Two distinct research projects were carried out in this dissertation. In the first project the results of first principle calculations on endo- and exohedral complexes of polyhedral oligomeric silsesqiuoxanes (POSS) with atomic and ionic species were carried out. Detailed studies were performed on structures, stabilities and electronic properties of these complexes. The stabilities of the endohedral Tn-POSS ( n = 8, 10 and 12) complexes depends on both the cage size and the nature of the endohedral species. Alkali metal ion encapsulation leads to cage contraction. Electron density was transferred from the cage to the alkali metal cations. Halide encapsulation caused the cages to expand. Electron density was transferred from the halides to the cage. Noble gas encapsulation has minimum effect on the cage structure. Electron transfer between cage framework atoms and He and Ne were negligible. However, a small amount of electron transfer between Ar and POSS cages occurred. Ionization potentials calculated for T10-POSS and T12-POSS endohedral complexes with alkali metals indicate that these complexes have "superalkali" behavior. Several transition metal encapsulations into the T8-POSS cage gave thermodynamically stable endohedral complexes. The HOMO-LUMO gaps for the transition metal endohedral complexes were reduced versus that of pure cage. In almost all cases, the exohedral Tn (n = 8, 10, 12) complexes were energetically more stable than their corresponding endohedral counterparts except for the complex with F-. The exohedral Fpenetrates directly into the Tn-POSS cage forming an endohedral complex. In the second project ab initio electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory were performed to study small silicon clusters containing an endohedral atoms or ions. The formation of endohedral clusters M@Si12 (Li0,1,-1, Na0,1,-1, K+, He, F- and Cl-) depended on the Si12 cage structure and the nature of the embedding species. Only Li0,1,-1, Na0,1,-1 and He form endohedral clusters with different Si12 cage isomers. All observed endohedral clusters are stable and have large HUMO-LUMO gaps (>1eV). The endohedral clusters Li-@Si12 and Na-@Si12 are thermodynamically more stable than their neutral and cationic counterparts. The stability order predicted for the alkali metal series was anionic clusters > neutral clusters> cationic clusters. Encapsulations of halides are completely unfavorable and halide insertions cause the Si12 cage rupture. Encapsulation of two Li atoms into the Si18 cage generates the endohedral Li2@Si18 complex. Encapsulating Na atoms into Si18 cage leads to an exohedral Na2Si18 cluster. Endohedral Si20@Li20 was also investigated and characterized.

Les matériaux composants les réacteurs nucléaires subissent des conditions d’irradiationsévères, donnant lieu à des modifications de leurs propriétés mécaniques. Le vieillissement de cesmatériaux soulève des questions aussi importantes que celles liées à la sécurité des centrales existantes etaux futurs réacteurs à fission et à fusion. Dans plusieurs situations les matériaux de structure cristallinecubique centrée CC sont utilisés ayant pour base le fer, le tungstène, le vanadium et le tantale. Lescollisions entre les particules irradiantes et les atomes constituants les matériaux engendrent des défautsponctuels dont la migration mène à la formation d’amas responsables du vieillissement. Dans cette thèsenous avons étudié les propriétés énergétiques des défauts ponctuels dans les métaux CC citésprécédemment à l’échelle atomique. La modélisation des défauts ponctuels à l’échelle atomique peut êtreréalisée avec différentes méthodes se différenciant uniquement par la qualité de la description del’interaction entre atomes. Les études utilisant des interactions atomiques exactes, type ab initio,nécessitent des calculs lourds rendant impossible l’étude directe des amas de grandes tailles. Avec lamodélisation des interactions atomiques via les potentiels semi-empiriques on réduit la fiabilité et lecaractère prédictif du calcul. Ceux-ci permettent toutefois de réaliser une étude des amas en fonction deleur taille. Dans cette thèse nous avons développé un modèle énergétique original pour les boucles dedislocation ainsi que pour les amas interstitiels tridimensionnels de type C15. Le modèle obtenu est sanslimite de taille et peut être paramétré entièrement par les calculs ab initio. Afin de tester sa robustessepour les grandes tailles d’amas nous avons également paramétré ce modèle par rapport à des calculs enpotentiels semi-empiriques et comparé les prédictions du modèle aux simulations atomiques. Grâce ànotre développement nous avons pu déterminer : (i) la stabilité relative des boucles de dislocationd’interstitiels d’après leur vecteur de Burgers. (ii) La stabilité des amas C15 par rapport aux amas de typeboucle. Nous avons montré que les amas de type C15 étaient plus stables lorsqu’ils impliquent moins de41 interstitiels dans le fer. (iii) Dans le Ta nous avons pu mettre en évidence la même stabilité jusqu’à 20interstitiels. Les expériences dans le fer irradié montrent qu’en fonction de la température d’irradiation, ilse forme des boucles de dislocation très mobiles de vecteur de Burgers ½<111> ou immobiles ayant unvecteur de Burgers <100>. Les mécanismes de formation sous irradiation en fonction de la température,des amas de type <100> étaient une question restée sans explication théorique depuis 50 ans. Dans cettethèse, grâce à la précision de notre modèle énergétique, nous avons pu tester plusieurs théories.Notamment nous avons montré que les amas C15 constituent un catalyseur dans la formation des boucles<100>. Les clusters C15 peuvent se former, par germination, directement dans le processus d’irradiation.Ces clusters sont immobiles et peuvent croitre. A partir d’une certaine taille les amas C15 se dissocienten boucles ½ <111> ou <100>. Nous avons étendu notre modèle au calcul d’énergie libre de formationdes défauts permettant ainsi des prédictions à température finie que nous avons comparées auxsimulations atomiques. Les lois établies dans cette thèse en utilisant notre modéle pour calculer l’énergielibre de formation en fonctions de la taille des amas, ont été ensuite utilisées dans une simulation dedynamique d’amas. Nous avons ainsi pu prédire avec un très bon accord expérience-théorie laconcentration des amas d’interstitiels en fonction de leurs tailles au cours du murissement d’Oswald postirradiationdans un échantillon de Fer sous atmosphère d’Hélium. Le succès d’une telle approche nouspermet d’espérer étendre ce type d’étude à des matériaux plus complexes. / The structural materials in nuclear reactors are subjected to severe irradiation conditions,leading to changes in their mechanical properties. The aging of these materials raises important issuessuch as those related to the safety of existing plants and future reactors. In many cases, materials withbody-centered cubic bcc crystal structure are used with iron, tungsten, vanadium and tantalum as basemetal. Collisions between irradiating particles and atoms constituting materials generate point defectswhose migration leads to the formation of clusters responsible for aging. In this thesis, we studied theenergetic properties of point defects in the bcc metals mentioned above at the atomic scale. Modelingpoint defects at the atomic scale can be achieved with different methods that differ only in the quality ofthe description of the interaction between atoms. Studies using accurate atomic interactions such ab initiocalculations are computationally costly making it impossible to directly study clusters of large sizes. Themodeling of atomic interactions using semi-empirical potentials reduces the reliability of predictivecalculations but allow calculations for large-sized clusters. In this thesis we have developed a uniqueenergy model for dislocation loops as well as for three-dimensional interstitial cluster of type C15. Theresulting model has no size limit and can be set entirely by ab initio calculations. To test its robustness forlarge sizes of clusters we also set this model with semi-empirical potentials calculations and comparedthe predictions of the model to atomic simulations. With our development we have determined: (i) Therelative stability of interstitial dislocation loops according to their Burgers vectors. (ii) The stability of theclusters C15 compared to the type of cluster loop. We showed that the C15 type clusters are more stablewhen they involve less than 41 interstitials in iron. (iii) In Ta we were able to show the same stability till20 interstitials. The experiments involving iron show that depending on the irradiation temperature,highly mobile dislocation loops of Burgers vector ½ <111> or loops with Burgers vector <100> areformed. Considering formation mechanisms under irradiation as a function of temperature, formation ofthe <100>-type clusters lacked an acceptable theoretical explanation for about 50 years. In this thesis, theaccuracy of our energy model enabled validation of several theories proposed in the last 50 years. Inparticular we have shown that the formation of loops <100> at high temperatures can be formed fromC15 clusters which may be created directly in the irradiation process. These clusters are immobile andcan grow. Beyond a certain size, the C15 clusters dissociate into loops ½ <111> or <100>. We haveextended our model to free energy calculation of defect formation allowing for finite temperaturepredictions which is further compared to atomic simulations. The laws established in this thesis using ourmodel to calculate the free energy of formation of the cluster size functions were then used in a clusterdynamics simulation. On comparison with experiments involving post-irradiation Oswald ripening in asample of iron exposed to an atmosphere of helium, our energy model showed significant improvementsover older energy laws, such as the capillary law widely-used in multiscale computation cluster dynamicsor Monte Carlo kinetics. We conclude that the new laws established from our calculations are essential topredict the concentration of dislocation loop under irradiation, depending on their sizes. The success ofsuch an approach encourages extension of a similar study in more complex materials.

Computational chemistry lies at the intersection of chemistry, physics, mathematics, and computer science, and can be used to explain the behavior of atoms and molecules, as well as to augment experiment. In this work, computational chemistry methods are used to predict structural and energetic properties of small molecules, i.e. molecules with less than 60 atoms. Different aspects of computational chemistry are examined in this work. The importance of examining the converged orbitals obtained in an electronic structure calculation is explained. The ability to more completely describe the orbital space through the extrapolation of energies obtained at increasing quality of basis set is investigated with the use of the Sapporo-nZP-2012 family of basis set. The correlation consistent Composite Approach (ccCA) is utilized to compute the enthalpies of formation of a set of molecules and the accuracy is compared with the target method, CCSD(T,FC1)/aug-cc-pCV∞Z-DK. Both methodologies are able to produce computed enthalpies of formation that are typically within 1 kcal mol-1 of reliable experiment. This demonstrates that ccCA can be used instead of much more computationally intensive methods (in terms of memory, processors, and time required for a calculation) with the expectation of similar accuracy yet at a reduced computational cost. The enthalpies of formation for systems containing s-block elements have been computed using the multireference variant of ccCA (MR-ccCA), which is designed specifically for systems that require an explicit treatment of nondynamical correlation. Density functional theory (DFT) has been used for the prediction of the structural properties of a set of lanthanide trihalide molecules as well as the reaction energetics for the rearrangement of diphosphine ligands around a triosmium cluster.