The aim of this study is to explore the role of authenticity in heritage festivals in Korea. It compares and critically evaluates the commodification of heritage festivals in Korea by investigating the tourists’, the performers’ (ethnic community) and the policy makers’ perceptions of authenticity based on comparative case studies and detailed empirical investigations of two contrasting heritage festivals in Korea. As one of the most debated issues in heritage tourism, authenticity has been an important topic of discussion. However, current authenticity research has been dominated by the naturalistic tradition with a strong emphasis on theory building. This study addresses the gap between conceptual and detailed empirical research in the area of authenticity. Therefore, this study identified stakeholders; visitors, performers and policy makers’ perception of authenticity in two comparative cultural heritage festival. The Baudeogi Festival in Anseong was selected as the first case study as it is representative of a commodified heritage festival. The Baudeogi Festival was started under deliberate government strategy in 2001 to promote local development. The second cases study, the Danoje Festival in Gangneung, was selected as representative of ancient forms of festivals. The Danoje festival is preserved and inherited from generation to generation for centuries by the local community and was registered as world intangible heritage by UNESCO in 2005. 800 visitor surveys were conducted with 17 interviews from festival performers and policymakers in both case festivals to identify their motivations for participating and their perceptions of authenticity. Several important findings emerged. Firstly, visitors’ characteristics at both festivals showed slight differences reflecting the character of the local area. Danoje visitors were younger than Baudeogi visitors while most Baudeogi visitors were with a family group whereas Danoje visitors also had a considerable number of friend/colleague groups. Regarding motivation, Baudeogi visitors generally showed stronger motivation than Danoje visitors about heritage festival visitation. The motivation to visit heritage festival were reduced through factor analysis to four each dimensions: cultural learning; escape/family togetherness; the need for authenticity; and enjoyment/socialisation factor at Baudeogi while enjoyment/novelty authenticity/cultural learning, family togetherness escape/socialisation were divers to those attending in the Danoje Festival. Secondly, authenticity was understood differently by stakeholders. Among visitors’ motivation, existential authenticity was identified as a strongest predictor for overall satisfaction from both festivals. Otherwise, performers and policy makers largely showed objective-related authenticity providers of the festival. However, there were tactical variations: performers and policy makers displayed existential authenticity as a means of engineering visitor satisfaction. Furthermore, the commodified Baudeogi festival was commonly perceived as staged authenticity (Cohen 1979) by visitors, where performers and local government viewed it as real in a staged setting whereas central and regional government perceived it as contrived authenticity, as a staged festival. In contrast, Gangneung Danoje Festival was perceived as an authentic experience by all levels of governments and by performers as real in a real setting, while it was perceived as denial of authenticity by visitors as staged festival. This result indicated that the perception of authenticity was identified as depending on personal judgement (Cohen 1988). Finally, through linear multiple regression analysis, visitors’ motivation and perception of authenticity was identified as an influence to visitors’ post-trip behaviours (satisfaction, recommendation and revisit). For the Danoje Festival, visitors’ perception of authenticity showed effective causal relationship to visitors’ intention of recommendation. Also, visitor satisfaction more strongly affected to intention of recommend and revisit. Keywords: Local Cultural Heritage Festival, Perception of Authenticity, Commodification, Stakeholders, Motivation, Satisfaction

I examine the role of context as a rhetorical trope. As a rhetorical trope, context tends to fix complex practices in single places, which allows for the celebration of the authentic or original. Further, it privileges production while masking complex practices of circulation and consumption while simultaneously constraining seemingly infinite possibilities into finite frames that then become static and naturalized. These practices need to be examined in order to understand how power is being enacted via the trope of context for the purposes of control and limitation. I argue throughout that these power dynamics need to be addressed--that the ethics of context need to consider who or what is empowered, who or what is disempowered, and decide whether such a situational power dynamic is acceptable or should be changed.I move through the dissertation by first presenting the metaphors of context--maps, frames, and landscapes--discussing the ways in which each of these metaphors control and limit context and therefore control and limit the text. I then analyze the textual and rhetorical context traditions to illuminate the ways in which these two prevalent traditions assume a static and constant original context to which a text belongs. The constant appeal to an origin, I argue, invests a text or artifact with historical aura, which is often used to obscure and limit other critical engagements with a text thus controlling a text's or artifact's possible meanings and transformative power. Following this exploration, I turn my attention to contexts as consumable commodities. I argue that contexts as rhetorical tropes are divorced from the dialectical process of meaning making from a text and can therefore exist as its own entity. As such, contexts can be marketed to and consumed by people. An ethics of context, I conclude, would challenge the god term that context has become in order to expose the power and ideological control that is exerted via a deployment of rhetorical contexts. Such an ethics would address, again, the dialectical formation of texts and contexts--texts define contexts; contexts define texts; they are inseparable.

By tradition, archival sciences has emerged in a context with defined information processes, with explicit information producers and custodians to which consumers make requests for the information. In this process, the archival science has developed methods and strategies to preserve authentic and reliable records and by that providing trustworthy information. In an online society, people are using the internet to get information for different purposes. Even though there is no legal obligation to guarantee the authenticity, it is of societal importance that the end users get trustworthy information. In this online context, open data is a trend that is growing fast over the world and it is interesting because its conditions raises many questions regarding authenticity. Since open data is free to reuse, link and combine with other information, and it is preferably in primary format it raises questions about how to maintain the integrity and identity of the information, which is the constituents of authenticity as it is used in this work. The idea in this essay is to discuss challenges with maintaining the authenticity for open data and also identify possible measures to promote authentic open data information on the web, so that the end users get the possibilities to assess its trustworthiness and fit for use. The essay is a qualitative text analyses, with the theoretical base in the InterPARES project results. Open Government Working groups 8 principles and Open Knowledge Foundations definition is discussed, as is also the discussion from other disciplines about provenance on the web, and ideas from digital records forensic. The results indicate that there are great challenges to maintain the authenticity of open data but there are also some solutions. Recorded provenance and traceability are key factors to enable the evaluation of the authenticity. But first the concept authenticity has to be interpreted in a wider sense. There is a need to maintain the authenticity of the parts, the data, in the information. Because the information is used in parts and if the new information created from it will be reliable, it need accurate data with established identity.

In the last forty years, there has been a steady increase in research on Scottish traditions of music and song. Growing from its roots in ‘collection’, the field (in Scotland) has been dominated by rather limiting methodological approaches. The study of Scottish folk music has seriously neglected post-­‐1960s cultural practices and the influences of hybridisation, professionalisation and commercialisation. These and related areas of the field are largely uncharted in departments of Music and Scottish Studies. One result, stemming from this problem, is a continuing confusion in the use of descriptive and ideological terms. ‘Folk music’ is the most widely used concept and its problematic and elusive meaning, its function for and understanding by industry professionals, is the focal point of this thesis. The aims of this thesis are to position current understandings of ‘folk’ as a term and a practice in the wider social and historical contexts of British folk music and to investigate the ways in which the discursive history of folk music informs contemporary cultural practices. My objective was to uncover, in particular, what, according to today’s performers and other industry participants, gives Scottish folk music its contemporary meaning. My thesis is designed to shed new light on the ideological and aesthetic constructions of folk music in Scotland.

The designer explores how to improve souvenir design in the real market by questioning the issues of authenticity and the need of sustainable strategies. It takes the city of Växjö as a start point for a touristic place and analyses different categories. Through observations and interviews, the issues are confirmed and a design brief is made. Based on theories of product semantics and emotional design, the result from the investigation summarised to suggest guide for souvenir design. The guide is illustrated in a series of videos meant to anyone working in the souvenir industry.

This dissertation explores the philosophy of history that Heidegger presents in his early magnum opus, Being and Time. I argue that his philosophy of history differs importantly from several influential philosophical studies of history by his predecessors (particularly Heinrich Rickert and Edmund Husserl), and that it makes a valuable contribution to subsequent philosophy of history. Heidegger’s existential analysis emphasizes the interpretive character of the individual’s relation to history and, as a consequence, the hermeneutical features of any philosophical approach to history. An essential part of his analysis is his insistence on the individual’s frequently shirked responsibility for her interpretations. I argue that this focus on personal responsibility for historical interpretation places a burden upon the individual but also opens a possibility for creative engagement with the world. The value of the future is opened through the individual’s responsible engagement with her history. In the first the two chapters I introduce general sorts of problems that have beset the philosophy of history in the last two centuries, in particular, the problems presented by the prospect of an objective interpretation of history. Since the objectivity of an interpretation implies that the interpretation has some authority over those who understand it, I contend that the prospect of objective historical interpretation raises specific and daunting questions about one’s responsibility with regard to such interpretations. I continue the theme of responsibility and authority in the latter two chapters. There, I am interested in dissuading the reader from the view that Heidegger adopts an irresponsible attitude toward historical interpretation in Being and Time. By way of presenting a defense of Heidegger’s analysis of authenticity and inauthenticity, I argue that his philosophy amounts to a robust defense of historical responsibility. Through his analysis of conscience, guilt and resoluteness, Heidegger demonstrates Dasein’s capacity to recognize itself as a kind of entity that can and, indeed, must take responsibility for its interpretations and thereby for its historicity.

China has achieved extraordinary economic growth since its profound social, political and economic reformation in 1978. Housing and tourism are two manifestations of such growth. However, problems related to the development of housing and tourism have become increasingly severe: environmentally sound rural areas are now the battlefield for the ostensible economic advancement of both sectors; the supposedly beneficial local communities in such areas end up as the sufferers of worsened living conditions; the policymakers, who are self-claimed leaders of the development in benefits of the local communities, are de facto heavily dependent upon the sales of land for tax generation. Under such circumstances, second homes - the intersection between tourism and housing - have emerged as a hot topic for industry participants, researchers and policymakers. The existing body of knowledge, in what is largely Western dominated second homes research, suggests that the key theories, assumptions and conclusions cannot be adapted to explain the development model in China. This is because of China’s unique scale, patterns, and dynamics of economic and socio-political linkages. This research therefore theorises second homes in China based on key space and tourism concepts. This thesis conceptualises second homes on an actual site in China named The Aqua, which is a tourism cluster intentionally constructed around the idea of second homes. The thesis examines the actor groups that are involved in the making of The Aqua, as well as their practice, representation and experience with it. Also, in order to uncover the potential impacts of the Aqua, this research investigates how justice is recognised and practiced between different actor groups. The outcomes of this research include: 1) a new model that visualises the power relations between different actor groups that are involved in the making of the Aqua, 2) a new theory building on Foucault’s heterotopia to help explain why the Aqua was produced as the representation of the imagined Western township, 3) new terms of apotopia and limbotopia as dismissive narratives to unwanted circumstances of tourism place-making, 4) a fresh perspective to examine the potential impacts of second homes through the lens of justice, instead of the traditional dualistic thinking of second homes as the curse or the blessing.

Essentielle au patrimoine, l'authenticité est une notion ambivalente. Son utilisation comme critère place les praticiens face à des difficultés concrètes les forçant à interroger, critiquer, et résoudre ce qui pour eux, fait l'authenticité de l'objet patrimonial qu'il soit monumental, tangible ou intangible. Une approche théorique intra- puis infra- patrimoniale permet de formuler, dans un système organisé, les controverses qu'ils soulèvent puis les réponses que d'autres disciplines apportent. Cette démarche aboutit à une catégorisation de différents « modes d'authentification ». Catégorisation, certes artificielle, mais qui permet d'offrir un outil et un vocabulaire pour distinguer les différentes manières d'envisager l'authenticité dans deux études de cas aux échelles diamétralement opposées : la valorisation de patrimoines indigènes hybrides dans la ville de Sucre en Bolivie, et la mise en œuvre de la liste du patrimoine mondial et la liste représentative du patrimoine immatériel de l'UNESCO. Les différentes manières de combiner ces authenticités témoignent de stratégies d'appropriation ou d'exclusion des patrimoines et de ceux qui les incarnent qui peuvent être décrites comme des jeux d'assemblages et de luttes. L'authentification n'est plus envisagée par les acteurs comme une étude d'experts dont le résultat est un arbitrage définitif, mais elle devient un processus en renouvellement constant dans lequel interviennent des acteurs de plus en plus diversifiés. / Central to heritage, authenticity is an ambivalent notion. Its use as a criterion leads practitioners to face concrete difficulties forcing them to interrogate, criticize, andsolve the meanings embedded in the « authenticity of the heritage object », whether monumental, tangible or intangible. A theoretical approach, internal and external to the heritage field, allows to formulate through an organized system, the controversies they bring forward and the solutions other disciplines explore. Such an approach leads to suggesting different « authentication modes ». Despite its artificial nature, it offers a tool and vocabulary to distinguish between different ways to consider authenticity in two case-studies on diametrically opposed scales: the enhancement of hybrid indigenous heritage in the city of Sucre, Bolivia, and the implementation of the World Heritage List and of the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO. The different ways these authenticities are combined attest for different appropriation or exclusion strategies both of the heritage at stake and of those who embody it. These strategies may be described as an interplay leading to coalitions and struggles. Stake holders no longer consider authenticationas the study of experts resulting in a permanent arbitration, but see it as a constantly renewed process in which more and more diverse participants take action

Signcryption is a new cryptographic primitive which simultaneously provides both confidentiality and authenticity. Previously, these two goals had been considered separately, with encryption schemes providing confidentiality and signature schemes providing authenticity. In cases where both were required, the encryption and signature operations were simply sequentially composed. In 1997, Zheng demonstrated that by combining both goals into a single primitive, it is possible to achieve significant savings both in computational and communication overhead. Since then, a wide variety of signcryption schemes have been proposed. In this thesis, we present a number of the proposed signcryption schemes in terms of a common framework. For the most part, the material has been previously presented in various research papers, but some previously omitted proofs have been filled in here. We begin by giving a formal definition of the signcryption primitive, complete with a security model. Then we look at some of the various proposed signcryption schemes, and consider their relative advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we look ahead at what future progress might be made in the field.

Signcryption is a new cryptographic primitive which simultaneously provides both confidentiality and authenticity. Previously, these two goals had been considered separately, with encryption schemes providing confidentiality and signature schemes providing authenticity. In cases where both were required, the encryption and signature operations were simply sequentially composed. In 1997, Zheng demonstrated that by combining both goals into a single primitive, it is possible to achieve significant savings both in computational and communication overhead. Since then, a wide variety of signcryption schemes have been proposed. In this thesis, we present a number of the proposed signcryption schemes in terms of a common framework. For the most part, the material has been previously presented in various research papers, but some previously omitted proofs have been filled in here. We begin by giving a formal definition of the signcryption primitive, complete with a security model. Then we look at some of the various proposed signcryption schemes, and consider their relative advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we look ahead at what future progress might be made in the field.