Call number: LD2668 .T4 1948 P75 / Master of Science

by Szeto Kam-fai, Peter, Lee, Wai-wah, Viva. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-84). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF FIGURE --- p.vii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.viii / CHAPTERS / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The Soviet Accounting Model for Centrally Planned Control Economy --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Impact of the Open Door Policy --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Joint Venture Accounting --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Joint Stock Reform Program --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5 --- Accounting Regulations for Pilot PRC Joint Stock Companies --- p.4 / Chapter 1.6 --- Accounting Standards Regulations for Enterprises --- p.5 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objective and Methodology --- p.6 / Chapter 1.8 --- Organization of the Report --- p.6 / Chapter II --- GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHINESE ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS AND REGULATIONS --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Uniform and Rigid Accounting Regulations --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Concept of Fund Application and Fund Source --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Rule-oriented Regulations without Conceptual Framework for the Accounting Regulations --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Tax-driven Approach for Measuring Accounting Profit --- p.13 / Chapter III. --- JOINT VENTURES ACCOUNTING IN PRC --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1 --- Differences between the Old and the New PRC Joint Venture Accounting Regulations --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Wider Scope of Coverage --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- More Comprehensive Accounting Definitions --- p.18 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Recognition of Probable Losses --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Introduction of New Accounting Treatments --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Additional Disclosure Requirements --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2 --- Differences between the New PRC Joint Venture Accounting Regulations and the International Accounting Standards --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Rigid Pre-defined Accounting Rules Not Consistent with the IASs --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Probable Losses Not Fully Accounted for in the Light of the IASs --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Accounting Treatments Not Consistent with the IASs --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Major Topics or Information Not Adequately Covered or Disclosed by the New Regulations in the Light of IASs --- p.38 / Chapter IV --- ACCOUNTING REGULATIONS FOR PILOT JOINT STOCK COMPANIES --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- Areas of Inconsistencies Removed by the Addenda --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2 --- Major Inconsistencies Not Resolved in the Light of IASs --- p.51 / Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusion - the 'Joint Stock Accounting Regulations' --- p.56 / Chapter V. --- ACCOUNTING STANDARDS FOR ENTERPRISE IN PRC --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1 --- Development of Accounting Standards in PRC --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2 --- Relationship between the 'Accounting Standards' and the 'Financial Regulations' --- p.61 / Chapter 5.3 --- Relationship between the 'Accounting Standards' and the 'Accounting Regulations' --- p.63 / Chapter 5.4 --- Improvements in the New 'Accounting Standards' --- p.65 / Chapter 5.5 --- Difference between the 'Accounting Standards' and the IASs --- p.70 / Chapter VI. --- FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS IN CHINA --- p.74 / APPENDICES / Chapter A. --- BALANCE SHEET FOR STATE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES --- p.79 / Chapter B. --- BALANCE SHEET FOR STATE COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES --- p.80 / Chapter C. --- FUND APPLICATION FOR STATE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES --- p.81 / Chapter D. --- FUND SOURCE FOR STATE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES --- p.82 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.83

by Hui Yiu-chuen. / Bibliography: leaves 61-62 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1986

M.S.

This thesis explores the managerial benefits derived by small business entities as a result of complying with their tax obligations. This is the first study on managerial benefits that considers all federal taxes in the Australian context. While the managerial benefits of tax compliance were first identified by Sandford in the 1980s, there is only limited evidence to date about their perception by business taxpayers and no evidence at all about their actual occurrence. The work undertaken by Sandford together with the findings of empirical research on accounting in small businesses, provide the framework for the development of research hypotheses. With the purpose of testing these hypotheses, the research examines concurrently a sample of small businesses located in a regional area of Australia, and a sample of similar entities located in an external territory of Australia exempt from federal taxes and with minimal tax compliance obligations. The thesis adopts a mixed research method which combines a survey and a case study component from which a number of convergent results emerge. Results show that bookkeeping requirements imposed by tax compliance compel small businesses to upgrade their accounting systems, typically in the form of computerisation. The increased sophistication of the accounting system following this upgrade allows small businesses to derive managerial benefits in the form of a better knowledge of their financial affairs. The study also demonstrates that when small businesses seek the assistance of an accountant to comply with their tax compliance obligations, managerial benefits may be derived in the form of informal business advice and other services that come as a spin-off from tax compliance work. The findings of the research also indicate that a majority of small businesses value positively the accounting information generated as a result of tax imposed record keeping requirements, however further studies are required to establish the extent to which the additional information has a positive effect on decision making. Finally, the study identifies various possible approaches to quantify managerial benefits including a method based on the costs of alternative resources, and a valuation based on what owner-managers would be prepared to pay for the information.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-128). / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / x, 128 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

This thesis explores the managerial benefits derived by small business entities as a result of complying with their tax obligations. This is the first study on managerial benefits that considers all federal taxes in the Australian context. While the managerial benefits of tax compliance were first identified by Sandford in the 1980s, there is only limited evidence to date about their perception by business taxpayers and no evidence at all about their actual occurrence. The work undertaken by Sandford together with the findings of empirical research on accounting in small businesses, provide the framework for the development of research hypotheses. With the purpose of testing these hypotheses, the research examines concurrently a sample of small businesses located in a regional area of Australia, and a sample of similar entities located in an external territory of Australia exempt from federal taxes and with minimal tax compliance obligations. The thesis adopts a mixed research method which combines a survey and a case study component from which a number of convergent results emerge. Results show that bookkeeping requirements imposed by tax compliance compel small businesses to upgrade their accounting systems, typically in the form of computerisation. The increased sophistication of the accounting system following this upgrade allows small businesses to derive managerial benefits in the form of a better knowledge of their financial affairs. The study also demonstrates that when small businesses seek the assistance of an accountant to comply with their tax compliance obligations, managerial benefits may be derived in the form of informal business advice and other services that come as a spin-off from tax compliance work. The findings of the research also indicate that a majority of small businesses value positively the accounting information generated as a result of tax imposed record keeping requirements, however further studies are required to establish the extent to which the additional information has a positive effect on decision making. Finally, the study identifies various possible approaches to quantify managerial benefits including a method based on the costs of alternative resources, and a valuation based on what owner-managers would be prepared to pay for the information.

Section 11(a) of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 entitles taxpayers to a deduction in respect of expenditure actually incurred, provided that all the other requirements of section 11 and section 23 of the Act have been met. A company may issue its own shares, credited as fully paid up, as a payment for trading stock or services rendered, as was the case in C:SARS v Labat Africa (2011) 74 SATC 1. The question that was raised by this decision is whether the issue of shares constitutes “expenditure” as contemplated in section 11(a) of the Act. It is trite that a share in a company is a bundle of rights which entitle the holder to dividends when declared and to a vote in shareholders’ meetings and that a share does not come into the hands of a shareholder by way of transfer from the company, but is rather created as a bundle of rights for him in the company. In C: SARS v Labat Africa, the Supreme Court of Appeal decided that to issue shares as a payment for goods is not expenditure as contemplated in section 11(a) of the Act. The Act does not define “expenditure”. It has been interpreted in certain cases as a payment of money or disbursement, while it has been interpreted as the undertaking of a legal obligation in other cases. The Labat Africa case has been criticised for its interpretation of expenditure on the grounds that it is contrary to the principle that “actually incurred” does not mean “actually paid”. This research has argued that, in the context of the Labat Africa case, which related to an issue of shares in payment for goods, Harms AP’s judgment was concerned with showing why a share issue is not expenditure. He could not have intended to deny a deduction to transactions such as credit purchases.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The collapse of Enron and its aftermath has put unprecedented focus on the accounting profession and its role in the self-regulatory system.