Manufacturers of passenger vehicles are experiencing increased pressure from consumers and legislators due to the impact of transportation on the environment. Automotive manufacturers are responding by designing more sustainable forms of transportation through a variety of efforts, including increased vehicle efficiency and the electrification of vehicle powertrains (plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV)). An additional method for reducing the environmental impact of personal transport is eco-routing, a methodology which selects routes on the basis of energy consumption. Standard navigation systems offer route alternatives between a user clarified origin and destination when there are multiple paths available. These alternatives are commonly weighted on the basis of minimizing either total travel time (TTT) or trip distance. Eco-routing offers an alternative criterion – minimizing route energy consumption. Calculation of the energy consumption of a route necessitates the creation of a velocity profile which models how the route will be driven and a powertrain model which relates energy consumption to the constructed velocity profile. Existing research efforts related to both of these aspects typically require complex analysis and proprietary vehicle properties. A new approach to weighting the energy consumption of different routes is presented within this paper. The process of synthesizing velocity profiles is an improvement upon simpler models while requiring fewer variables as compared to more complex models. A single input, the maximum acceleration, is required to tune driver aggressiveness throughout an entire route. Additionally, powertrain results are simplified through the application of a new parameter, predictive terminal energy. The parameter uses only glider properties as inputs, as compared to dedicated powertrain models which use proprietary vehicle information as inputs which are not readily available from manufacturers. Application of this research reduces computation time and increases the number of vehicles for which this analysis can be applied. An example routing scenario is presented, demonstrating the capability of the velocity synthesis and predictive terminal energy methodologies. / Master of Science / Research into environmental issues associated with greenhouse gas emissions(GHG) has placed increased pressure on a wide range of industries, transportation in particular. The studied impact of transportation on the environment is shaping legislative efforts and consumer expectations for more energy efficient vehicles. Vehicle manufactures are responding by designing more efficient vehicles such as plug in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV). Beyond efforts into improving vehicle design, research is also being conducted into the efficient routing of vehicles. Navigation systems often provide multiple options for traveling from a specified origin and destination. These systems typically report the trip distance and time enabling the traveler to make an informed decision of which route to select. Eco‐routing seeks to add a new metric associated with each route option – the energy required to travel from the origin to the destination. Calculating the energy required to travel a given route involves estimating driver behavior and the powertrain response. Calculation of these two factors within existing research typically involves complicated analysis and a variety of vehicle parameters which are not easily accessible. A new approach to modeling the driver behavior and route dynamics over a given route is presented in this thesis. The presented method for creating velocity profiles is notably less complex than existing research efforts. Additionally, calculation of the powertrain response, or the energy expended to traverse a given route, is explored. Eco‐routing methods discussed in current research often require specific and proprietary information about vehicles to produce results. This thesis simplifies the process of estimating the energy required to complete a route by reducing the required information about passenger vehicles to solely publicly available information. An example routing scenario is presented which provides a demonstration of the discussed methods for approximating driver behavior and powertrain response.

Automotive manufacturers are facing increasing pressure from legislative bodies and consumers to reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of vehicles. This has led to many automotive manufacturers starting production of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV's) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV's). Another method that helps to reduce the environmental effect of transportation is EcoRouting. The standard Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation offers route alternatives between user specified origin and destination. This technology provides multiple routes to the user and focuses on reducing the travel time to reach to the destination. EcoRouting is the method to determine a route that minimizes vehicle energy consumption, unlike traditional routing methods that minimize travel time. An EcoRouting system has been developed as a part of this thesis that takes in information such as speed limits, the number of stop lights, and the road grade to calculate the energy consumption of a vehicle along a route. A synthesis methodology is introduced that takes into consideration the distance between the origin and destination, the acceleration rate of the vehicle, cruise speed and jerk rate as inputs to simulate driver behavior on a given route. A new approach is presented in this thesis that weighs the energy consumption for different routes and chooses the route with the least energy consumption, subject to a constraint on travel time. A cost function for quantifying the effect of travel time is introduced that assists in choosing the EcoRoute with an acceptable limit on the travel time required to reach the destination. The analysis of the EcoRouting system with minimum number of conditional stops and maximum number of conditional stops is done in this thesis. The effect on energy consumption with the presence and absence of road-grade information along a route is also studied. A sensitivity study is performed to observe the change in energy consumption of the vehicle with a change in acceleration rates and road grade. Three routing scenarios are presented in this thesis to demonstrate the functionality of EcoRouting. The EcoRouting model presented in this thesis is also validated against an external EcoRouting research paper and the energy consumption along three routes is calculated. The EcoRoute solution is found to vary with the information given to the variable acceleration rate model. The synthesis and the results that are obtained show that parameters such as acceleration, deceleration, and road grade affect the overall energy consumption of a vehicle and are helpful in determining the EcoRoute. / Master of Science / The automotive industry is undergoing a major transformation throughout the world in terms of regulations on greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption. There is a significant amount of research being done on reducing emissions of cars while maintaining safety, performance and consumer acceptability of vehicles with an emphasis on cost and innovation. Vehicle manufacturers have started manufacturing Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV’s) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV’s) with a focus on reducing petroleum use. While a lot of work is being done on manufacturing cars that help reduce emissions, significant research is also being conducted to help navigate cars in an energy efficient manner. EcoRouting is defined as the method that helps to route cars efficiently and conserve energy. EcoRouting helps to increase fuel efficiency without any modifications to the vehicle powertrain and can be customized to any vehicle. A simulation study to analyze the effects of EcoRouting in different driving conditions with an emphasis on the effects of road grade and stop lights on energy consumption is presented. The EcoRoute solution is found to vary with the road grade, the maximum allowed acceleration, and the number of conditional traffic lights. The synthesis and the results that are obtained show that external parameters such as road grades, speed limits, and stop lights affect the overall energy consumption of a vehicle and that EcoRouting can significantly reduce vehicle energy consumption. The EcoRouting research done in this thesis focuses mainly on analyzing the effect of changes in road grade and accelerations on the energy consumption of a vehicle. A sensitivity study is performed to study the change in energy consumption of a vehicle with a change in road grade and acceleration. It is found that the net difference in elevation between the origin and the destination plays a significant role in determining the energy consumption of a vehicle. This thesis also focuses on formulating a cost function for the maximum permissible travel time required to reach the destination and shows how travel time is an important metric to determine an EcoRoute. Three case studies are presented which provide a demonstration of the discussed methods and typify a working EcoRouting model.

Tanto as incubadoras como as aceleradoras são organizações especializadas no suporte de empreendimentos em fases iniciais, em especial, aqueles intensivos em inovação conhecidos como startups. Apesar da grande disseminação dessas organizações, há poucas informações na literatura que evidenciem as suas diferenças e as contribuições na jornada do empreendedorismo inovador. Assim, o objetivo principal deste estudo é comparar a diferença entre as propostas de valor das aceleradoras e das incubadoras a partir da percepção das startups que tenham sido tanto incubadas como aceleradas. Entre os objetivos específicos temos: discutir possíveis relações entre as aceleradoras e as incubadoras de negócios; apresentar a evolução das incubadoras e os fatores que induziram o surgimento das aceleradoras, descrevendo os diferentes arquétipos e as implicações que essas organizações têm no ecossistema de empreendedorismo; apresentar o cenário nacional do fenômeno de aceleração e de incubação. O levantamento de dados contará com duas etapas: análise documental de fontes de dados secundárias e estudos de caso com uso de técnica de entrevista e questionário semiestruturado. A análise documental foi feita a partir de banco de dados de artigos científicos, dados oficiais de governos, fundações, revistas e páginas web especializadas e editais de chamamento das próprias organizações. A análise documental fornecerá o retrato de como as incubadoras e as aceleradoras se promovem no ecossistema como organizações importantes no apoio às startups. Em seguida, através de abordagem exploratória descritiva e qualitativa, foram realizadas entrevistas com roteiros semiestruturados com fundadores de startups que foram incubadas e aceleradas, para compreender o valor que cada um desses processos forneceu ao desenvolvimento dessas empresas. Concluiu-se que existe uma dissonância entre o valor percebido pelas startups e o que as incubadoras e as aceleradoras promovem. Também foi possível identificar que a busca por recursos pelas startups tende a não seguir um processo linear, capturando as melhores oportunidades que estejam disponíveis no momento. Por fim, esta pesquisa é um passo exploratório para trazer novas evidências do fenômeno das startups e dos diferentes instrumentos que as constroem. Sugerem-se encaminhamentos que possam preencher lacunas na literatura a respeito dos fenômenos citados, indicando a necessidade de estudos futuros que adensem o conhecimento desse fenômeno. / Both incubators and acelerators are specialized organizations to support early-stage ventures, especially innovation-intensive ones known as startups. Despite the great spread of these organizations, there is a few information in the literature that show their differences and contributions in the journey of innovative entrepreneurship. The main objective of this study is comparing the difference between value porposition of accelerators and incubators from the perception of startups that have been both incubated and accelerated. The specific objectives are: to discuss possible relationships between accelerators and incubators; to present the evolution of the incubators and the factors that led to the emergence of the accelerators, describing the different accelerators archetypes and the implications in entrepreneurship ecosystem; to present the national scenario of acceleration and incubation. The data collection stage had two stages: documentary analysis of secondary data sources; and the case study using interview technique through semi-structured questionnaire. The documentary analysis was made from a database of scientific articles, official data from governments, foundations, journals and specialized web pages and incubators and accelerators calls for proposals. Documentary analysis provided a picture of how incubators and accelerators are promoted to the ecosystem and startups. Then, through a descriptive and qualitative exploratory approach, interviews were conducted with semistructured scripts with founders of startups that were incubated and accelerated to understand the value that each of these processes provided to the development of these companies. It was concluded that there is a dissonance between what the incubators and the accelerators promote and the value perceived by the startups, they are not being able to identify enough characteristics that distinguish them. The reason for it is the diversity of the needs and demands of the startups, different models of accelerators and incubators are formulated that, in many cases, overlap in the benefits offered. It was also possible to identify that the search for resources by startups, whether radical or disruptive startups, does not follow a linear process, capturing the best opportunities available in the ecosystem through a minimally tactical and selective approach. In order to contribute to the understanding of the growing formation of organizations supporting startups, such as incubators and accelerators, and considering the findings of this research, a tool was suggested to define the types of these organizations, loosely termed \"startup guiders\". This tool analyzes three basic dimensions: business model, value proposition and stage of intervention in the development of early-stages ventures. Finally, this research is an exploratory step in bringing new evidence of the phenomenon of startups and of the different instruments that construct them. It is suggested that there be gaps in the literature regarding the mentioned phenomena, indicating the need for future studies that increase the knowledge of this phenomenon.

Tanto as incubadoras como as aceleradoras são organizações especializadas no suporte de empreendimentos em fases iniciais, em especial, aqueles intensivos em inovação conhecidos como startups. Apesar da grande disseminação dessas organizações, há poucas informações na literatura que evidenciem as suas diferenças e as contribuições na jornada do empreendedorismo inovador. Assim, o objetivo principal deste estudo é comparar a diferença entre as propostas de valor das aceleradoras e das incubadoras a partir da percepção das startups que tenham sido tanto incubadas como aceleradas. Entre os objetivos específicos temos: discutir possíveis relações entre as aceleradoras e as incubadoras de negócios; apresentar a evolução das incubadoras e os fatores que induziram o surgimento das aceleradoras, descrevendo os diferentes arquétipos e as implicações que essas organizações têm no ecossistema de empreendedorismo; apresentar o cenário nacional do fenômeno de aceleração e de incubação. O levantamento de dados contará com duas etapas: análise documental de fontes de dados secundárias e estudos de caso com uso de técnica de entrevista e questionário semiestruturado. A análise documental foi feita a partir de banco de dados de artigos científicos, dados oficiais de governos, fundações, revistas e páginas web especializadas e editais de chamamento das próprias organizações. A análise documental fornecerá o retrato de como as incubadoras e as aceleradoras se promovem no ecossistema como organizações importantes no apoio às startups. Em seguida, através de abordagem exploratória descritiva e qualitativa, foram realizadas entrevistas com roteiros semiestruturados com fundadores de startups que foram incubadas e aceleradas, para compreender o valor que cada um desses processos forneceu ao desenvolvimento dessas empresas. Concluiu-se que existe uma dissonância entre o valor percebido pelas startups e o que as incubadoras e as aceleradoras promovem. Também foi possível identificar que a busca por recursos pelas startups tende a não seguir um processo linear, capturando as melhores oportunidades que estejam disponíveis no momento. Por fim, esta pesquisa é um passo exploratório para trazer novas evidências do fenômeno das startups e dos diferentes instrumentos que as constroem. Sugerem-se encaminhamentos que possam preencher lacunas na literatura a respeito dos fenômenos citados, indicando a necessidade de estudos futuros que adensem o conhecimento desse fenômeno. / Both incubators and acelerators are specialized organizations to support early-stage ventures, especially innovation-intensive ones known as startups. Despite the great spread of these organizations, there is a few information in the literature that show their differences and contributions in the journey of innovative entrepreneurship. The main objective of this study is comparing the difference between value porposition of accelerators and incubators from the perception of startups that have been both incubated and accelerated. The specific objectives are: to discuss possible relationships between accelerators and incubators; to present the evolution of the incubators and the factors that led to the emergence of the accelerators, describing the different accelerators archetypes and the implications in entrepreneurship ecosystem; to present the national scenario of acceleration and incubation. The data collection stage had two stages: documentary analysis of secondary data sources; and the case study using interview technique through semi-structured questionnaire. The documentary analysis was made from a database of scientific articles, official data from governments, foundations, journals and specialized web pages and incubators and accelerators calls for proposals. Documentary analysis provided a picture of how incubators and accelerators are promoted to the ecosystem and startups. Then, through a descriptive and qualitative exploratory approach, interviews were conducted with semistructured scripts with founders of startups that were incubated and accelerated to understand the value that each of these processes provided to the development of these companies. It was concluded that there is a dissonance between what the incubators and the accelerators promote and the value perceived by the startups, they are not being able to identify enough characteristics that distinguish them. The reason for it is the diversity of the needs and demands of the startups, different models of accelerators and incubators are formulated that, in many cases, overlap in the benefits offered. It was also possible to identify that the search for resources by startups, whether radical or disruptive startups, does not follow a linear process, capturing the best opportunities available in the ecosystem through a minimally tactical and selective approach. In order to contribute to the understanding of the growing formation of organizations supporting startups, such as incubators and accelerators, and considering the findings of this research, a tool was suggested to define the types of these organizations, loosely termed \"startup guiders\". This tool analyzes three basic dimensions: business model, value proposition and stage of intervention in the development of early-stages ventures. Finally, this research is an exploratory step in bringing new evidence of the phenomenon of startups and of the different instruments that construct them. It is suggested that there be gaps in the literature regarding the mentioned phenomena, indicating the need for future studies that increase the knowledge of this phenomenon.