Women and children are often the most affected by pandemics which have swept through the world, and in this regard the HIV/AIDS pandemics is not an exception. The most common route of HIV infection in HIV positive children under 5 years of age is through Mother-To-Child Transmission (MTCT). In spite of the seriousness of this pandemic, the Constitutional Court has found that the measures taken by the South African government with regard to the Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) has fallen short of what the Constitution requires. This dissertation critically reviews the management of the South African PMTCT programme, and discusses the relevant Court decisions. The study finally clarifies the obligations of the South Africa government in the context of PMTCT under the 1996 Constitution and in terms of international law. / Constitutional,International & Indigenous Law / LL.M. (Legal aspects of HIV/AIDS)

Women and children are often the most affected by pandemics which have swept through the world, and in this regard the HIV/AIDS pandemics is not an exception. The most common route of HIV infection in HIV positive children under 5 years of age is through Mother-To-Child Transmission (MTCT). In spite of the seriousness of this pandemic, the Constitutional Court has found that the measures taken by the South African government with regard to the Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) has fallen short of what the Constitution requires. This dissertation critically reviews the management of the South African PMTCT programme, and discusses the relevant Court decisions. The study finally clarifies the obligations of the South Africa government in the context of PMTCT under the 1996 Constitution and in terms of international law. / Constitutional,International and Indigenous Law / LL.M. (Legal aspects of HIV/AIDS)

Enjeux et pratiques de la recherche médicale transnationale en Afrique. Analyse anthropologique d’un centre de recherche clinique sur le VIH à Dakar (Sénégal). Les conditions de faisabilité des recherches cliniques conduites en Afrique (standard de soins, information et niveau de compréhension des participants potentiels, bénéfices de la recherche pour la population, etc.) font l’objet de débats jusqu’à présent limités aux aspects médicaux ou éthiques. Cette thèse apporte un autre éclairage en analysant ces recherches cliniques comme des objets sociaux complexes, supports de représentations socio-culturelles, de normes et d’enjeux (locaux et internationaux). Fondée sur une enquête ethnographique de 20 mois à Dakar (Sénégal), cette thèse documente les conditions de réalisation de l’expérimentation clinique et plus précisément de la recherche sur l’infection à VIH. Pour ce faire, ce travail décrit la mise en place d’un centre dédié à l’accueil et à la réalisation de dispositifs de recherche clinique sur le VIH (le CRCF) et analyse les « cultures organisationnelles » de cinq études cliniques réparties dans trois structures de santé et / ou de recherche. Cette étude permet d’une part, de comprendre les logiques des acteurs impliqués sur le terrain de la recherche clinique VIH au Sénégal ; d’autre part, de restituer le « cadre de la pratique » des projets de recherche (coopération scientifique Nord-Sud, professionnalisation des acteurs de santé locaux aux « métiers de la recherche clinique », application des procédures standard internationales, mise en place d’un environnement éthique, place des PvVIH dans le processus de recherche clinique, etc.). Enfin, la thèse montre la constitution d’une recherche médicale publique et transnationale dans le champ du VIH au Sénégal ainsi que ses spécificités / Issues and Practices of transnational medical research in Africa Anthropological analysis of a clinical research center on HIV in Dakar (Senegal). The feasibility of clinical researches conducted in Africa (standard of care, information and participants' understanding, benefits for the population, and so on...) has been debated but narrowed to medical or ethical aspects until now. This thesis gives another point of view to this debate, showing clinical trials as complex social objects, medium of socio-cultural representations, norms and stakes (both local and international).Based on a 20 months ethnographic study in Dakar (Senegal), this thesis documents the conditions in which clinical experimentation is being conducted and more specifically HIV research. To achieve this, this work describes the establishment of a center dedicated to the reception and the realization of clinical research on HIV (CRCF) and analyzes the « organizational cultures » of five clinical studies spreaded in three different health care or research facilities.This study allows on the one hand, to understand the logic of the actors involved in HIV clinical research in Senegal and on the other hand, to account for the "practice framework” of research projects (North-South scientific cooperation, professionalization of local health actors towards "professions of clinical research", the application of international standard procedures, the set up of an ethical environment, the role of PLWHA in clinical research process, etc..). Finally, the thesis shows the construction of a public and transnational medical research concerning HIV in Senegal both with its specificities