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In this thesis, a model has been developed to analyze the behavior of wave energy converter arrays in the frequency domain. This development serves the purpose of establishing an in-house model tool for array modelling for CorPower Ocean. A literature review has been conducted to compare various modelling approaches and prior studies on different configurations of wave energy converter arrays have been examined. The literature review is followed by theory that includes linear wave theory and the equation of motion. Following this, the model is introduced, accompanied by behavior validation in comparison to similar models. The selected case studies for this thesis are divided into two parts. Firstly, the investigation of different layout configurations with 16 Wave Energy Converters: 1) Circular configuration, 2) Double Circular configuration, 3) Double Row configuration (2x8), 4) Square Grid configuration (4x4), and 5) Randomized layout. The second chosen study case involves investigating layout 3) Double Row configuration (2x8) with four different distances between each Wave Energy Converter, 50, 100, 150, and 200 meters. The results demonstrate the presence of interactions within the wave energy converter arrays. The Double row layout exhibits the largest power outputs but power drops at certain waveperiods were also observed. Additionally, the results of different distances between the Wave Energy Converters demonstrate that larger spacings result in reduced interactions.

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<p> Tuned Liquid Dampers (TLDs) are increasingly being used to suppress the dynamic vibration of tall buildings. An equivalent mechanical model is essential for rapid analysis and design of a TLD. The most common TLD tank geometries are circular, annular and rectangular. Rectangular tanks are utilized for 1-D and 2-D TLDs, whereas circular and annular are usually applied to axisymmetric structures. The amount of fluid that participates in the sloshing motion is directly influenced by the tank geometry. Although not commonly used, a TLD having a curved-bottom tank is expected to perform more effectively due to its relatively large value of effective mass. The main objective of this study is to develop mechanical models for seven TLDs with different tank geometries including the curved-bottom case, and to theoretically investigate the performance of rectangular, vertical-cylindrical and horizontal-cylindrical TLDs.</p> <p> Potential flow theory, linear long wave theory, Lagrange's equations and virtual work method are employed to develop the equivalent mechanical model parameters of TLDs with rectangular, vertical-cylindrical, horizontal-cylindrical, hyperboloid, triangular, sloped-bottom, and parabolic tank geometries. A rectangular, vertical-cylindrical and horizontal-cylindrical TLD are selected for further study using a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model and a two degree of freedom structure-TLD system model applying the derived equivalent mechanical parameters.</p> <p> The dynamic characteristics of the TLDs as a SDOF system are investigated. The mechanical model is verified by comparing calculated values with experimental results for a rectangular TLD. The free surface motion, sloshing force and energy dissipation are found to be dependent upon the excitation amplitude. Analytical results also indicate that the horizontal-cylindrical TLD possesses the greatest normalized sloshing force and energy dissipation among the TLDs considered.</p> <p> The performances of various TLDs installed in a structure are studied in terms of effective damping, efficiency and robustness. Tuning ratio, structural response amplitude, mass ratio and liquid depth are adjusted to investigate their affect on the performance of the studied TLDs. Performance charts are developed and subsequently used to present the results. It is found that small liquid depth ratio and large mass ratio can lead to a robust structure-TLD system with small relative motion ratio between the structure and the vibration absorber. Comparisons of performance between the three TLDs are made and it can be concluded that the horizontal-cylindrical TLD is the most robust and effective device with the smallest relative motion ratio.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Perú está ubicado en uno de los continentes que presentan mayor actividad sísmica causando muchas pérdidas humanas y daños excesivos en elementos estructurales y no estructurales, así mismo para disminuir estos movimientos sísmicos se ha estudiado un sistema de protección sísmica llamado Amortiguamiento de masa sintonizada con el fin de aumentar el desempeño sísmico, El edificio analizado es: las dos torres de Salaverry ubicado en la ciudad de Chiclayo del territorio Peruano, Dicho amortiguamiento de masa sintonizada se ha colocado en la parte final del edifico con el propósito de disminuir los desplazamientos laterales ,Los Análisis utilizados han sido el Estatico,Dinamico Y el Análisis tiempo historia cumpliendo también con los requisitos de la Norma E030 , Para el análisis tiempo historia se han seleccionado los sismos ocurridos en Piura el 18 de octubre de 2021 y el 3 de febrero Condorcanqui Amazonas y uno de los sismos más fuertes de Perú que es de lima 1974, de los resultados obtenidos se ha concluido que este sistema de amortiguamiento de masas sintonizada al incorporar a edificios reduce considerablemente los desplazamientos laterales, resultando ser uno de sistemas de protección sísmica favorable / Peru is located in one of the continents that present the greatest seismic activity, causing many human losses and excessive damage to structural and non-structural elements. Likewise, in order to reduce these seismic movements, a seismic protection system called Tuned mass damping has been studied in order to increase the seismic performance, The analyzed building is the two Salaverry towers located in the city of Chiclayo in the Peruvian territory, This tuned mass damping has been placed in the final part of the building with the purpose of reducing lateral displacements, The Analyzes used have been the Static, Dynamic and Time History Analysis, also complying with the requirements of Standard E030. For the time history analysis, the earthquakes that occurred in Piura on October 18, 2021 and February 3, Condorcanqui Amazonas and one of the strongest earthquakes in Peru, which is from Lima 1974, of the results obtained It has been concluded that this tuned mass damping system when incorporated into buildings considerably reduces lateral displacements, turning out to be one of the favorable seismic protection systems.

Since their invention in the early 1900s, Tuned Vibration Absorbers (TVAs) have shown to be effective in suppressing vibrations of machines and structures. A vibration absorber is a vibratory subsystem attached to a primary system. It normally consists of a mass, a spring, and a damper. Mounted to the primary system, a TVA counteracts the motions of the primary system, "absorbing" the primary structure's vibrations. A conventional passive TVA, however, is only effective when it is tuned properly, hence, the name "tuned" vibration absorber. In many practical applications, inevitable off-tuning (or mistuning) of a TVA occurs because of the system's operating conditions or parameter changes over time. For example, the mass in a building floor could change by moving furnishings, people gathering, etc., which can "off-tune" TVAs. When TVAs are off-tuned, their effectiveness is sharply reduced. Moreover, the off-tuned TVAs can excessively amplify the vibration levels of the primary structures; therefore, not only rendering the TVA useless but also possibly causing damage to the structures. Off-tuning is one of the major problems of conventional passive TVAs. This study proposes a novel semiactive TVA, which strives to combine the best features of passive and active TVA systems. The semiactive TVA in this study includes a Magneto-Rheological (MR) damper that is used as a controllable damping element, for providing the real-time adjustability that is needed for improving the TVA performance. This study is conducted in two phases. The first phase provides a numerical investigation on a two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) numerical model in which the primary structure is coupled with a TVA. The numerical investigation considers four semiactive control methods for the MR TVAs, in addition to an equivalent passive TVA. These numerical models are optimally tuned using numerical optimization techniques to compare each TVA system. These tuned systems then serve as the basis for numerical parametric studies for further evaluation of their dynamic performance. The parametric study covers the effects of damping, as well as system parameter variations (off-tuning). The results indicates that semiactive TVAs are more effective in reducing the maximum vibrations of the primary structure and are more robust when subjected to off-tuning. Additionally, the numerical study identifies the "On-off Displacement-Based Groundhook control (on-off DBG)" as the most suitable control method for the semiactive TVA among control methods considered in this study. For the second phase of this study, an experimental study is performed on a test setup, which represents a 2-DOF structure model coupled with an MR TVA. Using this setup, a series of tests are conducted in the same manner as the numerical study to evaluate the performance of the semiactive TVA. The primary purposes of the experiment are to further evaluate the most promising semiactive control methods and to serve as a "proof-of-concept" of the effectiveness of this MR TVA for floor vibration applications. The results indicate that the semiactive TVA with displacement-based groundhook control outperforms the equivalent passive TVA in reducing the maximum vibrations of the primary structure. This confirms the numerical result that identifies on-off DBG control method as the "best" control method for the MR TVA among four semiactive control schemes considered. The experimental robustness study is also conducted, focusing on the dynamic performance of both the passive and the semiactive TVAs when the mass of the primary system changes (mass off-tuning). The mass of the primary system varied from -23 % to +23 % of its nominal value by adding and removing external masses. The experimental results show that the semiactive TVA is more robust to changes in the primary mass than the passive TVA. These results justify the benefits of the use of semiactive MR TVAs in structures, such as building floor systems. The off-tuning analysis further suggests that, in practice, semiactive TVAs should be tuned slightly less than their optimum in order to compensate for any added masses to the structure. Additionally, the lessons learned from the experimental study have paved the way for implementing the semiactive MR TVA on a test floor, which is currently in progress under a separate study. / Ph. D.

O uso contínuo de combustíveis fósseis já se mostrou deletério há anos, além de ser um meio energético finito. Por este motivo, a demanda atual e futura por sistemas de energia limpa é grande. Muito embora já existam diversas estruturas dedicadas a extrair energia do mar, o conceito em que se pretende trabalhar é inovador e de tecnologia nacional. Este tema foi desenvolvido inicialmente em uma abordagem teórica pelo então aluno de engenharia naval Daniel Prata Vieira e sua colega Ana Luísa Orsolini, como Trabalho Final do curso de Engenharia Naval e Oceânica da Escola Politécnica da USP, orientados pelo Prof. Dr. André Luis Condino Fujarra. Vieira & Orsolini (2011) [1] abordaram de uma forma diferente o tema de geração de energia por ondas do mar, trazendo à tona o uso da já consagrada plataforma monocoluna - protótipo que rendeu diversos prêmios de inventor do ano da Petrobrás, além de patente, ao Tanque de Provas Numérico, laboratório do departamento de engenharia naval da POLI-USP. O trabalho dos alunos Daniel e Ana também foi reconhecido nacionalmente recebendo o Prêmio Petrobras de Tecnologia 2011 no tema de Tecnologia de Energia. A continuação do trabalho consiste em levar a fundo alguns pontos importantes relacionados ao dimensionamento da plataforma para otimizar a geração de energia através do movimento relativo entre ela e um corpo flutuante interno ao seu moonpool. O objetivo do trabalho é definir melhores geometrias através da parametrização das dimensões principais e da utilização de métodos numéricos num estudo mais detalhado e aprofundado. O método de desenvolvimento leva em conta todos os fatores que influenciam na dinâmica do sistema como a hidrodinâmica de dois corpos (plataforma e corpo interno flutuante) e a dinâmica do gerador de energia (tipo de gerador e seu impacto no amortecimento do sistema global). / The continued use of fossil fuels has proved harmful for years, besides being a means finite energy. For this reason, the current and future demand for clean energy systems are great. Although there are already several structures dedicated to extracting energy from the sea, the concept on which it intends to work is innovative and with local technology. This theme has been already developed in a theoretical approach by the student of naval engineering Daniel Prata Vieira and his classmate Ana Luisa Orsolini, such as Final Paper Course of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering from the Escola Politécnica of USP, directed by Prof. Dr. André Luis Condino Fujarra. Vieira \\& Orsolini (2010) [1] studied in a different way the theme of energy generation from ocean waves, bringing up the use of already established monocolumn platform - prototype that earned several inventor of the year from Petrobras awards, besides patent, to the Numerical Offshore Tank, laboratory of the Naval Engineering Department of Poli - USP. The work of students Daniel and Ana was also recognized nationally getting the Petrobras Technology Award 2011 in the Energy Technology theme. The continuation of this work is to bring the background some important points related to platform design to optimize power generation through the relative motion between it and an internal floating body into moonpool. The objective is to define best geometries through the parameterization of the key dimensions and the use of numerical methods in a more detailed and in-depth study. The development method takes into account all the factors that influence the dynamics of the system such as the hydrodynamics of two bodies (platform and floating internal body) and the dynamics of the generator (type of generator and its impact on the damping of the global system).

O uso contínuo de combustíveis fósseis já se mostrou deletério há anos, além de ser um meio energético finito. Por este motivo, a demanda atual e futura por sistemas de energia limpa é grande. Muito embora já existam diversas estruturas dedicadas a extrair energia do mar, o conceito em que se pretende trabalhar é inovador e de tecnologia nacional. Este tema foi desenvolvido inicialmente em uma abordagem teórica pelo então aluno de engenharia naval Daniel Prata Vieira e sua colega Ana Luísa Orsolini, como Trabalho Final do curso de Engenharia Naval e Oceânica da Escola Politécnica da USP, orientados pelo Prof. Dr. André Luis Condino Fujarra. Vieira & Orsolini (2011) [1] abordaram de uma forma diferente o tema de geração de energia por ondas do mar, trazendo à tona o uso da já consagrada plataforma monocoluna - protótipo que rendeu diversos prêmios de inventor do ano da Petrobrás, além de patente, ao Tanque de Provas Numérico, laboratório do departamento de engenharia naval da POLI-USP. O trabalho dos alunos Daniel e Ana também foi reconhecido nacionalmente recebendo o Prêmio Petrobras de Tecnologia 2011 no tema de Tecnologia de Energia. A continuação do trabalho consiste em levar a fundo alguns pontos importantes relacionados ao dimensionamento da plataforma para otimizar a geração de energia através do movimento relativo entre ela e um corpo flutuante interno ao seu moonpool. O objetivo do trabalho é definir melhores geometrias através da parametrização das dimensões principais e da utilização de métodos numéricos num estudo mais detalhado e aprofundado. O método de desenvolvimento leva em conta todos os fatores que influenciam na dinâmica do sistema como a hidrodinâmica de dois corpos (plataforma e corpo interno flutuante) e a dinâmica do gerador de energia (tipo de gerador e seu impacto no amortecimento do sistema global). / The continued use of fossil fuels has proved harmful for years, besides being a means finite energy. For this reason, the current and future demand for clean energy systems are great. Although there are already several structures dedicated to extracting energy from the sea, the concept on which it intends to work is innovative and with local technology. This theme has been already developed in a theoretical approach by the student of naval engineering Daniel Prata Vieira and his classmate Ana Luisa Orsolini, such as Final Paper Course of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering from the Escola Politécnica of USP, directed by Prof. Dr. André Luis Condino Fujarra. Vieira \\& Orsolini (2010) [1] studied in a different way the theme of energy generation from ocean waves, bringing up the use of already established monocolumn platform - prototype that earned several inventor of the year from Petrobras awards, besides patent, to the Numerical Offshore Tank, laboratory of the Naval Engineering Department of Poli - USP. The work of students Daniel and Ana was also recognized nationally getting the Petrobras Technology Award 2011 in the Energy Technology theme. The continuation of this work is to bring the background some important points related to platform design to optimize power generation through the relative motion between it and an internal floating body into moonpool. The objective is to define best geometries through the parameterization of the key dimensions and the use of numerical methods in a more detailed and in-depth study. The development method takes into account all the factors that influence the dynamics of the system such as the hydrodynamics of two bodies (platform and floating internal body) and the dynamics of the generator (type of generator and its impact on the damping of the global system).

Avec l’avènement des véhicules hybrides rechargeables, voire tout électrique et la nécessité d’une augmentation de l’autonomie et de l’énergie volumique des batteries de traction, leur refroidissement au cours du roulage devient nécessaire pour garantir leur fiabilité et leur durabilité. Pour ces véhicules, le système de production de froid peut avoir à alimenter deux évaporateurs pour la climatisation de l’habitacle (Climatisation au rang 1 et rang 2) ainsi qu’un refroidisseur de liquide pour le refroidissement de la batterie de traction. Ce type de système de réfrigération multi-évaporateur présente un certain nombre de verrous technologiques qu’il convient de lever liés au dimensionnement des éléments dans un contexte de réduction de la charge en fluide frigorigène et au contrôle - commande de tels systèmes. Dans les systèmes de climatisation multi-évaporateurs, la pression d’évaporation est sensiblement égale dans chaque évaporateur de telle manière que leur fonctionnement est couplé dynamiquement. Cependant, la demande en puissance frigorifique et les consignes de température de l’air soufflée et de l’eau peuvent varier d’un évaporateur à l’autre. Le détendeur devient alors un composant clé et son fonctionnement doit être étudié. Pour ces raisons, un banc d’essais expérimental a été créé pour étudier ce type de climatisation multi-évaporateurs en régime stabilisé et en régime transitoire. Des détendeurs thermostatique et électronique ont été montés en parallèle sur chaque évaporateur afin de pouvoir étudier leur impact sur le système. Une fois les différents bilans réalisés, les résultats expérimentaux sont exploités pour caractériser l’ensemble des composants avec le nouveau fluide frigorigène R-1234yf. Les phénomènes de mauvaise distribution du fluide frigorigène dans l’évaporateur ainsi que de l’évaporateur endormi sont également étudiés. Dans un second temps, à partir des résultats expérimentaux, un modèle numérique et dynamique du climatiseur a été réalisé avec le logiciel LMS Imagine Lab Amesim® 1D. Après avoir validé indépendamment chacun des composants, le système est validé sur une série de points de fonctionnement en régime stationnaire. Le modèle est ensuite exploité afin d’étudier diverses lois de contrôle permettant l’optimisation du fonctionnement. / With the arrival of plug-in hybrid and fully electrified vehicles, the air-conditioning system has to be reconsidered. Battery cooling management system and high level of comfort for passengers make the single evaporator air-conditioning system a multi-evaporator one. In a multi-evaporator air-conditioning system, evaporating pressures are equal in each evaporator so that evaporators are coupled dynamically. However, the demand in cooling capacity and temperature target can vary from each other. For an operating point with a first evaporator working at high load and a second at low partial load, thermal interaction can occur from the superheated refrigerant coming from a first evaporator to the outlet of a second evaporator. This phenomenon makes the second evaporator sleeping since its expansion valve bulb misreads the superheat and closes. Furthermore, sleeping evaporator looks like an extreme case of refrigerant maldistribution in the evaporator. Refrigerant maldistribution is then investigated to show some drawbacks and advantages multi-evaporator air-conditioning systems (MEAC) have to face or can benefit by comparing two types of expansion valve: thermostatic and electronic ones. In this paper, sleeping evaporator and refrigerant maldistribution phenomena are experimentally investigated in order to propose in the future a robust control of an automotive MEAC. A test bench was built to compare two types of expansion valves (thermostatic/electronic) and study their behaviours in steady and transient state to tackle sleeping evaporators and benefit from refrigerant maldistribution. An automotive multi-evaporator air conditioning system, which is composed of two evaporators and a secondary fluid cooler, was modeled using the LMS Imagine.Lab Amesim® 1D software. The present study focuses on understanding the dynamic coupling of the several loop components such as the three evaporators having different cooling capacities. This kind of multi-evaporator air-conditioning system has a number of technological barriers that must be overcome. Understanding the behavior of their respective expansion devices and the choice of these latter is also essential to control properly the transient phase and ensure an optimal operation of the air-conditioning system. In order to study the behavior of the loop, step disturbances were simulated on an operating point at medium and high load. The impact of these disturbances on the stability of the supplied cooled air temperature is analyzed for two types of expansion valve. Initial results show that the thermostatic expansion valves can cause instabilities. Furthermore, the electronic expansion valves have to be regulated with an advanced control in order to use their full potential and to try to achieve desired results.