The purpose of this research was to determine empirically whether or not a pharmacologically based drug education program results in a change in the recipient's behavior and attitude with reference to potentially harmful drugs. A further objective of this research was to determine empirically whether or not a non-pharmacologically based human relationship program results in a change in the recipient's behavior and attitude with reference to potentially harmful drugs. A conceptual model for drug education utilizing four components was also developed. The sample consisted of 284 grade eight boys and girls in one Vancouver, B.C., high school of whom less than one-half were experimental and more than one-haIf were control. Of the 117 students in the experimental groups, fifty-five students, in two sexually segregated class groupings, were involved in the pharmacologically based drug education program. Sixty-two students in two sexually segregated class groupings were involved in the non-pharmacologically based human relationship program. The control group consisting of 167 students received the normal guidance and study block programs which did not include any form of drug education. A drug behavior questionnaire and a drug attitude semantic differential were developed for the pretest -postest control group design. An assumption central to the use of both instruments is that scores on the behavior questionnaire or the semantic differential scales which were considered to be evaluative can be taken as indicants of the respondent's actual behavior and attitudes with reference to the concepts relating to drugs. The pharmacologically based drug education program consisted of thirteen, one hour sessions of basic pharmacological and legal information transmitted by videotape productions, paper and pencil activities, large group discussions and pamphlets applicable to the basic cognitive data. The non-pharmacologically based human relationship program consisted of fifteen, one hour sessions of structured experiences and cognitive learning and was based on several psychological systems of thought. This program was prematurely terminated at the end of the fourth session. In the analysis of data, the Hotelling routine yielded the basic data for the thirty-eight variables of the drug behavior questionnaire and a student t statistic at the .05 level of significance was employed in determining between-group equivalance and the null hypotheses measured at postest. The Alberta General Factor Analysis Program yielded the basic data for the drug attitude semantic differential and one-way analyses of variance were employed on emerging concept structures in determining pretest between-group equivalence and the null hypotheses measured at postest. Missing data from the instruments were not scored at pretest nor at postest and it affected none of the computations. The pharmacologically based drug education program yielded non-statistically significant differences for the measured variables from the drug behavior questionnaire and a non-systematic mean difference effect as compared with the control group at postest. The non-pharmacologically based human relationship program yielded non-statistically significant differences for the measured variables from the drug behavior questionnaire and a systematic and negative (decrease) mean difference effect as compared with the control group at postest. There was no statistically significant difference in the treatment recipients' drug-using and anti-establishment attitudes as measured by the postest drug attitude semantic differential between the pharmacologically based drug education program, the non-pharmacologically based human relationship program and the control group. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Ways in which regional college students perceive drug abuses, their levels of moral reasoning, their attitudes toward drug abuses and the interrelationships among these variables were investigated. The intent was to present this information on these variables in such a way that teachers involved in drug education could readily accommodate to these variables to facilitate learning. Multidimensional scaling, using the IKDSCAL model, was employed to determine the number of dimensions that would span perceptions of the drug abuses; to provide the saliences of each dimension; and to describe the qualitative nature of these perceptions. On analysis it was found that the perceptions were three-dimensional in nature and that, generally, the group only differentiated between cigarettes, marijuana and alcohol. The other drugs were grouped together. The test on moral reasoning placed this group well below the expected level, probably due to the inherent characteristics of this diverse group. The test on attitudes indicated unfavourableness toward drug abuses. On graphing the perceptions of drug abuses and levels of moral reasoning it was found that those students who demonstrated high levels of moral reasoning on the moral dilemmas test clustered highly on all dimensions. On the other hand, on graphing the perceptions of drug abuses and attitudes toward drug abuses the students who obtained the highest and the lowest scores on the attitude test did not exhibit any clustering on any of the dimensions. The results of this study stress the lack of discrimination between beneficial drugs and addictive, mind-destroying drugs. This distressing finding, plus the rather low levels of moral reasoning demonstrated by this group, indicates that a strong teaching program, comprising science classes on drug action and a component on the development of moral principles, is urgently required. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

The abuse of narcotic drugs is an international problem in almost every respect, and as such requires international solutions. This thesis deals with both these questions. Since the last century, when the Sino-Indian opium trade thrived, the international trade in drugs has been of concern to the international community. After an introduction to the various types of narcotics and their properties, the history of drugs is reviewed, specifically with an eye to determining the factors which led to the creation of the international anti-narcotics movement. The international conferences on this subject, beginning with the Shanghai Opium Commission of 1909 and the Hague Opium Conferences several years later, were plagued with difficulties and conflicting objectives among the participants. The narcotics diplomacy which preceded the Second World War paved the way for current international action, but it also illustrated the problems inherent in international regulation. The modern drug problem, chiefly the abuse of heroin, is studiad and seen to be even more global than was the pre-World War II narcotics trade. The involvement of a greater number of states, both directly and indirectly, in the illicit drug traffic has been a stimulus to more vigorous international controls, but at the same time it has proved more difficult to enforce existing agreements throughout the international system. To an extent these difficulties can be attributed to the nature of the problem itself, as well as to conditions existing in a number of states, but essentially it would seem that the illicit narcotics trade continues to flourish because of the nature of the international system in which it operates. Thus a paradox can be seen the drug problem cannot be solved on a purely national level and hence international solutions must be adopted, but these solutions are also fated to face obstacles from the very start. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this investigation was to empirically test an ecological model of child abuse. The orientation of this model is to address the contexts in which individuals function. The three contexts pivotal to the current investigation are the ontogenic system, representing personality traits and the quality of care received by the mother in her childhood the microsystem, representing the dyadic relationships between the mother and her child, and the mother and the rest of her family; the microsystem, representing the relationship between the mother and her social network as well as the impact of life stress. A prospective method of investigation was used. One hundred seven women were selected from a larger pool of women previously identified as high risk. Half of these women were clearly abusing their children while the other half were providing adequate care. Discriminant function analyses were employed to determine the rates of prediction into abusing and nonabu-sing groups, first for individual systems, then for all three systems simultaneously. The hypotheses predicted a higher percentage of correct classification when all systems were considered together, rather than individually. These hypotheses were supported. An 86% rate of correct classification was obtained when ontogenic, microsystem and mesosystem variables were entered together. This is in contrast to a 76% rate of correct classification for ontogenic, 69% for microsystem and 76% for the mesosystem. The most powerful predictors were the quality of care the mother received in her own childhood, family continuity and life stress. Results from additional descriptive analyses suggest that women who abuse their children are not more socially isolated than those who do not abuse, nor are they more impulsive or hostile. Stress appeared to be an important variable only for those women who had, themselves, been victims of abuse. The results of this investigation suggest that multivariate methods are a fruitful direction for future inquiry into abuse etiology. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

M.A.(Social Work) / In South Africa very few facilities exist for the treatment of chemical substance dependency, and-many chemically dependent persons who, because of work and family commitments cannot admit themselves to a long-term inpatient government or registered treatment facility, are deprived of an opportunity to receive appropriate treatment for their condition. Riverfield Lodge, a private treatment centre, was designed and built to meet the need for a shorter-term intensive inpatient treatment programme for individuals and their families whose physical, psychological and social functioning, and work performance have become impaired as a result of their abuse of psychoactive chemical substances. Realizing the responsibility to be accountable both to the clients served and to the funding agents of this project, the need for an accountable empirically-based treatment programme which can be used at Riverfield Lodge was identified. This study was undertaken with the aim to develop a short-term treatment programme for chemically dependent persons in a therapeutic community, based on research findings and a literature study of already existing intervention strategies (social technology) and treatment programmes. This study is undertaken within the practice-research paradigma- - a new perspective which calls for social workers to adopt systematic research procedures to shape, direct and monitor their practice activities (in this case the treatment of chemically dependent persons), and (since theultimate aim of this study is to design new social technology) Development research, a relatively new research model 'that was designed by Edwin Thomas, is used as research design. In order to ascertain whether the treatment of chemically dependent persons is necessary and successful, and to identify and determine which treatment methods are most effective when treating chemical substance dependency, vailable literature on the treatment of chemical substance dependency was studied. Based on the finding of this investigation, a short-term treatment programme was designed. Although this programme was designed on request of the Management of Riverfield Lodge, it can also be adapted and used by any other praciitioners who render treatment services to persons who are addicted to chemical substances. The Riverfield Lodge treatment programme takes an holistic approach to treating the individual, rather than treating the symptoms. Symptomatic treatment of drug dependency is rarely successful, and this treatment programme provides for the' physical restoration, resocialization and psychological integration of the dependent individual and those close to him. It entails improvement in physical and social functioning, self image, self esteem, interpersonal relationships, positive family interaction and productivity, the establishment and attainment of realistic life goals, and a healthy lifestyle adjustment without chemical substances. Treatment at Riverfield Lodge will be rendered in a therapeutic community, and medical treatment, individual psychotherapy and social work intervention, group work, behaviour modification, occupational therapy and family therapy will be used as treatment methods. The importance of continuing, prolonged aftercare is emphasized, and post-discharge support services and follow-up counselling will be provided. Based on research findings it is recommended that, although a general treatment programme has been developed, it is imperative to assess every patient individually to determine which combination of the available forms of treatment methods are best suited in the case concerned. It is likely that in the individual suffering from chemical substance dependence, a number of interacting predisposing and precipitating factors have been at work to produce the condition which itself in turn produces physical, psychological, emotional and social changes. For these reasons it is unlikely that one and the same method of treatment would be effective for every individual case. Finally it is emphasised that the treatment of chemical substance dependency is not the prerogative or the responsibility of one profession. The multi-dimensional nature of this social problem necessitates the participation of a multi-disciplinary team of trained and skilled professionals in the treatment process. In addition the dependents family and friend, his employer and colleagues and other support systems have to work in close co-operation with the multi-professional team to achieve the best possible results. This short term, twenty eight day inpatient treatment programme will hopefully offer an extensive and comprehensive foundation for recovery from chemical substance dependence, and combined with long term aftercare treatment programmes, it is expected to make a significant contribution to the alcohol and drug treatment field in South Africa.

This study contributes to the INC theory by adding the stage of prevention to the parent-child relationships' timeline. Ten parents (six mothers and four fathers) were interviewed, and a memory enhancing timeline calendar was used to encourage parents to recall and talk about when they were trying to prevent substance (ab)use. Prevention strategies were coded on the basis of Inconsistent Nurturing as Control (INC) theory. Nurturing strategies consisted of 1.) Promoting open discussions, 2.) Monitoring behavior and activities in respectful ways, and 3.) Presenting a model for responsible use. Punishing strategies consisted of 1.) Reinforcing discipline and rules, 2.) Forcing discussions, 3.) Reprimanding perceived deviant behavior. Results demonstrated that a prevention stage exists in the parent-child relationship in the context of adolescent substance (ab)use, and parents used both nurturing and control strategies for prevention.

Blood Brothers as a media project works as a diptych. There are two – seemingly identical – pieces of the project that must both be experienced to understand the project as a whole. The first piece of the project is the linear documentary. This part captures the experience as it exists in the past. It exists as a master copy of the original story of mine and my foster brother’s relationship. This version of the story will always exist in the past. The second part is the live-cinema documentary performance. In this version of the story, my foster brother and I are no longer only images on a screen; we are living, breathing, and emotional subjects in the present. Our presence alters how the audience consumes the material.

The problem: The study of child abuse in South Africa has concentrated on management issues, and the epidemiology of child abuse and neglect has yet to be determined. Child abuse intervention programmes are based on data from studies conducted in the United States and Europe. Over the past few years practitioners in the field have expressed the need for local information to be available in order to plan future child protection programmes. A review of the literature reveals that the medico-legal model developed in the United States and the United Kingdom, based on investigation, is under strain due to the large number of reported cases of child abuse. Aims: The study aims to compare the data collected with that reported in the literature. The specific research questions include: • Can the characteristics of abused children in Cape Town be determined? • Do the characteristics of child abuse and neglect in Cape Town differ from those reported in the literature? • Should and can a child abuse reporting system be developed and implemented? • Can prevention and intervention strategies be developed based on the epidemiological data that has been collected? • Can the study in Cape Town provide an impetus for further research in the field of child abuse and neglect? • Can the results provide the basis for a National Plan of Action on child abuse and neglect? Methodology Following extensive consultation in with professionals and practitioners in the field, a child abuse reporting system was established in Cape Town, South Africa. Clear definitions of child abuse and neglect were agreed upon, and for the period October 1993 to May 1995 practitioners in the field reported all cases of child abuse and neglect to a central reporting centre. The data was entered on to a computer and analysed by the researcher. Results • The overall picture of child protection in Cape Town: • Child abuse and neglect primarily affects females in the Cape Town area; • younger children are more likely to be physically abused or neglected; • older children are more likely to be sexually abused. • Characteristics of the children abused, in particular, the differences between male and female children: • Females are at a high risk of child sexual abuse, • Males are more prone to physical abuse. • There is an absence of reported fatal child abuse. • Profile of the alleged perpetrator: • most of the abuse is either intra-familial, or inflicted by a person known to the child. • The geographical distribution of child abuse: • the distribution of abuse is influenced by the reporting agencies. In this study the incidence of reported child abuse and neglect is predominantly from the Cape Flats areas, though this does not reflect the rate of reported child abuse and neglect. • Action is taken by child protection agencies: • the majority of reported child abuse and neglect is managed by social service agencies; • the police do not investigate child reported child abuse and neglect in the majority of cases. • Comparison with the literature: • The characteristics of reported child abuse differ from that in the literature. • Child physical abuse is under-reported in comparison to other countries. • Rates of reported child sexual abuse are higher than those reported in the literature. Conclusions and recommendations Child abuse is an important problem in Cape Town, and in South Africa as a whole. The required response to this phenomenon is the development of an appropriate Child Protection Service, based on the concept of the prevention of child abuse and neglect, rather than on a reaction to abuse already present. This involves consideration of the data in this study and other studies, as well as examination of the philosophy behind the Child Protection Service to be set up. This approach can be adapted in other countries.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs between two individuals who have formerly been or are currently in an intimate relationship. IPV includes physical violence, sexual violence, threats of physical or sexual violence, and emotional abuse (Kernic, Wolf, & Holt, 2000; Rennison & Welchans, 2000). Experiencing IPV is associated with a serious impact on psychological health (Afifi, MacMillan, Cox, Asmundson, Stein, & Sareen, 2008; Calvete, Corral , & EstΘvez, 2008). Research on other forms of trauma indicates that experiential avoidance (EA) plays an important role in psychological distress and psychopathology. Thus, it was hypothesized that EA would play a key role in the impact of IPV. Using the Baron and Kenny (1986) method, the current study examined whether EA was a mediator between IPV severity and psychological distress, and whether EA was a mediator between IPV severity and PTSD symptomology, more specifically. In addition, mediational analyses were run to determine if suppression changed the relationships between IPV severity and psychological distress, or IPV severity and PTSD symptomology. Using the same methods, EA and suppression were both also examined as mediators between psychological/verbal abuse severity and psychological distress, and between psychological/verbal abuse severity and PTSD symptomology. No significant results were found in a treatment sample. However, several mediations and partial mediations were found in an undergraduate sample. These findings are likely to impact treatment of individuals who have experienced IPV and demonstrate the utility of acceptance and mindfulness based interventions such as ACT with this population.

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Community Psychology in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2001. / Research in the area of child sexual abuse is growing rapidly. A potpourri of literature in this field lacks one very important aspect- the workings of power in relation to abuse. The way in which power is exercised over people, is the most insidious ingredient of distress which sadly affects normal development This research is aimed at studying this core variable in the lives of victims of child sexual abuse. Its special focus is investigating the effect of sexual abuse from the perspective of the 'terrain of power' in which the victims are located. This is achieved by the use of a power-mapping methodology in a group of five victims. With such information a model of helping is displayed which seeks to directly increase power and resources to them. Posttesting in power map form presents the therapeutic gains of this method. Some evaluations of the study and recommendations are drawn from the implications of this thesis.