significant differences at site 2, in 2010, with significantly increased for the following minerals and treatments: Mn (compost and geotextile treatments versus other treatments), Fe (control treatment compared to all treatments except compost), Zn (compost compared to all other treatments) and B (control and compost versus vermicompost, wood chips and geotextile). Fruit mineral analyses showed no differences between treatments at harvest 2009 for either site and 2010, for site 1. At site 2, the Ca percentage of fruit from the wood chips treatment was significantly higher than that of all treatments, except the geotextile treatment. Only in the 2010 analysis at site 2, the mycorrhizal colonization was significantly influenced, where all the mulching treatments showed an increase compared to the control. However, the same trend was observed at site 1. At site 1and 2, the compost, wood chips and vermi-compost treatments in general showed a decreasing trend in percentage plant parasitic and increasing trend in percentage free living nematodes from 2009 to 2010. In general, the geotextile and control treatments showed an increasing trend in the percentage plant parasitic and decrease in percentage free living nematodes. However, this was not the case at 0 – 15 cm soil depth for site 1. In the third trial, at Elgin Experimental Farm (Elgin), bare surface chemical control was compared to mulching in the tree row (mulch) and mulching together with regular application of compost tea (mulch + compost tea). All treatments were combined with different inter row management practices to compose a total of eight different treatments. In the tree row, the control treatment received standard rates of inorganic fertilizer, which was compared to the mulched only treatment. Both the percentage of soil carbon and cation exchange capacity was significantly increased by all the mulch treatments compared to the control. Furthermore, all the mulches increased various soil minerals significantly, however of which only P was significantly increased in both the leaves and fruit. The rate of soil microbial activity and mycorrhizal root colonization was significantly increased by mulching treatments, but resulted in a significantly lower yield efficiency compared to the inorganic control treatment. This can be ascribed partly to the microbial activity of the compost mulch during spring, although it was not quantified per se and to the increase in tree vigour at the end of the trial. The slow rate of N mineralization was reflected indirectly by the significantly lower fruit N for the mulched treatments and the lower rate of microbial activity during spring at this site. With regards to the addition of the compost tea, no significant contributions were evident in terms of tree performance, soil minerals or microbial activity over a period of seven years, compared to the application of mulch only. Compared to the trial at Lourensford Estate, with no significant differences in fruit mineral composition between treatments after two years, fruit mineral analyses of the Elgin trial showed significant differences between treatments after six (2009) and seven (2010) seasons for P for some treatments. Only in 2010 more treatments showed significant differences for N, Mn, Fe and Zn as well. Regarding fruit quality, in agreement with the results at Lourensford Estate, differences were not persistent across all seasons for treatments. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Veldproewe is geloods om die effek van verskillende deklae op grond chemiese en – biologiese aspekte en die effek daarvan op boom prestasie en vrugkwaliteit in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ appelboorde te ondersoek. In die eerste twee proewe te Lourensford Landgoed, waar slegs die grondtipe verskil het tussen die sanderige slik leem (ligter) en swaarder slik leem (swaar) gronde, is deklae toegedien saam met ‘n standard bemestingsprogram en mikro-besproeiingstelsel. Vier deklaagtipes: kompos, houtspaanders, vermi-kompos en geotekstiel material, is vergelyk met die onbedekte, skoon bewerkte, kontrole in ‘n total ewekansige blokontwerp. By die swaar grondtipe (perseel 1), was die houtspaanderbehandling die effektiefste om die daaglikse skommelings in grondtemperatuur te reguleer in die boonste 10 cm, teenoor die sanderige perseel (2), waar al die deklae die daaglikse grondtemperatuur meer effektief as die kontrole behandeling gereguleer het. By perseel 1, het die vermi-behandeling ‘n betekenisvolle toename getoon teenoor die kontrole behandeling in grond fosfaat (P), kalium (K), kalsium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), natriuim (Na), mangaan (Mn), sink (Zn) en boor (B). Alhoewel dit nog nie tans gekwantifiseer kan word nie, is ‘n gedeelte van die toename heel moontlik te wyte aan die samestelling van die deklaag. Die houtspaander- en komposbehandelings het ‘n betekenisvolle verskil in toename tot gevolg gehad in grond K en Na in vergelyking met die kontrole. In die geval kan die toename van die komposbehandeling aan die invloed van die sampestelling van die deklaag toegeskryf word, maar nie in die geval van die houtspaanderbehandeling nie. Die geotekstielbehandeling het, soos verwag, nie betekenisvolle verskille ten opsigte van die kontrole getoon nie, aangesien die samestelling van die geotekstielmateriaal nie voedingstowwe tot die grond kan toevoeg nie. By perseel 2, het beide die houtspaander- en geotekstielbehandelings betekenisvolle toenames in grond elemente (K, Mg) getoon teenoor die kontrole behandeling. Die ander elemente het nie noemenswaardige verskille teenoor die kontrole getoon nie. Weer eens kan die toename in die vermi-kompos toegeskryf word aan die samestelling van die deklaag, maar nie in geval van die houtspaanders nie, wat ‘n moontlike rol van ander faktore soos temperatuur en grondvog in die opname en beskikbaarheid van voedingselemente toon. Op 30 cm diepte in perseel 1, het die vermi-kompos behandeling betekenisvolle hoër Na, K, Mg en P getoon as die kontrole. Die houtspaanderbehandeling het betekenisvolle hoër Na, K en Ca getoon as die kontrole. Geen een van die ander behandelings het enige betekenisvolle veranderinge ten opsigte van voedingselemente getoon nie. Vir perseel 2 by die gronddiepte, het die houtspaanderbehandeling betekenisvolle toenames in grond Na en K getoon teenoor die kontrole. Geen van die ander behandelings het enige betekenisvolle veranderinge ten opsigte van voedingselemente getoon nie. By hierdie dieper gronddieptes is ‘n soortgelyke verandering in elemente waargeneem as by die vlakker gronddieptes vir perseel 1, in geval van P en K. Mg en Na het volgehoue verandering vir die vermi-komposbehandeling in die dieper gronddieptes getoon vir die makro-elemente, maar nog nie in geval van mikroelemente nie. In perseel 2 – het toenames in K en Mg in die vermi-komposbehandeling ook voortgeduur en die veranderinge vir beide persele mag toegeskryf word aan die samestelling van die deklae per se. Dit blyk dat die veranderinge in die komposbehandeling nie so konstant voorgekom het in die materiaal wat in die proewe toegedien is nie. Nietemin kan die kompos- en vermi-komposbehandelings ook ander grond faktore beïnvloed en die bydra van die minerale elemente afkomstig uit die samestelling van die deklaag moet eers bereken word alvorens afleidings gemaak word. By beide persele het die komposbehandeling die opbrengseffektiwiteit verminder in vergelyking met die kontrole behandeling. Die opbrengseffektiwiteit is betekenisvol verhoog in die houtspaanderbehandeling (beide seisoene) en vermi-komposbehandeling (net 2009/10) in vergelyking met die kontrole in perseel 1. In perseel 2 het teen behandeling betekenisvol in opbrengseffektiwiteit verskil ten opsigte van die kontrole nie. Die aantal wortels en fyn, voedingswortels het ‘n dramatiese (nie-betekenisvolle) toename getoon by die houtspaander- en geotekstielbehandelings. In perseel 1 het alle behandelings die aantal wortels verhoog ten opsigte van die kontrole in kontras met perseel 2, waar die aantal wortels in die kontrole, kompos- en vermi-komposbehandelings ongeveer dieselfde was. Stamwaterpotensiaal het onveranderd gebly ongeag van die behandeling, wat moontlik beïnvloed is deur die hoë besproeiingskedulering siklus. Geen verskille tussen behandelings of persele is gevind nie. Alhoewel dit net in die tweede seisoen (2010) gemeet is, was daar geen betekenisvolle verskille in gemiddelde loot groei van eenjaarlote tussen die behandelings of persele nie. Vrugkwaliteit het betekenisvolle verskille getoon in appelsuur (malic acid) in die houtspaander- en vermi-komposbehandelings teenooor die geotekstie- en kontrole behandelings in perseel 1, by oes 2009. Laasgenoemde het nie betekenisvol van die kontrol behandeling verskil nie. Hierdie verskille het nie na opberging voortgeduur nie. Geen betekenisvolle verskille in vrugkwaliteit het voorgekom by perseel 2, tydens oes, of na opberging nie. Gedurende oes 2010, asook na opberging, is geen verskille in vrugkwaliteite van enige persele opgemerk nie. Behandelingsverskille in blaar-analises is waargeneem tussen vermi-kompos- en die ander behandelings, met uitsondering van die geotekstielbehandeling in Februarie 2009, perseel 1. Geen ander betekenisvolle verskille vir enige element het voorgekom tussen behandelings in perseel 2 nie. Gedurende 2010 is geen betekenisvolle verskille tussen behandelings ten opsigte van blaar-analises gevind vir perseel 1 nie. Betekenisvolle verskille in blaar- en vrugmineraal-analises was in perseel 2 teenwoordig as volg: Mn (kompos- en geotekstielbehandelings teenoor al die ander behandelings), Fe (kontrolebehandeling teenoor alle ander behandelings behalwe die komposbehandeling), Zn (komposbehandeling teenoor al die ander behandelings) en B (kontrole en komposbehandelings teenoor vermi-, houtspaander- en geotekstielbehandelings (gedurende 2010. Die vrugmineraal-analises het geen verskille getoon tussen behandelings by oes 2009 vir enige perseel, of 2010 vir perseel, 1 nie. By perseel 2 was die Ca persentasie in die vrug in die houtspaanderbehandeling betekenisvol hoër as die van die ander behandelings, uitgesonder die geotekstielbehandeling. By perseel 1, het al die behandelings die persentasie mycorrhiza-kolonisasie verhoog in vergelyking met die kontrole, alhoewel dit nie betekenisvol was nie. By perseel 2 was daar wel ‘n betekenisvolle toename in die persentasie mycorrhiza-kolonisasie by al die deklaagbehandelings in vergelyking met skoonbewerking van die kontrole behandeling. Die persentasie plant-parasitiese nematodes was baie variëerend met gronddiepte by beide persele. Die houtspaander- en vermi-komposbehandelings in perseel 1 het ‘n afwaartse tendens getoon in die persentasie plant-parasitiese en toename in persentasie vry-lewende nematode vanaf 2009 na 2010, in die 0-15 cm diepte. In teenstelling, het die geotekstiel- en komposbehandeling ‘n toenemende tendens getoon in die persentasie plant-parasitiese en klein afname in persentasie vrylewende nematodes vanaf 2009 tot 2010. Geen betekenisvolle verskille in nematode getalle is waargeneem in gronddiepte 15 -30 cm grond in die perseel nie. In perseel 2 is geen betekenisvolle verskille in aantal nematodes gevind gedurende die twee seisoene tussen behandelings of binne persele op 0-15 cm gronddiepte nie. Nietemin het die houtspaander-, kompos- en vermi-komposbehandelings die persentasie plant-parasitiese verlaag en die van die vry-lewende nematode verhoog vanaf 2009 tot 2010, in vergelyking met die kontrole in die 15-30 cm gronddiepte. Slegs die houtspaanderbehandeling het betekenisvolle verskille getoon teenoor die kontrole. Die geotekstiel- het dieselfde tendens as die kontrole behandeling getoon, met ‘n toename in persentasie parasities- en afname in persentasie vry-lewende nematode. Die kontrole en geotekstielbehandelings het nie betekenisvol van mekaar verskil nie. Die aantal erdwurms en meso-fauna was baie laag tydens die eerste twee jaar by beide die persele en data is daarom nie statisties verwerk nie. By die derde proef, is ‘n skoonbewerkte oppervlak, wat chemiese beheer (kontrole) behels het, vergelyk met deklaagbehandelings in die boomry (deklaag) en behandelings waar kompostee saam met die deklaag toegedien was in die boomry (deklaag + kompostee). Al die behandelings is gekombineer met verkillende tussenry behandelings wat ‘n totaal van agt verskillende behandelings behels het. Hierdie verslag konsentreer slegs op die behandelings in die boomry, waar die kontrole behandelings wat ‘n standaard bememestings program ontvang het, vergelyk word met die deklaag behandelings, wat geen alternatiewe bemesting ontvang het nie en as organise alternatiewe beskou word in ‘n ‘Cripps’ Pink’ appelboord. Klem in die verslag is gelê op die hoof effekte van die behandelings op vrugkwaliteit. Beide die persentasie grondkoolstof en die katioonuitruilkapasiteit het ‘n betekenisvolle toename getoon by al die deklaagbehandelings in vergelyking met die kontrole behandeling. Terselfdetyd, het al die deklaagbehandelings ook verskeie grondminerale betekenisvol verhoog, waarvan slegs P betekenisvol in beide die blare en vrugte verhoog is. Die tempo van grondmikrobe aktiwiteit en micorrhiza-kolonisasie van die wortels is betekenisvol verhoog deur die deklaagbehandelings, maar het gerealiseer in ‘n betekenisvolle laer opbrengseffektiwiteit in vergelyking met die anorganiese, kontrole behandeling. Dit kan onder andere toegeskryf word aan die mikrobe aktiwiteit van die komposdeklaag gedurende die lente – alhoewel dit nie per se in die studie gekwantifiseer is nie, sook die toename in vegetatiewe groeikrag aan die einde van die proeftydperk. Dit is wel indirek gereflekteer deur die betekenisvolle, laer vrug N van die deklaagbehandelings en die laer tempo van mikrobe aktiwiteit gedurende die lente by die deklaagbehandelings op die perseel. Wat die toedienning van kompostee betref, het dit geen betekenisvolle bydra gelewer in terme van gewasprestasie, grondminerale of microbe-aktiwiteit oor ‘n tydperk van sewe jaar in vergelyking met die behandelings waar die deklaag geen kompostee ontvang het nie. In vergelyking met die proef by Lourensford Landgoed, met geen betekenisvolle verskille in vrug mineral-analises tussen die behandelings oor ‘n tydperk van twee jaar nie, het die proef te Elgin wel betekenisvolle verskille tussen behandelings na 6 (2009) en 7 (2010) jaar getoon in geval van P, vir sekere behandelings (4,7,8 versus 1,2,6). Slegs in 2010 het meer behandelings betekenisvolle verskille getoon vir N, Mn, Fe en Zn. Rakende vrugkwaliteit - in ooreenstemming met resultate van 2009 vir perseel 1 te Lourensford Landgoed - het beide seisoene betekenisvolle verskille ten opsigte van appelsuur getoon in Elgin. Die verskille het egter nie konstant in al die behandelings voorgekom nie. Stysel afbraak, totaal oplosbare stowwe en fermheid het ook betekenisvolle verskille tussen behandelings getoon in Elgin – maar dit was nie konsekwent oor behandelings of seisoene nie en het ook nie voorgekom in die Lourensford Landgoed persele nie.

Thesis (MScAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In order to develop a novel pink- or red-fleshed apple for the fresh consumer market,the red-fleshed genotype, ‘KAZ 91’ (Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck.), was crossed with ‘Meran’ (M. domestica Borkh) at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) apple breeding programme in South Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate and quantify colour variability in the flesh and peel of this progeny (Family 1), to assess quality traits (i.e., acidity and total soluble solids) and phenolic levels in fruit peel and flesh, and to investigate consumer preference for the taste and appearance of redfleshed apples. All data, except for consumer preference, were also collected on two white-fleshed M. domestica Borkh families, i.e., ‘Reinette Burchardt’ x ‘Treco Red Gala’ (Family 2) and ‘Meran’ x ‘Treco Red Gala’ (Family 3). Fruit of Family 1 seedlings were on average darker red with greater blush coverage and higher anthocyanin and phenolic levels compared to fruits of Family 2 and 3. The proportion of bearing trees with red-fleshed fruits in Family 1 increased from 25% in 2007 to 35% in 2008. The intensity and distribution of red pigmentation in the flesh varied considerably between seedlings and even between individual apples from the same tree. A high intraclass correlation coefficient was found for red-flesh coverage within Family 1, indicating a high level of genetic determination that can be used in breeding. When only red-fleshed seedlings were considered, an intermediate repeatability coefficient (0.54) for red-flesh coverage indicates that the extent of red flesh coverage varies to some extent between seasons. The effect of environmental factors on red flesh colour needs to be assessed and breeders need to take care to select for genotypes with stable flesh colour intensity and coverage. Small intraclass correlations were found between families for other traits. No correlation was found for anthocyanin and total phenolics in both peel and flesh or between anthocyanin levels in the peel and flesh of Family 1 fruit. This suggests that red-fleshed fruit will not necessarily be high in antioxidants – since phenolics is by far the greatest contributor to fruit antioxidant capacity. The lack of a correlation between peel and flesh anthocyanin levels also suggest that fruit with dark red flesh will not necessarily have a dark red skin colour. Family 1 fruit were more prone to flesh browning and were more acidic compared to fruit of Families 2 and 3. With regard to consumer preference for flesh colour, 74% of South African consumers preferred white flesh while 64% preferred an attractive “floral” pattern created by the combination of a red cortex and white core. Consumers indicated a much lower liking for other distribution patterns and lower intensities of red flesh colour. Consumers preferred the taste of apples that were crisp, crunchy and high in apple flavour irrespective of flesh colour. Red-fleshed fruit were generally acidic or had poor texture, and some were also astringent. However, despite a general dislike in acidic fruit, consumers showed a preference for acidic fruit if that fruit also had high red-flesh coverage. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Appeltelers van die Suid-Afrikaanse Landbounavorsingsraad (LNR) Infruitec- Nietvoorbij poog om unieke appelkultivars met ‘n pienk of rooi vleiskleur te ontwikkel. Vir hierdie doel het hulle die rooivleis genotipe, ‘KAZ 91’ (Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck), gekruis met ‘Meran’ (M. domestica Borkh). Hierdie studie is uitgevoer ten einde kleurvariasie, interne kwaliteitseienskappe (i.e., suurheid en totale oplosbare vastestowwe) en vlakke van fenole in die vleis en skil van bogenoemde kruisingkombinasie se nageslag (Familie 1) te evalueer en te kwantifiseer asook om verbruikersvoorkeure vir die smaak en voorkoms van rooivleis appels te bestudeer. Buiten vir verbruikersvoorkeure, is alle data ook ingesamel vir twee witvleis M. domestica families, naamlik ‘Reinette Burchardt’ x ‘Treco Red Gala’ (Familie 2) en ‘Meran’ x ‘Treco Red Gala’ (Familie 3). Familie 1 saailinge se vrugte was gemiddeld donkerder rooi met ‘n groter rooi blos en hoër antosianien- en fenoolvlakke in vergeleke met vrugte van Families 2 en 3. Van die Familie 1 saailinge wat wel vrugte gedra het, het 25% en 35% in onderskeidelik 2007 en 2008 vrugte met rooi vleis gehad. Die intensiteit en verspreiding van rooi pigmentasie in die vleis het aansienlik varieer tussen saailinge en selfs tussen individuele appels van dieselfde boom. ‘n Hoë intraklas korrelasie koëffisiënt is gevind vir die proporsie van die vleis met rooi pigmentasie in Familie 1 nageslag. Dit dui op ‘n hoë vlak van genetiese determinasie en vinnige vordering met teling vir hierdie eienskap. Indien net rooi-vleis saailinge egter oorweeg word, word ‘n intermediêre herhaalbaarheid koëffisiënt (0.54) vir die proporsie van die vleis wat rooi is verkry, wat dui op aansienlike variasie tussen seisoene in die omvang van rooi pigmentasie. Die effek van omgewingsfaktore op rooi vleiskleur behoort dus bestudeer te word en telers moet let daarop om te selekteer vir genotipes met stabiele vleiskleur intensiteit en bedekking. Die intraklas korrelasies tussen families vir ander vrugeienskappe was klein. Antosianienvlakke en totale fenole in die skil en vleis van Familie 1 vrugte het nie gekorreleer nie. Dit dui daarop dat rooivleis appels nie noodwendig ‘n hoër antioksidantkapasiteit het nie – fenole maak by verre die grootste bydrae tot die antioksidantkapisiteit van vrugte. Antosianienvlakke in die skil en vleis van Familie 1 vrugte het ook nie gekorreleer nie wat daarop dui dat vrugte met ‘n donker rooi vleis nie noodwendig ook ‘n donker skilkleur sal hê nie. Familie 1 vrugte was gemiddeld suurder as vrugte van Families 2 en 3 en Familie 1 vrugte se vleis het gemiddeld ook meer verbruining ondergaan. Ten opsigte van verbruikersvoorkeur vir vleiskleur is gevind dat 74% van verbruikers ‘n wit vleiskleur verkies het terwyl 64% gehou het van die aantreklike “blom” patroon gevorm deur ‘n rooi korteks en wit kern. Verbruikers het aansienlik minder gehou van enige ander verspreiding van rooi pigment in die vleis of van ‘n laer intensiteit rooi kleur. In terme van smaak is geurige appels met ‘n bros tekstuur verkies ongeag hul vleiskleur. Rooivleisappels was oor die algemeen suur met ‘n swak tekstuur. Sommige rooivleisappels was ook frank. Tog, ten spyte van ‘n algemene afkeur in suur appels, het verbruikers ‘n voorkeur getoon vir vrugte met ‘n kombinasie van hoë suur en ‘n hoë proporsie vleis met rooi pigmentasie.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sunburn is a major problem in the apple industry worldwide. A kaolin product, M-97- 009 (100% kaolin), originally developed for insect control, was evaluated for its efficacy in controlling sunburn on pome fruit. Trials were conducted over two seasons in two different areas of the Western Cape, South Africa. During the first season, 'Royal Gala', 'Fuji' and 'Granny Smith' apples were evaluated in the Koue Bokkeveld. The kaolin was mixed with water and applied to the trees by means of a hand-gun regularly throughout the season. In addition to the effect on sunburn, effects on yield, colour development, snout beetle damage and other defects were determined. Sunburn was reduced on all the cultivars tested, although not significantly on 'Granny Smith'. Inconsistent effects on yield parameters were observed. The applications significantly reduced red colour on 'Fuji', but this problem was rectified by an improved application technique the following season. During the second season, additional apple cultivars and 'Rosemarie' pears were included in the trials. The apple trials were conducted in the Elgin area, and the 'Rosemarie' trial in the Koue Bokkeveld. Surround™ (95% kaolin) was applied to the trees by means of a commercial "blower". The effects on sunburn, yield, colour development and fruit maturity were determined. In contrast to the previous season, sunburn was not reduced on any of the cultivars examined. Yield parameters were not affected except in the case of 'Royal Gala' where the number of fruit was increased, and 'Cripps' Pink' where the number of fruit was reduced. Fruit colour was not affected in the apple cultivars, but chroma of 'Rosemarie' pears was reduced, indicating a less intense colour. The kaolin applications had a variable effect on fruit maturity. The effect of the foliar applications on photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate was determined. In addition to these spot measurements, photosynthetic light response curves were determined. Measurements were taken on both the inner and outer canopies The applications significantly reduced photosynthetic rates in the inner canopy and reduced the apparent quantum efficiency of leaves on the outer canopy. No significant effect on PPFD was found. It appears that the white coating reflects light and allows less light to penetrate the leaf, thus reducing photosynthesis. Surround™ treatments could not counteract the damaging effects of the high temperatures experienced in the Western Cape during this season and was not effective as a control measure for sunburn. This does not appear to be a commercially viable solution for the sunburn problem and it would be worthwhile to investigate the use of alternative options, such as evaporative cooling. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sonbrand is een van die grootste probleme wat wêreldwyd in die appelbedryf ondervind word. 'n Nuwe produk, M-97-009 (100% kaolien), is oorspronklik ontwikkel vir insekbeheer in geïntegreerde plaagbeheer, maar daar is beweer dat dit moontlik sonbrand op kemvrugte kan verminder. Proewe is oor twee seisoene uitgevoer in die Koue Bokkeveld en ook in die Grabouw-omgewing in die Wes-Kaap. Tydens die eerste seisoen is die effek van M-97-009 op 'Royal Gala', 'Fuji' en 'Granny Smith' appels beoordeel. Die kaolien is met water gemeng en deur die loop van die seisoen met 'n handspuit op die bome gespuit. Die effek van die produk op sonbrand, oesgrootte, vruggrootte, kleurontwikkeling, kalanderskade en ander defekte is bepaal. Sonbrand is op alle kultivars verminder, alhoewel nie betekenisvolop 'Granny Smith' nie. Die effek van kaolien op oesparameters was rue konsekwent nie. kleurontwikkeling op 'Fuji' benadeel, heel moontlik Die toedienings het as gevolg van die toedieningstegniek. Met verbeterde toedieningsmetodes die volgende seisoen, is kleurontwikkeling van 'Fuji' nie benadeel nie. Tydens die tweede seisoen is die effek van kaolien op nog appelkultivars en 'Rosemarie' pere ge-evalueer. Die appelproewe is in Elgin uitgevoer, terwyl die 'Rosemarie'-proefin die Koue Bokkeveld uitgelê is. Surround™ (95% kaolien) is met kommersiële spuitpompe toegedien. Weereens is die effek van die produk op sonbrand, oesgrootte, vruggrootte, kleurontwikkeling en vrugrypheid bepaal. Sonbrand is nie verminder nie. Vruglading tydens oes is nie betekenisvol beïnvloed nie, behalwe in die geval van 'Royal Gala' waar die vruglading verhoog is, en 'Cripps' Pink' waar daar minder vrugte op die gespuite bome was. Die Surround™ toedienings het geen uitwerking op kleur van appels gehad nie, maar het die chromawaarde van 'Rosemarie' pere verlaag, d.w.s die vrugkleur was minder intens. Die kaolienspuite het 'n uiteenlopende effek op vrugrypheid gehad. Fotosintetiese foton vloeddigtheid (FFV), fotosintesetempo, huidmondjieweerstand en transpirasietempo is gemeet en ligreponskurwes van beide die buitenste en binneste blaardak is bepaal. Die Surround™ toedienings het fotosintese van blare ill die binneste gedeelte van die blaardak verminder en die kwantumdoeltreffendheid van blare op die buitenste deel van die blaardak verminder. Geen betekenisvolle effek is op FFV gekry nie. Dit wil voorkom asof die wit laag kaolien op die bome lig weerkaats en veroorsaak dat minder lig na die blaar deurdring. Dit verminder dan die fotsintesetempo. Met die baie warm weer wat in die Wes-Kaap gedurende die tweede seisoen ervaar is, kon die SUITound™behandelings nie sonbrand verhoed nie. Dit wil voorkom asof Surround™ nie 'n baie doeltreffende oplossing in kommersiële boorde sal wees nie. Alternatiewe oplossings, soos byvoorbeeld evaporatiewe verkoeling, saloorweeg moet word.

O trabalho objetiva apresentar as características da certificação de maçãs e analisar o comportamento do consumidor do município de Santa Maria, localizado na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A análise compreende a discussão dos aspectos relacionados à valoração da certificação e das características desse produto agroalimentar no momento da compra. Como procedimentos metodológicos, adotou-se a revisão bibliográfica para compreender os processos de certificação e regulamentação dos mercados agroalimentares e para discutir aspectos relacionados ao comportamento do consumidor. Além disso, usaram-se dados secundários para compreender a realidade produtiva da maçã no Brasil e no mundo. Para discutir a relação entre os consumidores e o mercado de maçãs, construiu-se um formulário com questões abertas e fechadas sobre o perfil do consumidor, os aspectos considerados no momento da compra e seu nível de conhecimento acerca da certificação. Os formulários foram aplicados para uma amostra significativa para o município de Santa Maria, em quatro espaços supermercadistas. Para as análises, adotaram-se procedimentos estatísticos e descritivos, como testes paramétricos, não paramétricos e a estimação de um modelo de regressão logística para avaliar como o público consumidor valora a certificação. Os resultados apontam que o público estudado é heterogêneo. Constatou-se que o consumidor não se detém por informações sobre segurança transmitidas e apresentadas nas frutas através dos selos de certificação. Poucos consumidores afirmaram saber o que, de fato, é a certificação. Uma parcela maior afirmou que, além de não saber o significado, não considera a certificação da fruta relevante no momento da compra, valorizando mais outros aspectos e fatores, tais como aparência, tamanho e o preço da fruta. Concluise que o nível de conhecimento acerca das informações sobre segurança, inspeção e controle e certificação tendem a não ser tão importantes no momento da compra. Por final, concluiu-se que se a produção de maçãs fosse totalmente destinada ao mercado santa-mariense, de acordo com a demanda representada pelos consumidores, o fato da oferta dessa fruta possuir algum selo de certificação seria pouco relevante. / This paper aims to present the characteristics of the certification apples and analyze consumer behavior in the municipality of Santa Maria, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The analysis includes the discussion of issues related to the valuation of certification and characteristics of agro-food product at the purchase time. As methodological procedures in the study, we adopted the literature review to understand the processes of certification and regulation of agrifood markets and to discuss issues related to consumer behavior. In addition, they used secondary data to understand the reality of apple production in Brazil and worldwide. To discuss about the relationship between consumers and the market for apples, built up a form with closed questions about the consumer profile, the aspects considered at the time of purchase and their level of knowledge about certification. The forms were applied to a significant sample for the municipality of Santa Maria in four supermarket spaces. For analysis, were adopted descriptive and statistical procedures such as parametric tests, as nonparametric tests, and the estimation of a logistic regression model to assess how the consuming public values the certification. The results show that the studied public is heterogeneous. It was found that the consumer do not value safety information transmitted and presented in fruits through the certification seals. Some few consumers know what certification is. A larger portion said that in addition to not knowing the meaning, does not consider the certification something relevant at the time of purchase, giving more importance to other aspects and factors, such as appearance, size and fruit price. It is concluded that the level of knowledge about information security, inspection and control and certification tend to not be as important at the time of purchase. By the end, it is concluded if that the production of apples was fully intended to Santa Maria market, according to the demand represented by consumers, the fact that the supply of this fruit have a certification label would not be relevant.

Orientador: Crispin Humberto Garcia Cruz / Banca: Alexandre Rodrigo Coelho / Banca: Elisabete Yurie Sataque Ono / Banca: Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi / Banca: Eleni Gomes / Resumo: A patulina, toxina com potencial carcinogênico, mutagênico e teratogênico produzida por Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp. e Byssoclamys spp., pode ser encontrada em maçãs, sucos comerciais e outros produtos não fermentados constituindo-se num problema neste setor agroindustrial. Em bebidas fermentadas, porém, não é detectável mesmo que a matéria-prima esteja visivelmente contaminada. O presente trabalho visou quantificar a patulina tanto no tecido deteriorado de maçãs in natura quanto na parte sadia ao redor da lesão, monitorar a degradação no processo fermentativo típico utilizando Saccharomyces cerevisiae e degradar a toxina presente em produtos derivados de maçã pela ação do composto bioativo produzido pela levedura. A micotoxina foi quantificada por CLAE em sistema isocrático de fase reversa e detector UV a 275 nm. O grau de recuperação alcançado foi de 86,24% e os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram 4,3 µg/L e 8,6 µg/L, respectivamente. Foram analisados 35 frutos de maçã in natura cultivar Fuji, tendo sido constatada a presença de patulina em 32 amostras, em concentrações que variaram de 1,01 a 120,4 mg/Kg de tecido na porção deteriorada e de 0,02 a 5,02 mg/Kg de tecido, na sadia. Para avaliação da cinética de degradação de patulina, suco de maçã contendo 5,0 µg de patulina/mL foi inoculado com 0,25g de células de levedura seca ativa/L, sendo observada uma maior redução no teor de toxina de 81,6% nas primeiras 48 horas de fermentação. Este tempo foi utilizado como parâmetro para obtenção do extrato bruto contendo o composto bioativo capaz de degradar a toxina. Na cinética de degradação de patulina pelo extrato bruto estéril inoculado com 3,0 µg de patulina/mL, foi obtida a maior taxa de degradação (50%) da toxina nas primeiras 48 horas, seguido de uma degradação mais lenta de apenas 5,7% nas 48 horas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Patulin, a toxin with potential carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects produced by Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp. and Byssoclamys sp., can be found in apples, juices and other commercial non-fermented products making up a problem in the agribusiness sector. However, patulin is not detectable in fermented beverages even if the raw material is visibly contaminated. This paper aimed to quantify patulin in both the tissue deteriorated fresh apples and at the sound around the lesion, to monitor the degradation in typical fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and degrade the toxin present in products derived from apple by the action of the bioactive compound produced by yeast. The mycotoxin was quantified by HPLC in isocratic system of reversed phase and UV detection at 275 nm. The degree of recovery achieved was 86.24% and the limits of detection and quantification were 4.3 µg/L and 8.6 µg/L, respectively. Thirty five fresh apple fruits Fuji were analyzed and it was, found the presence of patulin in 32 samples in concentrations that ranged from 1.01 to 120,4 mg/Kg of tissue in the damaged portion and 0.02 to 5, 02 mg/Kg of tissue in sound. To evaluate the kinetics of degradation of patulina, apple juice with 5.0 µg patulin/mL was inoculated with 0.25 g of cells active dry yeast/L, being observed a greater reduction in the toxin content of 81.6% in the first 48 hours of fermentation. This time was used as a parameter to obtain the crude extracts containing bioactive compound capable of degrading the toxin. The kinetics of patulin degradation by the crude extract inoculated with 3.0 µg patulin/mL showed the highest rate of the toxin degradation (50%) in the first 48 hours, followed by only 5.7% degradation after the remaining 48 hours of analysis. The kinetics of degradation of patulin by the extract dialysate inoculated with 3.0 µg patulin/mL showed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor