This text is a treatise on microcontroller programming. It introduces the major peripherals found on most microcontrollers, including the usage of them, focusing on the ATmega644p in the AVR family produced by Atmel. General information and background knowledge on several topics is also presented. These topics include information regarding the hardware of a microcontroller and assembly code as well as instructions regarding good program structure and coding practices. Examples with code and discussion are presented throughout. This is intended for hobbyists and students desiring knowledge on programming microcontrollers, and is written at a level that students entering the junior level core robotics classes would find useful.

In this thesis analyze in detail issue Bootloader for microcontrollers AVR and made proposal for implementation to the device Sci-Trace. Modification electronics part deal with patch board, where used connect between others module and control board. Control Board handle with computer and individually module. Example others module are control optics or control stepper motors. From user interface is resolve choice information display for show temperature inside the device. From mechanical part is resolve store electronic part to the rack section. From programming part is create firmware for control board and others module. For users operation is create program for operation system for upgrade application firmware to microcontroller.

Master’s thesis contains description parameters of microcontroller ATMEGA644P, also contains differences between older and newer version of microcontrollers ATMEGA644 and ATMEGA644PA. Inside structure of microcontroller, memories and peripherals are described here. The construction of the universal microcontroller unit is main target of this thesis. The unit contains supply, A/D converter, current loop, communication interfaces, temperature sensor, accelerometer and other. The unit collects and saves data, communicates by interfaces and manages other functions. Using devices and circuits are described in this thesis. Development of software for microcontroller(firmware) are positioned to last part of this thesis. This software control functions of all parts positioned on the unit.