Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 2005.

The KATP channel is a key regulator of the pancreatic β-cell, effectively linking metabolic status to electrical activity. Syntaxin-1A has been previously reported by our lab to both bind and inhibit the KATP channel via the nucleotide-binding folds (NBFs). The purpose of this thesis project was to elucidate the precise regions within the NBFs responsible for the Syn-1A- KATP interaction. In vitro binding assays revealed that Syn-1A associates with the Walker domains of both NBF1 and NBF2. Furthermore, site directed mutagenesis of the conserved lysine in Walker A of both NBFs abolishes Syn-1A affinity for this region. Electrophysiological recordings indicate that channel inhibition was mediated primarily through interaction with NBF1-Walker B and both Walkers of NBF2. Based on these results, we propose a model by which Syn-1A acts as an inhibitory clamp on the KATP channel, effectively buffering minor fluctuations in ATP/ADP concentration to prevent unnecessary channel activity.

The KATP channel is a key regulator of the pancreatic β-cell, effectively linking metabolic status to electrical activity. Syntaxin-1A has been previously reported by our lab to both bind and inhibit the KATP channel via the nucleotide-binding folds (NBFs). The purpose of this thesis project was to elucidate the precise regions within the NBFs responsible for the Syn-1A- KATP interaction. In vitro binding assays revealed that Syn-1A associates with the Walker domains of both NBF1 and NBF2. Furthermore, site directed mutagenesis of the conserved lysine in Walker A of both NBFs abolishes Syn-1A affinity for this region. Electrophysiological recordings indicate that channel inhibition was mediated primarily through interaction with NBF1-Walker B and both Walkers of NBF2. Based on these results, we propose a model by which Syn-1A acts as an inhibitory clamp on the KATP channel, effectively buffering minor fluctuations in ATP/ADP concentration to prevent unnecessary channel activity.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Os nucleotídeos extracelulares são importantes moléculas sinalizadoras, sendo essenciais para o início e manutenção de reações inflamatórias. Estão envolvidos no recrutamento de leucócitos e mastócitos ao sítio inflamatório, na ativação da vasculatura e no prolongamento da ativação inflamatória. Durante o processo inflamatório, o ATP exerce uma série de efeitos. Está envolvido no desenvolvimento da inflamação por um conjunto de ações combinadas: liberação de histaminas de mastócitos, provocando produção de prostaglandinas e produção e liberação de citocinas de células do sistema imune. A adenosina é um potente mensageiro extracelular e tem sido demonstrado que sua produção é aumentada em condições metabólicas desfavoráveis. Os nucleotídeos extracelulares podem ser hidrolisados por uma variedade de enzimas localizadas nas membranas celulares ou presentes na forma solúvel no meio intracelular e/ou extracelular. Assim, as ectonucleotidases desempenham um importante papel no controle da homeostasia dos níveis de nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos extracelulares. Estas enzimas estão ancoradas na membrana plasmática e possuem seu sítio catalítico voltado para o meio extracelular. Entre elas, pode-se destacar a família das ecto-nucleosídeo trifosfato difosfoidrolases (E-NTPases), a família das ecto-pirofosfatase/fosfodiesterase (E-NPP) e a ecto-5´- nucleotidase. Considerando-se o papel pró-inflamatório do ATP e que a adenosina pode atuar como um imunomodulador, neste estudo foi avaliado o efeito in vitro e in vivo do lipopolissacarídeo sobre as ectonucleotidases de linfócitos e plaquetas e as formas solúveis presentes em soro. Nos resultados in vitro, observamos um aumento na hidrólise dos nucleotídeos em linfócitos e na hidrólise de ADP e AMP em plaquetas. Em soro, ocorreu uma diminuição da atividade da NPP. In vivo, observamos um aumento na hidrólise dos nucleotídeos em linfócitos e um decréscimo na hidrólise de todos os nucleotídeos testados em soro. Esses resultados nos permitem observar que as ectonucleotidases apresentam suas atividades diferentemente alteradas in vitro e após a indução de endotoxemia pela administração de LPS. As alterações observadas sugerem que estas enzimas podem atuar na regulação dos níveis extracelulares de nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos em um modelo capaz de desencadear processos inflamatórios. / Extracellular nucleotides are important signalling molecules, which are essential for the beginning and maintenance of inflammatory reactions. They are involved on leukocytes and mastocytes recruitment to the inflammatory site, vascular activation and in the maintenance of inflammatory activation. During the inflammatory process, ATP exerts a number of actions. It has been involved in the inflammation development by a conjunct of actions: release of histamines from mastocytes, triggering prostraglandine production and release of cytokines from immune cells. Adenosine is a potent extracellular messenger and it has been shown that its production is increased under adverse metabolic conditions. Extracellular nucleotides can be hydrolyzed by a variety of extracellular enzymes located on cell membranes or present in soluble forms on the extra and/or intracellular milieu. Thus, ectonucleotidases play an important role in the control of homeostasis on nucleotide and nucleoside levels. These enzymes are anchored in the plasmatic membrane and their catalytic site is faced to the extracellular milieu. These enzymes comprise the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolyse family (NTPDases), the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family (ENPP) and the ecto-5´- nucleotidase. Considering the proinflammatory role of ATP and that adenosine can exert immunomodulatory actions, here we evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effect of lipopolysaccharyde on the ectonucleotidases from lymphocytes, platelets and blood serum of rats. In vitro results have shown an increase on nucleotide hydrolysis in lymphocytes and on ADP and AMP hydrolysis in platelets. In serum, it has been demonstrated a decrease on NPP activity. In vivo, we observed an increase on nucleotide hydrolysis in lymphocytes and a decrease in the hydrolysis of all nucleotides tested in serum. These results suggest that the ectonucleotidases present their activities differentially altered in vitro and after the induction of endotoxemia by LPS administration. The changes observed suggest that these enzymes can act in the regulation of extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides in a model able to trigger inflammatory process.

Os nucleotídeos extracelulares são importantes moléculas sinalizadoras, sendo essenciais para o início e manutenção de reações inflamatórias. Estão envolvidos no recrutamento de leucócitos e mastócitos ao sítio inflamatório, na ativação da vasculatura e no prolongamento da ativação inflamatória. Durante o processo inflamatório, o ATP exerce uma série de efeitos. Está envolvido no desenvolvimento da inflamação por um conjunto de ações combinadas: liberação de histaminas de mastócitos, provocando produção de prostaglandinas e produção e liberação de citocinas de células do sistema imune. A adenosina é um potente mensageiro extracelular e tem sido demonstrado que sua produção é aumentada em condições metabólicas desfavoráveis. Os nucleotídeos extracelulares podem ser hidrolisados por uma variedade de enzimas localizadas nas membranas celulares ou presentes na forma solúvel no meio intracelular e/ou extracelular. Assim, as ectonucleotidases desempenham um importante papel no controle da homeostasia dos níveis de nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos extracelulares. Estas enzimas estão ancoradas na membrana plasmática e possuem seu sítio catalítico voltado para o meio extracelular. Entre elas, pode-se destacar a família das ecto-nucleosídeo trifosfato difosfoidrolases (E-NTPases), a família das ecto-pirofosfatase/fosfodiesterase (E-NPP) e a ecto-5´- nucleotidase. Considerando-se o papel pró-inflamatório do ATP e que a adenosina pode atuar como um imunomodulador, neste estudo foi avaliado o efeito in vitro e in vivo do lipopolissacarídeo sobre as ectonucleotidases de linfócitos e plaquetas e as formas solúveis presentes em soro. Nos resultados in vitro, observamos um aumento na hidrólise dos nucleotídeos em linfócitos e na hidrólise de ADP e AMP em plaquetas. Em soro, ocorreu uma diminuição da atividade da NPP. In vivo, observamos um aumento na hidrólise dos nucleotídeos em linfócitos e um decréscimo na hidrólise de todos os nucleotídeos testados em soro. Esses resultados nos permitem observar que as ectonucleotidases apresentam suas atividades diferentemente alteradas in vitro e após a indução de endotoxemia pela administração de LPS. As alterações observadas sugerem que estas enzimas podem atuar na regulação dos níveis extracelulares de nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos em um modelo capaz de desencadear processos inflamatórios. / Extracellular nucleotides are important signalling molecules, which are essential for the beginning and maintenance of inflammatory reactions. They are involved on leukocytes and mastocytes recruitment to the inflammatory site, vascular activation and in the maintenance of inflammatory activation. During the inflammatory process, ATP exerts a number of actions. It has been involved in the inflammation development by a conjunct of actions: release of histamines from mastocytes, triggering prostraglandine production and release of cytokines from immune cells. Adenosine is a potent extracellular messenger and it has been shown that its production is increased under adverse metabolic conditions. Extracellular nucleotides can be hydrolyzed by a variety of extracellular enzymes located on cell membranes or present in soluble forms on the extra and/or intracellular milieu. Thus, ectonucleotidases play an important role in the control of homeostasis on nucleotide and nucleoside levels. These enzymes are anchored in the plasmatic membrane and their catalytic site is faced to the extracellular milieu. These enzymes comprise the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolyse family (NTPDases), the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family (ENPP) and the ecto-5´- nucleotidase. Considering the proinflammatory role of ATP and that adenosine can exert immunomodulatory actions, here we evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effect of lipopolysaccharyde on the ectonucleotidases from lymphocytes, platelets and blood serum of rats. In vitro results have shown an increase on nucleotide hydrolysis in lymphocytes and on ADP and AMP hydrolysis in platelets. In serum, it has been demonstrated a decrease on NPP activity. In vivo, we observed an increase on nucleotide hydrolysis in lymphocytes and a decrease in the hydrolysis of all nucleotides tested in serum. These results suggest that the ectonucleotidases present their activities differentially altered in vitro and after the induction of endotoxemia by LPS administration. The changes observed suggest that these enzymes can act in the regulation of extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides in a model able to trigger inflammatory process.

Os nucleotídeos extracelulares são importantes moléculas sinalizadoras, sendo essenciais para o início e manutenção de reações inflamatórias. Estão envolvidos no recrutamento de leucócitos e mastócitos ao sítio inflamatório, na ativação da vasculatura e no prolongamento da ativação inflamatória. Durante o processo inflamatório, o ATP exerce uma série de efeitos. Está envolvido no desenvolvimento da inflamação por um conjunto de ações combinadas: liberação de histaminas de mastócitos, provocando produção de prostaglandinas e produção e liberação de citocinas de células do sistema imune. A adenosina é um potente mensageiro extracelular e tem sido demonstrado que sua produção é aumentada em condições metabólicas desfavoráveis. Os nucleotídeos extracelulares podem ser hidrolisados por uma variedade de enzimas localizadas nas membranas celulares ou presentes na forma solúvel no meio intracelular e/ou extracelular. Assim, as ectonucleotidases desempenham um importante papel no controle da homeostasia dos níveis de nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos extracelulares. Estas enzimas estão ancoradas na membrana plasmática e possuem seu sítio catalítico voltado para o meio extracelular. Entre elas, pode-se destacar a família das ecto-nucleosídeo trifosfato difosfoidrolases (E-NTPases), a família das ecto-pirofosfatase/fosfodiesterase (E-NPP) e a ecto-5´- nucleotidase. Considerando-se o papel pró-inflamatório do ATP e que a adenosina pode atuar como um imunomodulador, neste estudo foi avaliado o efeito in vitro e in vivo do lipopolissacarídeo sobre as ectonucleotidases de linfócitos e plaquetas e as formas solúveis presentes em soro. Nos resultados in vitro, observamos um aumento na hidrólise dos nucleotídeos em linfócitos e na hidrólise de ADP e AMP em plaquetas. Em soro, ocorreu uma diminuição da atividade da NPP. In vivo, observamos um aumento na hidrólise dos nucleotídeos em linfócitos e um decréscimo na hidrólise de todos os nucleotídeos testados em soro. Esses resultados nos permitem observar que as ectonucleotidases apresentam suas atividades diferentemente alteradas in vitro e após a indução de endotoxemia pela administração de LPS. As alterações observadas sugerem que estas enzimas podem atuar na regulação dos níveis extracelulares de nucleotídeos e nucleosídeos em um modelo capaz de desencadear processos inflamatórios. / Extracellular nucleotides are important signalling molecules, which are essential for the beginning and maintenance of inflammatory reactions. They are involved on leukocytes and mastocytes recruitment to the inflammatory site, vascular activation and in the maintenance of inflammatory activation. During the inflammatory process, ATP exerts a number of actions. It has been involved in the inflammation development by a conjunct of actions: release of histamines from mastocytes, triggering prostraglandine production and release of cytokines from immune cells. Adenosine is a potent extracellular messenger and it has been shown that its production is increased under adverse metabolic conditions. Extracellular nucleotides can be hydrolyzed by a variety of extracellular enzymes located on cell membranes or present in soluble forms on the extra and/or intracellular milieu. Thus, ectonucleotidases play an important role in the control of homeostasis on nucleotide and nucleoside levels. These enzymes are anchored in the plasmatic membrane and their catalytic site is faced to the extracellular milieu. These enzymes comprise the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolyse family (NTPDases), the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family (ENPP) and the ecto-5´- nucleotidase. Considering the proinflammatory role of ATP and that adenosine can exert immunomodulatory actions, here we evaluate the in vitro and in vivo effect of lipopolysaccharyde on the ectonucleotidases from lymphocytes, platelets and blood serum of rats. In vitro results have shown an increase on nucleotide hydrolysis in lymphocytes and on ADP and AMP hydrolysis in platelets. In serum, it has been demonstrated a decrease on NPP activity. In vivo, we observed an increase on nucleotide hydrolysis in lymphocytes and a decrease in the hydrolysis of all nucleotides tested in serum. These results suggest that the ectonucleotidases present their activities differentially altered in vitro and after the induction of endotoxemia by LPS administration. The changes observed suggest that these enzymes can act in the regulation of extracellular nucleosides and nucleotides in a model able to trigger inflammatory process.

<p>The aim of the present study was to investigate the biosynthesis of the ATP synthase in various tissues, and to test hypotheses about possible models of activation of several mitochondrial proteins, the ATP/ADP translocase and UCPs, that could utilize the proton gradient, thus bypassing the ATP synthase. </p><p>We have examined the role of the expression of the P1 isoform of the c-F_o subunit in the biogenesis of ATP synthase in brown adipose tissue. Our findings point to a role for the c-F_o subunit in defining the final content of the ATP synthase in brown adipose tissue.</p><p>We have analyzed sequences in the 3’UTR of the β subunit F₁-ATPase mRNA that are important for formation of RNA-protein complexes. We could detect protein complexes that bind to two different sequence regions of the 3’UTR, one being the poly(A) tail and an adjacent region), and the other being a sequence stretch at the 3’ end of the 3’UTR able to form a stem-loop structure, which is evolutionarily conserved throughout mammalian species. </p><p>We investigated a role of the ATP/ADP carrier (ANT) in fatty acid-induced uncoupling in brown-fat mitochondria. We conclude that the ANT cannot substitute for UCP1 in fatty acid uncoupling in brown-fat mitochondria from mice lacking UCP1. We propose that the two ANT isoforms mediate proton translocation under different conditions.</p><p>We have investigated a role of UCP1 in defence against oxidative stress. We found that products of oxidative stress (4-HNE) could neither reactivate purine nucleotide-inhibited UCP1, nor induce additional activation of innately active UCP1 in brown-fat mitochondria from UCP1(+/+) and UCP1(-/-) mice. We conclude that UCP1 is not involved in defence against oxidative stress. </p><p>We evaluated possible uncoupling activity of UCP3 in skeletal muscle from warm- and cold-acclimated UCP1(+/+) and UCP1(-/-) mice. We conclude that no evidence exists for a higher UCP3-mediated uncoupling activity; a high UCP3 content in cold-acclimated UCP1(-/-) mice could possibly be linked to improved fatty acid oxidative capacity.</p>

The aim of the present study was to investigate the biosynthesis of the ATP synthase in various tissues, and to test hypotheses about possible models of activation of several mitochondrial proteins, the ATP/ADP translocase and UCPs, that could utilize the proton gradient, thus bypassing the ATP synthase. We have examined the role of the expression of the P1 isoform of the c-Fo subunit in the biogenesis of ATP synthase in brown adipose tissue. Our findings point to a role for the c-Fo subunit in defining the final content of the ATP synthase in brown adipose tissue. We have analyzed sequences in the 3’UTR of the β subunit F1-ATPase mRNA that are important for formation of RNA-protein complexes. We could detect protein complexes that bind to two different sequence regions of the 3’UTR, one being the poly(A) tail and an adjacent region), and the other being a sequence stretch at the 3’ end of the 3’UTR able to form a stem-loop structure, which is evolutionarily conserved throughout mammalian species. We investigated a role of the ATP/ADP carrier (ANT) in fatty acid-induced uncoupling in brown-fat mitochondria. We conclude that the ANT cannot substitute for UCP1 in fatty acid uncoupling in brown-fat mitochondria from mice lacking UCP1. We propose that the two ANT isoforms mediate proton translocation under different conditions. We have investigated a role of UCP1 in defence against oxidative stress. We found that products of oxidative stress (4-HNE) could neither reactivate purine nucleotide-inhibited UCP1, nor induce additional activation of innately active UCP1 in brown-fat mitochondria from UCP1(+/+) and UCP1(-/-) mice. We conclude that UCP1 is not involved in defence against oxidative stress. We evaluated possible uncoupling activity of UCP3 in skeletal muscle from warm- and cold-acclimated UCP1(+/+) and UCP1(-/-) mice. We conclude that no evidence exists for a higher UCP3-mediated uncoupling activity; a high UCP3 content in cold-acclimated UCP1(-/-) mice could possibly be linked to improved fatty acid oxidative capacity.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.