A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand" Johannesburg, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Johannesburg, 1993 / In this dissertation the circumscription and subdivision of Barletta L. (Acanthaceae) is investigated. Barlerla is a large, polymorphic genus of herbs and shrubs, the delimitation and subdivision of which has long been subject to question. Approximately 300 species are known in fhe genus, occurring mainly in Africa and south-eastern Asia, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical zones. Previous studies of Barleria have followed two divergent approaches: those that result in a broad circumscription of the genus (e.g, Bentham, 1876), and those that recognise numerous,small segregate genera (eg. Oersted, 1854). The only world-wide accounts of Barleria to date are those of Nees (1847), Bentham (1876) and Lindau (1895), All more recent accounts have been undertaken as parts of :floras for particular geographic or florlstic regions. Despite the publication of seven such accounts between 1895 and 1967 (the most recent), the problem. of satisfactory subdivislon of the genus, as perceived by-Bentham (1876), still remained and provided one of the main motivations for embarking on the current research. The aims of this research were to: i) re-assess the-clrcumscription and, subdivision of Barleria; ii) provide a modern classification of the genus on a global scale, and iii) assess evolutionary relationships and lineages within the genus. 'The approach adopted was a multidisciplinary one, combining research in the laboratory, herbarium and field wherever possible. Careful sampling of a wide range of species was necessary in order to cover the morphological variability and geographic distribution of the genus as thoroughly as possible, Approximately 240 of the 300 described species were studied. Emphasis was placed on various aspects of morphology, anatomy of fruits and phytogeography, with particular attentlon paid to the accurate determlnation of characters and character-states, assessment of their evolutionary polarity and distribution.within the genus. In the search for reliable characters, a number of new and previously neglected characters were found, and the homology of previously misunderstood characters (e.g. spine systems) was established. A wide range of characters was investigated, but only ten of these were selected for use in the cladistic analyses. These characters were those for which evolutionary polarity and homology could be determined with a high degree of confidence and included: basic configuration of the corolla lobes; structure of the stigma; the presence of hollow or solid beaks on tlle capsules; the number of seeds in the mature capsule; anatomy of the septum (three characters); composition of the androecium; the nature of the hygroscopic hairs on the seeds and the structure of the fruit wall. Data was analysed using an iterative approach to cladistics in order to establish a sound empirical basis for a new classification, Crabbea Harv. was used as the outgroup in the cladistic analyses. The generic concept adopted here is a phylogenetic one based on monophyly. [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version]

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Johannesburg, September 2012. / Variation has been known to be a result of various causes including plasticity, gene flow or the lack of it. In this work morphological variation exhibited within five species of Barleria (B. bechuanensis C.B. Clarke, B. irritans Nees, B. jubata S. Moore, B. pungens L.f. and B. rigida Nees) was studied to establish whether it was discrete or continuous. Morphological characters were examined and recorded in the form of matrices and photographs. Variation was analysed from three aspects: macro-morphology, micro-morphology and distribution of morphological characters. Cluster analysis imposed a hierarchical non-overlapping association among operational taxonomic units (OTUs) while ordination established whether the variation was discrete or continuous. Cluster analysis and ordination demonstrated that some of the species complexes exhibited discrete variation while others exhibited both continuous and discrete variation. Distribution maps which illustrated the distribution of clusters and some of the morphological characters in geographic space suggested that allopatric, parapatric and / or sympatric speciation could have occurred bringing about the differentiation. Pubescence revealed that trichome morphology and distribution can to some extent be used to define intra-specific variation. On the basis of phenetics analysis, B. jubata is maintained as a single species while the B. bechuanensis and B. irritans complexes are separated into two species each (differentiated by leaf size, shape and margins; and by bracteole size and number of veins in the bracteole respectively). Within the B. rigida complex, two species are recognised where one has lobed bracteoles and calyx lobes and the other has non-lobed bracteoles and calyx lobes. Included within the latter are plants formerly known as B. ilicina (E. Mey. ex T. Anders.). Barleria pungens is separated into two species, one with flat green leaf margins and the other with wavy green or white leaf margins.

Thesis (doctoral)--Ruprecht-Karl-Universität zu Heidelberg, 1901? / Curriculum vitae. Includes bibliographical references.

Unable to copy from pdf. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1985.

O gênero Justicia L. pode ser considerado o maior gênero de Acanthaceae, com cerca de 600 espécies. Apesar de não ser sustentado como monofilético, a falta de uma revisão a nível genérico que melhor estabeleça as relações dentro do táxon tem levado à sua utilização em senso mais amplo em estudos diversos, especialmente em floras regionais. Este gênero pode ser reconhecido dentro da família pelas corolas bilabiadas com lobo superior bilobado e lobo inferior trilobado, dois estames com duas tecas inseridas em alturas diferentes, pelos estaminódios ausentes e especialmente pela presença da ou sulco estilar na porção posterior da corola, que na maioria das espécies envolve o estilete. O gênero compreende em sua maioria espécies subarbustivas a arbustivas, havendo também representantes herbáceos e de aspecto lianescente. O presente tratamento taxonômico foi baseado na análise de materiais de 17 herbários, contando com grande representatividade das coletas do Estado de Goiás, além de diversas expedições de coleta em diversos municípios ao longo da área do estado. Foram encontradas 26 espécies do gênero, incluindo a descrição de três novas espécies. Como resultado, são providas descrições, comentários sobre circunscrição e distribuição geográfica das espécies, chave de identificação, ilustrações dos táxons, mapas de distribuição geográfica e gráficos de fenologia das espécies no estado. Desta forma, este estudo contribui para o conhecimento sobre o gênero no Brasil e especialmente no Cerrado, domínio fitogeográfico ainda carente em estudos na família, além de prover dados que podem subsidiar outros trabalhos relacionados ao grupo. / The genus Justicia L. is considered the largest genus of Acanthaceae, with about 600 species. Even though it is not supported as a monophyletic group, the lack of a review that could establish a consistent circumscription and relationships within the group has led botanists to use a broader sense of Justicia, specially in regional floras. Currently, Justicia is recognized by its bilabiated corollas with the upper lip bilobed or entire, the lower lip trilobed, two stamens with a dithecous anthers and thecae arranged at different heights on the connective, no staminodes and mainly by a tipical fold on the posterior portion of the corolla that usually involves the style. Species of Justicia are mainly subshrubs and shrubs, but there are also herbs or ascending shrubs. The taxonomic treatment here presented is based on field work carried out on all regions of the State of Goiás, and on the study of specimens from 17 herbaria housing large number of samples from the State. We found 26 species in Goiás, including three new species. Descriptions of the species are provided, as well as commentaries about their circunscription and geographical distribuition, an identification key, illustrations, maps of geographical distribuition, and phenological diagrams of each species. The present work contributes to the knowledge of the genus in Brazil and in the Cerrado, a phytogeographical province lacking studies in the family, and provide useful data for other studies in this group.

O gênero Justicia L. pode ser considerado o maior gênero de Acanthaceae, com cerca de 600 espécies. Apesar de não ser sustentado como monofilético, a falta de uma revisão a nível genérico que melhor estabeleça as relações dentro do táxon tem levado à sua utilização em senso mais amplo em estudos diversos, especialmente em floras regionais. Este gênero pode ser reconhecido dentro da família pelas corolas bilabiadas com lobo superior bilobado e lobo inferior trilobado, dois estames com duas tecas inseridas em alturas diferentes, pelos estaminódios ausentes e especialmente pela presença da ou sulco estilar na porção posterior da corola, que na maioria das espécies envolve o estilete. O gênero compreende em sua maioria espécies subarbustivas a arbustivas, havendo também representantes herbáceos e de aspecto lianescente. O presente tratamento taxonômico foi baseado na análise de materiais de 17 herbários, contando com grande representatividade das coletas do Estado de Goiás, além de diversas expedições de coleta em diversos municípios ao longo da área do estado. Foram encontradas 26 espécies do gênero, incluindo a descrição de três novas espécies. Como resultado, são providas descrições, comentários sobre circunscrição e distribuição geográfica das espécies, chave de identificação, ilustrações dos táxons, mapas de distribuição geográfica e gráficos de fenologia das espécies no estado. Desta forma, este estudo contribui para o conhecimento sobre o gênero no Brasil e especialmente no Cerrado, domínio fitogeográfico ainda carente em estudos na família, além de prover dados que podem subsidiar outros trabalhos relacionados ao grupo. / The genus Justicia L. is considered the largest genus of Acanthaceae, with about 600 species. Even though it is not supported as a monophyletic group, the lack of a review that could establish a consistent circumscription and relationships within the group has led botanists to use a broader sense of Justicia, specially in regional floras. Currently, Justicia is recognized by its bilabiated corollas with the upper lip bilobed or entire, the lower lip trilobed, two stamens with a dithecous anthers and thecae arranged at different heights on the connective, no staminodes and mainly by a tipical fold on the posterior portion of the corolla that usually involves the style. Species of Justicia are mainly subshrubs and shrubs, but there are also herbs or ascending shrubs. The taxonomic treatment here presented is based on field work carried out on all regions of the State of Goiás, and on the study of specimens from 17 herbaria housing large number of samples from the State. We found 26 species in Goiás, including three new species. Descriptions of the species are provided, as well as commentaries about their circunscription and geographical distribuition, an identification key, illustrations, maps of geographical distribuition, and phenological diagrams of each species. The present work contributes to the knowledge of the genus in Brazil and in the Cerrado, a phytogeographical province lacking studies in the family, and provide useful data for other studies in this group.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, 2015. / External pollen grain morphology has been widely used in the taxonomy and systematics of flowering plants. The eurypalynous family Acanthaceae is a notable example of a group where these pollen diversities have proved useful in determining relationships between taxa. However, internal pollen wall features have received far less attention due to the difficulty of examining the underlying exine from which the external sculpturing is derived. Consequently, internal wall features have thus far not been used in formulating existing classifications. A new technique involving precise cross sectioning or slicing of pollen grains at a selected position, using a focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM), was used on 39 species of Acanthaceae to examine the internal pollen wall structure and identify features of potential systematic relevance. Five basic internal wall structures were described in this study. The study also showed that similar external pollen wall features may have distinctly different underlying structures.

A comprehensive revision of the genus Justicia L and, the closely related genera Siphonoglossa Oersted and Aulojusticia Lindau in southern Africa was undertaken as part of the Flora of Southern Africa project. Taxonomic characters re-examined include traditional morphological features and novel characters such as SEM studies of pollen~ seed and indumentum morphology, as well as chromatographic work on floral , pigments. Traditional morphological features examined included habit, the size and shape of leaves, the corolla, anthers and capsules. Inflorescence features were thoroughly re-examined. Pollen morphology was found to be diverse with three types of grain present in the genus. The number of colpi was either two or three and there were major differences in the appearance of the sexine. Pollen and inflorescence type were found to correlate. On the basis of this a natural infrageneric classification was proposed. The seeds showed a number of testa patterns: smooth, papillate, reticulate or with long scales. These types in many cases also correlated with the proposed infra-generic classification. The indumentum of leaves, stems and bracts was examined for each taxon, and in many cases proved valuable for identification of the taxon. The floral pigments were analysed using by 2D paper chromatography but, except in one species, did not prove useful in species or sectional delimitation. As a result of these studies, Justicia in southern Africa was divided into eight sections containing 22 species with six subspecies. One species and two subspecies were new and there is one new record for the region. These new taxa and a number of nomenclatural changes were published by Immelman (1986). The genus Aulojusticia was reassessed and is here regarded as a synonym of Siphonoglossa. Siphonoglossa, therefore, is considered' here to include three species and one subspecies in the southern African region. The species and subspecific taxa recognised in this revision are: Justicia 1. J. glabra Koenig ex Roxb. - N. Botswana, N. Transvaal and Zululand; also in tropical Africa. 2. J. campylostemon (Nees) T. Anders. - from N.E. Transvaal to E. Cape. 3. J. bolussi, C.B. Cl. restricted to the E. Cape and the Transkei. 4. J. betonica L. - from N. Namibia and N.E. Botswana, through the Transvaal to the E. Cape; also in tropical Africa and India. 5. J. montis-salinarum A. Meeuse - restricted to the Soutpansberg (N. Transvaal). 6. J. flava (Vahl) Vahl - from E. Botswana through the Transvaal and Natal to the Transkei, also widespread in Africa. 7. J. kirkiana T. Anders. - a common species in Africa, occurring in the region covered only from two localities in N. Botswana. 8. J. petiolaris (Nees) T. Anders. - (a) subsp. petiolaris from E. Transvaal to the Transkei (b) subsp. bowiei (C.B. Cl.) Immelman stat. nov. restricted to the E. Cape (c) subsp. incerta (C.B. Cl.) Immelman stat. nov. from the Transvaal and Zululand. 9. J. protracta (Nees) T. Anders. - (a) subsp. protracta from the Transvaal to the S. Cape (b) subsp. rhodesiana (S. Moore) Immelman stat. nov. from Namibia, W. Botswana and the N. and E. Transvaal. 10. J. parvibracteata Immelman sp. nov. - from the N. Cape, with one record from the N. Transvaal. 11. J. dinteri S. Moore Transvaal. N. Namibia, N.E. Botswana and W_o 12. J. odora (Forssk.) Vahl - N. Namibia, N. and E. Botswana, the Transvaal and Natal, also in tropical Africa. 13. J. capensis Thunb. N. Natal and also, disjunctly, the Transkei and E. and S. Cape. 14. J. cuneata Vahl - (a) subsp. cuneata which is restricted to the E. Cape (b) subsp. latifolia (Nees) Immelman from Namaqualand, W. Karoo and E. Cape (c) subsp. hoerleinlana (P.G. Mey.) Immelman stat. nov. from S. Namibia 15. J. Orchioides L. f. - (a) subsp. orchioides restricted to the E. Cape (b) subsp. glabrata Immelman subsp. nov. from the S. and E. Cape, E. Karoo, O.F.S., and S.W. Transvaal. 16. J.thymlfoila (Nees) C.B. C1. - restricted to the N. Cape. 17. J. guerkeana Schinz - mainly in S. Namibia. 18. J. platysepala (S. Moore) P.G. Mey. - mainly in N. Namibia. 19. J. minima A. Meeuse - endemic to the Waterberg (Transvaal). 20. J. a nagalloides (Nees) T. Anders. - Transvaal to Natal. 21. J. crassiradix Burkill & Clarke (new record for southern Africa) - one record from the E. Caprivi. 22. J. anselliana (Nees) T. Anders. - N. Namibia, N. and E. Botswana and the Transvaal. Siphonoglossa 1. S. leptantha (Nees) Immelman - (a) subsp. leptantha - from Natal to the E. Cape (b) subsp. late-ovata - (C.B.Cl.) Immelman comb. nov. ined. from the E. to the S. Cape. 2. S. nkandlaensis Immelman sp.nov. ined. - Central Natal. 3. S. linifolia (Lindau) C.B. Cl. (= Aulojusticia linifolia Lindau) - endemic to the Barberton area (Transvaal). A formal taxonomic revision including keys to genera, sections and species has been included. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1987.

Submitted by PAULINE ZONTA DE LIMA (pzontadelima@gmail.com) on 2018-04-18T01:07:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pauline Dissertação.pdf: 1778277 bytes, checksum: dde7f010f1ad245103e05238976c4661 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Lucia Martins Frederico null (mlucia@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-04-18T11:29:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_pz_me_botfca.pdf: 1672151 bytes, checksum: 8ebd87a21a2de28a7e6b91cceefd6d29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-18T11:29:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_pz_me_botfca.pdf: 1672151 bytes, checksum: 8ebd87a21a2de28a7e6b91cceefd6d29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A espécie Justicia pectoralis (Acanthaceae) é uma planta herbácea encontrada em uma ampla distribuição geográfica entre os trópicos de Câncer e Capricórnio. No Brasil, a principal denominação popular é chambá, sendo a espécie prioritariamente utilizada em afecções do sistema respiratório. O presente trabalho visou avaliar o comprimento e diâmetro de parte aérea, massa fresca e seca de parte aérea e raiz, além dos teores de cumarina e umbeliferona utilizando dois genótipos de J. pectoralis cultivados em duas localidades , além do cultivo frente a cinco níveis de saturação por base de solo que variou de 17, 40, 60, 80 e 100%, cinco doses de esterco bovino entre os intervalos de 0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 t.ha-1 e três condições de sombreamento sendo a pleno sol, 50 e 80% de sombreamento. Quanto ao acúmulo de cumarina, as doses de esterco e os níveis de saturação por base de solo apresentaram efeito negativo. Considerando a produtividade de massa seca, a adubação com esterco promoveu aumento de biomassa. Os dois genótipos avaliados, independente do local, não apresentaram diferenças, entre si, quanto ao crescimento e acúmulos de massa fresca e seca. Na avaliação entre os genótipos, o Jp2, cultivado em Loc2, produziu maior teor de cumarina (40,20 µg.mg-1 de extrato), enquanto que o Jp1, cultivado em Loc1, apresentou maior acúmulo de umbeliferona (4,33 µg.mg-1 de extrato). Plantas cultivadas a pleno sol apresentaram maior teor de cumarina (57,90 µg.mg-1 de extrato) e acúmulo de massa seca (14,93 g) quando comparada com os níveis de sombreamento. Conclui-se que o cultivo de Justicia pectoralis em Loc2, a pleno sol e sem adição de calcário ou adubação são as melhores condições para o desenvolvimento satisfatório da espécie frente aos parâmetros avaliados. / Justicia pectoralis (Acanthaceae) is an herbaceous species found in a wide geographic distribution between the Cancer and Capricorn tropics. The mainly folk name In Brazil is chambá, and it is used specially for respiratory system affections. The present work aimed to evaluate the length and diameter of aerial part, fresh and dry mass of aerial part and roots, besides the coumarin and umbelliferone accumulation by using two genotypes of J. pectoralis cultivated in Loc1 and Loc2 cities. In addition, we evaluated the influence of five soil saturation levels (17, 40, 60, 80 and 100%), five doses of cattle manure (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 t.ha-1) and three luminosity conditions (full sun, 50 and 80% of artificial shading). Both the cattle manure and the soil-based saturation levels showed a negative effect in the coumarin accumulation. Moreover, the cattle manure promoted biomass increase. Related to location, we showed that there are no differences between the growth aspects of the both two genotypes. The Jp2 genotype cultured in Loc2 produced a higher coumarin content (40.20 µg.mg-1 of extract), while the Jp1 cultured in Loc1 accumulated more umbelliferone (4.33 µg.mg-1 of extract). Plants grown in full sun showed higher coumarin content (57.90 µg.mg-1 extract) and dry mass accumulation (14.93 g) when compared to shade levels. We concluded that the best conditions to obtain greater development of J. pectoralis were in Loc2, in full sun and without addition of cattle manure or calcareous.

Until now, emerging viral diseases have been posing ongoing threats to the global public health. Among the notorious viruses, the HIV that causes the AIDS has been spreading continuously since it was first identified in 1981 and is the most quickly spreading disease of the century. Although considerable advance has been made by drug discovery groups, the therapeutic management is still challenged by the rapid mutations of the virus to yield resistant strains, so as the emergence of side effects. Therefore, the development of novel potent anti-HIV agents is urgently sought. Owing to the chemical diversity, we believe that natural products may serve as potential "lead" compounds for discovery of anti-HIV drugs.;In order to search for novel naturally occurring compounds with potent inhibitory effects against HIV, we began with isolation of natural products from two medicinal plants of Justicia by means of silica gel column chromatography, and preparative HPLC, namely, J. gendarussa that displayed potent anti-HIV activity in our initial screening, and J. procumbens, and their chemical structures and determinated by spectroscopic and chemical methods such as IR, UV, HRESIMS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrometry (including DEPT, 1H-1H COSY, and HMBC techniques). Upon the complete identification of compounds, we focused on the synthesis of one potential lead compound isolated from J. gendarussa, patentiflorin A (3). Nevertheless, we evaluated all the isolated natural compounds and synthetic 3 via bioactivity screening for anti-HIV activity.;In the phytochemical investigation of J. gendarussa, a rare, shade-loving, quick-growing, evergreen scented shrub collected in Vietnam, the bioassay-directed fractionation of the methanol extract of the roots and stems of the plant led to the isolation two new arylnaphthalide lignan glycosides, named justiprocumins A and B (1--2), together with a known one, patentiflorin A (3). On the other hand, the phytochemical investigation of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of J. procumbens resulted in the isolation of four novel arylnaphthalide lignans, procumbenosides G (4), H (5), I (6) and J (7), along with 23 known compounds, namely, tuberculatin (8), procumbenoside B (9), procumbenoside E (10), ciliatoside B (11), ciliatoside A (12), 5-methoxy-4, 42-di-O-methylsecolariciresinol (13), secoisolariciresinol dimethyl ether (14), 2, 3-bis(3, 4-dimethoxybenzyl)-4-hydroxybutyl acetate (15), secoisolariciresinol (16), hemiariensin (17), ariensin (18), secoisolariciresinol dimethyl ether diacetate (19), hinokinin (20), justicidin E (21), justicidin D (22), justicidin C (23), cilinaphthalide A (24), 5'-methoxy-4'-O-methyllariciresinol (25), 3, 5, 7, 32, 42, 52-hexamethoxyflavone (26), 3, 5, 7, 8, 32, 42-heptamethoxyflavone (27), 3, 5, 7, 8, 32, 42, 52-heptamethoxyflavone (28), methyl ferulate (29) and loliolide (30). In addition, the compound 3 was totally synthesized with a yield of 68.3%;In the anti-HIV evaluation for all the isolated compounds using the defective HIV-based pseudotyped assay, patentiflorin A (3) was found to have anti-HIV activity with an IC50 value of 26.9 nM, while justicin E (21) showed 65.4 % inhibitory effect against HIV replication at 2.5 μg/mL. In the evaluation for the broadness of the spectrum of anti-HIV activity using a standardized human PBMC assay, 2 gave IC50 values of 14-21, and 3 gave IC50 values 24-37 nM in inhibiting the particle production of all the four HIV-1 isolates [BAL and SF162 (both are M-tropic), LAV0.04 (T-tropic), and 89.6 (dual tropic)], while the synthetic 3 showed quite similar activity as that of natural 3. In the test of cytotoxicity, natural 3 exhibited no apparent cytotoxicity at 19.0 mM in A549 and Hela cells, and the synthetic 3 displayed much lower cytotoxicity (CC50: 75.5 mM) than that of the natural 3 (CC50: 18.4 mM) in PBMC cells. That means 2 and 3 have great potentials as anti-HIV lead compounds for further drug development.;In conclusion, natural compounds isolated from medicinal plants serves as one of the most important sources of potentially anti-HIV compounds, which can be employed as "lead" compounds to develop novel therapeutic drugs against HIV.