abstract: Disparities in access to healthy food are a key public health concern in the United States (U.S.) Food access is considered as a critical element of food insecurity. Food insecurity can often be prevalent in a region due to lack of healthy food outlets as well as inequitable access to healthy food outlets. A large body of literature pertaining to access to healthy food has reported that conventional food outlets such as supermarkets and large grocery stores may not be equitably distributed across different neighborhoods in a region. There has been limited research on local food access patterns. Despite the few studies focused on access to individual types of local food outlets, such as farmers markets, little is known about whether such access varies among different types of local food outlets and how such access patterns compare with the uneven access to conventional food outlets. This study uses Maricopa County, one of the largest counties in Arizona, as a case study to examine the spatial patterns of access to conventional food markets (i.e. supermarkets or large grocery stores) and four different types of local food outlets, including farmers market, community garden, community supported agriculture (CSA) and mobile food markets. By analyzing the association between healthy food access and neighborhood characteristics, the study suggests that the local food system has a great potential in providing healthy food access to low-income and minority populations of the County than conventional food outlets. The study provides important insights into the way different types of local food outlets offer their availability in space and whether they are more equitable in serving underserved neighborhoods. The findings from this study can assist both government agencies and city planner formulate strategies to improve access to healthy food in disadvantaged neighborhoods. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Urban and Environmental Planning 2020

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-12T12:56:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbara Lins Caldas de Moraes.pdf: 1002020 bytes, checksum: 55835be7452bb5679593acd3c7c7c122 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T12:56:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbara Lins Caldas de Moraes.pdf: 1002020 bytes, checksum: 55835be7452bb5679593acd3c7c7c122 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Wild capuchin monkeys use stones tools to access food items that otherwise would be unavailable, as encapsulated fruits and seeds. The successful completion of this activity not only requires the selection of the suitable tool, but also the correct technique. In order to analyze if the stone tools used by the capuchin monkeys are adjusted to the type of food item consumed and if this adjustment entails variations or behavioral adaptations to accomplish the task, stone tools and techniques used by animals to process five distinct food items, were compared. The study was conducted in an area of Pernambuco’s semiarid Caatinga, located in Serra Talhada. Along 15 months, 257 sites were identified, characterized and monitored. Behaviors of using stones as tools were documented by camera traps. Accounted a ‘total of 395 stones, used as hammers to break of five food items: Syagrus oleracea, Manihot epruinosa, Pilosocereus pachycladus, Tacinga inamoena and Commiphora leptophloeos, these last three were not yet described as accessed auxiliary items by other populations of capuchin monkeys. The use of stones as tools to process the cactaceae revealed especially interested, such strategy is related to the presence of these item’s thorns. It was found also that the characteristics of food items such as hardness, size and the presence of spines influences the stone’s selection to be used as hammers. The postures adopted by the animals for activity breaks are similar to those already described in other studies, however behavioral adaptations in handling the tool are performed to increase its functionality. / Macacos-prego selvagens utilizam ferramentas de pedra para acessar itens alimentares que de outra forma estariam indisponíveis, como frutos encapsulados e sementes. O sucesso na realização desta atividade requer não só a seleção da ferramenta adequada, mas também a correta aplicação da técnica. A fim de analisar se as ferramentas de pedras utilizadas por macacos-prego são ajustadas de acordo com o tipo de item alimentar consumido e se esse ajuste acarreta variações ou adequações comportamentais para a realização da tarefa, ferramentas de pedras e técnicas aplicadas pelos animais, para o processamento de cinco itens alimentares distintos, foram comparadas. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de Caatinga no semiárido Pernambucano, localizada no município de Serra Talhada. Ao longo de 15 meses, 257 sítios de quebra foram identificados, caracterizados e monitorados. Comportamentos de uso de pedras como ferramentas foram documentados através de armadilhas fotográficas. Contabilizamos um total de 395 pedras utilizadas como martelos para a quebra de cinco itens alimentares: Syagrus oleracea, Manihot epruinosa, Pilosocereus pachycladus, Tacinga inamoena e Commiphora leptophloeos, estes três últimos ainda não descritos como itens acessados com o auxílio de ferramentas por outras populações de macacos-prego. O uso de pedras como ferramentas para o processamento das cactáceas revelou-se especialmente interessante, pois tal estratégia está relacionada à presença de espinhos destes itens. Fatores como a distribuição e o tamanho do item alimentar parecem influenciar nas escolhas feitas pelos animais no uso das bigornas. Constatou-se, também, que características dos itens alimentares como rigidez, tamanho e presença de espinhos influenciam na seleção das pedras utilizadas como martelos. As posturas adotadas pelos animais para a atividade de quebra são semelhantes às já descritas em outros estudos, mas adequações comportamentais na manipulação da ferramenta são realizadas para aumentar a sua funcionalidade.

International climate mitigation agendas increasingly focus on the conservation of tropical forests such as the Amazon due to their high potential of sequestering large amounts of carbon. At the same time, Peru’s Amazonian frontier is increasingly subject to market pressures and other factors contributing to deforestation and the expansion of the agricultural frontier. In the face of these processes, the perspectives of local people and indigenous communities are often rendered invisible. Therefore, it becomes increasingly relevant to align goals of forest conservation with strategies to not compromise livelihood needs for rural populations. This thesis explores unheard perspectives of local people and the corresponding struggles to make a life in the Peruvian Amazon. More concrete, it is a case study on livelihoods in the indigenous community Naranjal in San Martín, one of the upper eastern jungle regions of Peru. Through using the conceptual lens of the ‘Extended Livelihood Framework’ and theories rooted in political ecology, the different livelihood activities are analysed both on the village and household level as well as in relation to wider political trends influencing these. Methodologically, qualitative PRA tools such as semi-structured interviews with households and key informants were used. The Findings demonstrate household complexity and livelihood diversity in which tensions between the different activities followed by villagers arise. The contested institutional landscape around Naranjal forms part of this puzzle. A crucial concern is the access to livelihood resources such as old-growth forests and farming land. These are in turn influenced by external ecological and demographic changes as well as political interests by the Peruvian state. Access mechanisms such as social networks and social identity in terms of indigeneity as well as farmer’s local knowledge on ecologies were highlighted, among others. It is argued that political and development actors should consider features of these mechanisms and livelihoods found in Naranjal, as they hold potential to contribute to a more sustainable future for indigenous communities in rural Amazonia. Equally, more collaboration among different development interventions should be aspired to build on synergies and head towards an integrative development approach which includes and considers villager’s own concerns and perspectives.