For decades, researchers have been working to better understand the effects of acid and metal toxicity to aquatic organisms and to develop ways to effectively mitigate these detrimental effects. Acid mine drainage (AMD) causes environmental pollution that affects many countries having historic or current mining industries. Both surface and underground mining have the potential to create AMD and therefore adversely affect the local and adjacent environments. Through malignant mining and farming practices, damming rivers and the changing climate, surface freshwater resources are rapidly being reduced in Australia. Mine pit lakes offer a large freshwater resource that if managed correctly may sustain significant environmental, social and economic benefits from selected end uses for the future. However, assessment of mine pit lakes needs to be achieved to validate end use options. The Collie Basin located in the southwest of Western Australia is a coal mining area with many abandoned open cast mines (OCM). Some of these OCM have filled with water forming mine pit lakes that are affected by AMD. The result is large freshwater bodies with moderate to high concentrations of metals and a low pH. High concentration of metals combined with low pH is of environmental concern to both the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem. Nevertheless, remediation techniques for AMD are available and applicable to these acidic lakes. However, the lakes in the Collie Basin are low in sulphatic compounds, therefore, restricting the use of the most common remediation treatment of bioremediation with sulphate reducing bacteria. Three remediation treatments were assessed for there efficacy in toxicity amelioration to three mine pit lakes. The treatments assessed were Limestone addition, phosphorus addition and a Rapid Catalytic Oxidation (RCO) treatment. / Toxicity assessment was achieved by means of comparing physico-chemical data to guideline trigger values and biological assessment. Biological assessment was achieved with three commonly used but ecologically and geographically relevant species. The bioassay species were the alga Chlorella protothecoides, the crustacean Ceriodaphnia cf dubia and the protozoa Tetrahymena thermophila. Aquaculture is being trialled adjacent to one of the pit lakes in limestone treated mine pit lake water. Therefore, the aquaculture fish species Bidyanus bidyanus early life stages were also used to assess residual toxicity from treated mine pit lake water. Limestone remediation of pit lake water demonstrated good reduction of dissolved metal concentrations with the exception of Zn and the ability to increase pH to circum-neutral. Biological assessment of limestone treated pit lake water showed that toxicity was removed to the three bioassay species and to the aquaculture species B. bidyanus early life stages. A larger field- scale mesocosm experiment with limestone treatment in situ is recommended. Assessment of the mesocosm experiment with biological and chemical analysis will confirm the efficacy of this treatment for full scale use.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a significant environmental issue worldwide, which often causes severe contamination and marked species losses in receiving streams. However, little is known about how this stress alters food webs and ecosystem function. I conducted a literature review, which revealed that AMD-impacted streams generally had depauperate benthic communities dominated by a few tolerant species and impaired ecosystem processes. Next, using survey and experimental-based approaches, I investigated food web structure and energy flow in these highly stressed streams, which typically have low pH (< 3), high concentrations of dissolved metals (Al, Fe), and substrata coated with metal hydroxide precipitates, on the South Island, New Zealand. Inputs of AMD caused substantial loss of consumers and reduced the overall number of links between species generating small and simplified food webs, with few invertebrates and no fish. Comparative analysis of food webs from a survey of 20 streams with either anthropogenic or natural sources of acidity and metals, indicated that anthropogenic sources had a stronger negative effect on food web properties (size, food chain length, number of links); an effect driven primarily by differences in consumer diversity and diet. However, the presence of fewer trophic levels and reduced trophic diversity (detected using isotopic metrics), were common structural attributes in AMD-impacted webs along a pH gradient, regardless of impact level. Furthermore, complementary dietary analyses of consumer gut contents and stable isotope signatures (δ13C and 15N) confirmed that primary consumers fed generally on basal resources and that there were few predatory interactions, which reflected low densities of small-bodied chironomids. This suggests that food quantity was unlikely to limit primary consumers but that reduced prey availability may be an additional stressor for predators. In these radically re-structured food webs, trophic bottlenecks were generated at the primary consumer level and energy flow to higher consumers was disrupted. However, streams still retained some limited function, including slow leaf litter breakdown, which provided detrital resources and supported the small food webs. Overall, my findings have furthered our understanding of these highly stressed stream ecosystems by providing new insights into interactions among species and trophic levels that structure food webs and enable function.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major environmental issue worldwide. On the West Coast of the South Island, New Zealand, numerous catchments receive AMD, with significant negative impacts on in-stream flora and fauna. Diatoms are commonly regarded as powerful biological indicators and may be found in high abundance in AMD-contaminated streams; however, relatively little work has been done on diatoms in mining environments in New Zealand. Initially, I conducted a survey of epiphytic diatom communities in 39 streams ranging from non-impacted reference streams to those severely impacted by AMD. Streams were assigned to one of four classes along an AMD gradient: circum-neutral reference, naturally acidic reference, moderately impacted, and severely impacted. There was a wide range in diatom taxonomic richness in reference and moderately impacted streams (8 – 33 taxa). Taxonomic richness was greatly reduced in severely impacted streams (1 – 5 taxa) at a threshold of pH 3.4 and was dominated by Pinnularia cf. acidophila (69 – 100% relative abundance). Community composition differed between circum-neutral reference, moderately, and severely impacted streams; however, naturally acidic and moderately impacted streams had similar diatom communities primarily composed of acid-tolerant Eunotia and Frustulia species. This indicated that diatoms are strongly structured by pH and able to tolerate moderate conductivity and metal concentrations without a corresponding shift in community composition. Survey data were then used to develop two diatom-based indices for streams impacted by AMD: a single Biotic Index and a Multimetric Index. While neither index was able to distinguish naturally acidic from moderately impacted streams, both indices successfully categorised streams as circum-neutral reference, moderately or severely impacted by AMD. These indices may be useful in assessing AMD impact on circum-neutral streams or in identifying when a stream has crossed a threshold from moderately to severely impacted by AMD. Diatoms would be especially useful as bioindicators of AMD if they respond rapidly to a change in mine discharge. To test this, mature algal biofilms were reciprocally transferred between circum-neutral reference streams and streams of varying degrees of AMD over a period of 13 days. Diatom mortality increased rapidly in the reciprocal transfer between reference and severely impacted streams. Reference communities resembled the ambient diatom community of severely impacted streams 13 days post-transfer. However, in the reverse transfer, a change in community composition was slow to occur. Diatoms respond faster to an increase in pollution than to pollution amelioration. Overall, results indicated that diatom communities may be a useful tool for monitoring the presence and magnitude of AMD in New Zealand streams.

A mineração de carvão gera milhões de toneladas de rejeitos, contendo pirita (FeS2). A oxidação da pirita, na presença de ar e água, dá origem a um importante problema ambiental comum em regiões de mineração de carvão, a geração de drenagem ácida de mina (DAM). A oxidação da pirita em presença de água promove a formação de H2SO4 (ácido sulfúrico) o que promove a liberação de ferro nas formas de Fe+2 e Fe+3 , sulfatos e uma série de outros metais como Al, Mn e Zn. Esse problema ocorre de forma bastante intensa na região carbonífera do sul do Brasil em especial nos Estados de Santa Catarina e Paraná. A DAM produzida pelos rejeitos da mineração de carvão necessita passar por um processo de tratamento visando diminuir a acidez e a carga de metais despejada no meio, de forma a atender as exigências ambientais. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a produção de um coagulante, o sulfato férrico, a partir dos seguintes materiais: (a) lodo férrico obtido por precipitação seletiva da DAM; (b) rejeito obtido pela jigagem do carvão da Camada Barro Branco, Santa Catarina; e (c) concentrado de pirita obtido pelo rebeneficiamento do rejeito de carvão da Mina do Cambuí, Paraná. A metodologia para a produção do coagulante a partir do lodo consistiu na inicialmente na precipitação seletiva do ferro em pH 3,8, lavagem do precipitado, adição de ácido sulfúrico e evaporação para obtenção de uma solução com concentração de Fe3+ de até aproximadamente 12%. A metodologia para a obtenção do coagulante a partir da pirita presente no rejeito de carvão ou no concentrado de pirita consistiu na percolação de água sob condições oxidantes para a produção de uma lixívia rica em sulfato férrico. A lixívia também foi evaporada para obtenção de uma solução de sulfato férrico com concentrações de Fe3+ de até aproximadamente 12%. A qualidade do coagulante produzido foi avaliada em termos da concentração de Fe, Al, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu e sulfatos. Os resultados demonstram que todos os materiais estudados apresentaram potencial de produção do coagulante. Entre os contaminantes encontrados, destacam-se os elementos alumínio, cálcio, manganês e zinco. Entretanto, quanto maior o teor de enxofre da amostra, maior o rendimento e maior pureza do produto. Concluiu-se que o beneficiamento do rejeito de carvão para a concentração da pirita permite a obtenção de sulfato férrico de melhor qualidade. Os coagulantes produzidos foram utilizados no tratamento do esgoto do Campus do Vale da UFRGS e de água de abastecimento da região de Porto Alegre. As idéias de valorização dos rejeitos da mineração de carvão estão em sintonia com os princípios da atualidade no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento sustentável e aos programas de valoração de resíduos e produção mais limpa. / The coal mining generates millions of tonnes of tailings containing pyrite (FeS2). The oxidation of pyrite in the presence of air and water, gives rise to an important environmental problem common in areas of coal mining, the generation of acid mine drainage (AMD). The oxidation of pyrite in the presence of water promotes the formation of H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) which promotes the release of iron in the form of Fe +2 and Fe +3, sulphates and a host of other metals such as Al, Mn and Zn. This problem occurs quite intense in the coal in southern Brazil in particular in the states of Santa Catarina and Parana. The DAM produced by coal waste mining need to go through a treatment process in order to decrease the acidity and metal load discharged into the environment, in order to meet environmental requirements. The objective of this work was to study the production of a coagulant, ferric sulfate, with the following materials: (a) ferric sludge obtained by selective precipitation of DAM (b) obtained by reject coal concentration of the Layer Barro Branco, Santa Catarina, and (c) pyrite concentrate obtained by concentration of the tailings coal mine of Cambuí, Paraná. The methodology for the production of coagulant from sludge was the first in the selective precipitation of iron in pH 3.8, washing the precipitate with sulfuric acid and evaporation to obtain a solution with Fe 3 + concentration of approximately 12% with Fe2O3. The methodology for obtaining the coagulant from the pyrite present in coal or reject the pyrite concentrate was the percolation of water under oxidizing conditions to produce a liquor rich in ferric sulphate. Leach was also evaporated to obtain a solution of ferric sulphate with concentrations of Fe3 + up to approximately 12%. The quality of the coagulant was evaluated in terms of concentration of Fe, Al, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu and sulfates. The results show that all the materials studied showed potential for production of the coagulant. Among the contaminants found, highlight the elements aluminum, calcium, manganese and zinc. However, the higher the sulfur content of the sample, the higher the yield and higher purity of the product. It was concluded that the processing of the waste coal to the concentration of pyrite to obtain ferric sulphate better. Coagulants produced were used in the treatment of sewage Campus do Vale UFRGS and water supply in the region of Porto Alegre. Ideas for use of tailings from coal mining are in line with the principles of the present time regarding the development and evaluation programs for waste and cleaner production.

A mineração de carvão gera milhões de toneladas de rejeitos, contendo pirita (FeS2). A oxidação da pirita, na presença de ar e água, dá origem a um importante problema ambiental comum em regiões de mineração de carvão, a geração de drenagem ácida de mina (DAM). A oxidação da pirita em presença de água promove a formação de H2SO4 (ácido sulfúrico) o que promove a liberação de ferro nas formas de Fe+2 e Fe+3 , sulfatos e uma série de outros metais como Al, Mn e Zn. Esse problema ocorre de forma bastante intensa na região carbonífera do sul do Brasil em especial nos Estados de Santa Catarina e Paraná. A DAM produzida pelos rejeitos da mineração de carvão necessita passar por um processo de tratamento visando diminuir a acidez e a carga de metais despejada no meio, de forma a atender as exigências ambientais. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a produção de um coagulante, o sulfato férrico, a partir dos seguintes materiais: (a) lodo férrico obtido por precipitação seletiva da DAM; (b) rejeito obtido pela jigagem do carvão da Camada Barro Branco, Santa Catarina; e (c) concentrado de pirita obtido pelo rebeneficiamento do rejeito de carvão da Mina do Cambuí, Paraná. A metodologia para a produção do coagulante a partir do lodo consistiu na inicialmente na precipitação seletiva do ferro em pH 3,8, lavagem do precipitado, adição de ácido sulfúrico e evaporação para obtenção de uma solução com concentração de Fe3+ de até aproximadamente 12%. A metodologia para a obtenção do coagulante a partir da pirita presente no rejeito de carvão ou no concentrado de pirita consistiu na percolação de água sob condições oxidantes para a produção de uma lixívia rica em sulfato férrico. A lixívia também foi evaporada para obtenção de uma solução de sulfato férrico com concentrações de Fe3+ de até aproximadamente 12%. A qualidade do coagulante produzido foi avaliada em termos da concentração de Fe, Al, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu e sulfatos. Os resultados demonstram que todos os materiais estudados apresentaram potencial de produção do coagulante. Entre os contaminantes encontrados, destacam-se os elementos alumínio, cálcio, manganês e zinco. Entretanto, quanto maior o teor de enxofre da amostra, maior o rendimento e maior pureza do produto. Concluiu-se que o beneficiamento do rejeito de carvão para a concentração da pirita permite a obtenção de sulfato férrico de melhor qualidade. Os coagulantes produzidos foram utilizados no tratamento do esgoto do Campus do Vale da UFRGS e de água de abastecimento da região de Porto Alegre. As idéias de valorização dos rejeitos da mineração de carvão estão em sintonia com os princípios da atualidade no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento sustentável e aos programas de valoração de resíduos e produção mais limpa. / The coal mining generates millions of tonnes of tailings containing pyrite (FeS2). The oxidation of pyrite in the presence of air and water, gives rise to an important environmental problem common in areas of coal mining, the generation of acid mine drainage (AMD). The oxidation of pyrite in the presence of water promotes the formation of H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) which promotes the release of iron in the form of Fe +2 and Fe +3, sulphates and a host of other metals such as Al, Mn and Zn. This problem occurs quite intense in the coal in southern Brazil in particular in the states of Santa Catarina and Parana. The DAM produced by coal waste mining need to go through a treatment process in order to decrease the acidity and metal load discharged into the environment, in order to meet environmental requirements. The objective of this work was to study the production of a coagulant, ferric sulfate, with the following materials: (a) ferric sludge obtained by selective precipitation of DAM (b) obtained by reject coal concentration of the Layer Barro Branco, Santa Catarina, and (c) pyrite concentrate obtained by concentration of the tailings coal mine of Cambuí, Paraná. The methodology for the production of coagulant from sludge was the first in the selective precipitation of iron in pH 3.8, washing the precipitate with sulfuric acid and evaporation to obtain a solution with Fe 3 + concentration of approximately 12% with Fe2O3. The methodology for obtaining the coagulant from the pyrite present in coal or reject the pyrite concentrate was the percolation of water under oxidizing conditions to produce a liquor rich in ferric sulphate. Leach was also evaporated to obtain a solution of ferric sulphate with concentrations of Fe3 + up to approximately 12%. The quality of the coagulant was evaluated in terms of concentration of Fe, Al, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu and sulfates. The results show that all the materials studied showed potential for production of the coagulant. Among the contaminants found, highlight the elements aluminum, calcium, manganese and zinc. However, the higher the sulfur content of the sample, the higher the yield and higher purity of the product. It was concluded that the processing of the waste coal to the concentration of pyrite to obtain ferric sulphate better. Coagulants produced were used in the treatment of sewage Campus do Vale UFRGS and water supply in the region of Porto Alegre. Ideas for use of tailings from coal mining are in line with the principles of the present time regarding the development and evaluation programs for waste and cleaner production.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de diferentes tipos de coberturas secas utilizadas em células experimentais preenchidas com rejeitos piritosos de carvão mineral. Quatro células de igual dimensão foram preenchidas com rejeitos piritosos, provenientes do beneficiamento de carvão mineral da Unidade Mineira II – Verdinho, pertencente à Carbonífera Criciúma S.A., situada no município de Forquilhinha, Estado de Santa Catarina. Em relação à composição das células, a primeira foi construída sem cobertura; a segunda, com somente pré-cobertura, constituída de mistura de rejeitos; a terceira, com cobertura de argila compactada; e a quarta elaborada com sistema de barreira capilar dupla. Todas foram expostas às mesmas condições meteorológicas. Para avaliação do desempenho das coberturas analisou-se o volume e características químicas e físico-químicas da água de percolação no período compreendido entre 2009 e 2010. Os parâmetros físicoquímicos considerados foram os seguintes: pH, Eh, acidez, alcalinidade e condutividade enquanto que os parâmetros químicos foram Fe, Al, Mn, Zn e sulfato. A partir dos resultados obtidos, fez-se uma análise técnica dos diferentes tipos de cobertura seca utilizados. De acordo com análise técnica constatou-se que o melhor desempenho no tocante ao volume e à qualidade da água percolada ocorreu na célula em que se utilizou cobertura com argila compactada e na célula em que se empregou cobertura do tipo barreira capilar dupla. / This work aimed to evaluate the performance of different types of dry cover employed in experimental cells filled with pyritic waste of mineral coal. Four cells with the same dimension were filled with coal tailings from the coal preparation plant of Unidade Mineira II –Verdinho, which belongs to Carbonífera Criciúma SA, located in Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina State. The first cell was constructed without any kind of cover, the second one was built with a cover composed by a mixture of coal wastes, the third one was built with a layer of compacted clay, and the forth one was constructed with a system composed by a dual-capillary barrier. All were exposed to the same meteorological conditions. To evaluate the performances of dry covers we analyzed the volume and the chemical and physicochemical characteristics of seepage between 2009 and 2010. The water was analyzed in terms of pH, Eh, acidity, alkalinity, conductivity and the concentration of Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, and sulfate. The experimental results showed that the best performance concerning the volume and the quality of the percolated water was obtained in the cell that received a cover of compacted clay and in the one that received a cover composed by dualcapillary barrier.

A mineração de carvão gera milhões de toneladas de rejeitos, contendo pirita (FeS2). A oxidação da pirita, na presença de ar e água, dá origem a um importante problema ambiental comum em regiões de mineração de carvão, a geração de drenagem ácida de mina (DAM). A oxidação da pirita em presença de água promove a formação de H2SO4 (ácido sulfúrico) o que promove a liberação de ferro nas formas de Fe+2 e Fe+3 , sulfatos e uma série de outros metais como Al, Mn e Zn. Esse problema ocorre de forma bastante intensa na região carbonífera do sul do Brasil em especial nos Estados de Santa Catarina e Paraná. A DAM produzida pelos rejeitos da mineração de carvão necessita passar por um processo de tratamento visando diminuir a acidez e a carga de metais despejada no meio, de forma a atender as exigências ambientais. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a produção de um coagulante, o sulfato férrico, a partir dos seguintes materiais: (a) lodo férrico obtido por precipitação seletiva da DAM; (b) rejeito obtido pela jigagem do carvão da Camada Barro Branco, Santa Catarina; e (c) concentrado de pirita obtido pelo rebeneficiamento do rejeito de carvão da Mina do Cambuí, Paraná. A metodologia para a produção do coagulante a partir do lodo consistiu na inicialmente na precipitação seletiva do ferro em pH 3,8, lavagem do precipitado, adição de ácido sulfúrico e evaporação para obtenção de uma solução com concentração de Fe3+ de até aproximadamente 12%. A metodologia para a obtenção do coagulante a partir da pirita presente no rejeito de carvão ou no concentrado de pirita consistiu na percolação de água sob condições oxidantes para a produção de uma lixívia rica em sulfato férrico. A lixívia também foi evaporada para obtenção de uma solução de sulfato férrico com concentrações de Fe3+ de até aproximadamente 12%. A qualidade do coagulante produzido foi avaliada em termos da concentração de Fe, Al, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu e sulfatos. Os resultados demonstram que todos os materiais estudados apresentaram potencial de produção do coagulante. Entre os contaminantes encontrados, destacam-se os elementos alumínio, cálcio, manganês e zinco. Entretanto, quanto maior o teor de enxofre da amostra, maior o rendimento e maior pureza do produto. Concluiu-se que o beneficiamento do rejeito de carvão para a concentração da pirita permite a obtenção de sulfato férrico de melhor qualidade. Os coagulantes produzidos foram utilizados no tratamento do esgoto do Campus do Vale da UFRGS e de água de abastecimento da região de Porto Alegre. As idéias de valorização dos rejeitos da mineração de carvão estão em sintonia com os princípios da atualidade no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento sustentável e aos programas de valoração de resíduos e produção mais limpa. / The coal mining generates millions of tonnes of tailings containing pyrite (FeS2). The oxidation of pyrite in the presence of air and water, gives rise to an important environmental problem common in areas of coal mining, the generation of acid mine drainage (AMD). The oxidation of pyrite in the presence of water promotes the formation of H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) which promotes the release of iron in the form of Fe +2 and Fe +3, sulphates and a host of other metals such as Al, Mn and Zn. This problem occurs quite intense in the coal in southern Brazil in particular in the states of Santa Catarina and Parana. The DAM produced by coal waste mining need to go through a treatment process in order to decrease the acidity and metal load discharged into the environment, in order to meet environmental requirements. The objective of this work was to study the production of a coagulant, ferric sulfate, with the following materials: (a) ferric sludge obtained by selective precipitation of DAM (b) obtained by reject coal concentration of the Layer Barro Branco, Santa Catarina, and (c) pyrite concentrate obtained by concentration of the tailings coal mine of Cambuí, Paraná. The methodology for the production of coagulant from sludge was the first in the selective precipitation of iron in pH 3.8, washing the precipitate with sulfuric acid and evaporation to obtain a solution with Fe 3 + concentration of approximately 12% with Fe2O3. The methodology for obtaining the coagulant from the pyrite present in coal or reject the pyrite concentrate was the percolation of water under oxidizing conditions to produce a liquor rich in ferric sulphate. Leach was also evaporated to obtain a solution of ferric sulphate with concentrations of Fe3 + up to approximately 12%. The quality of the coagulant was evaluated in terms of concentration of Fe, Al, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu and sulfates. The results show that all the materials studied showed potential for production of the coagulant. Among the contaminants found, highlight the elements aluminum, calcium, manganese and zinc. However, the higher the sulfur content of the sample, the higher the yield and higher purity of the product. It was concluded that the processing of the waste coal to the concentration of pyrite to obtain ferric sulphate better. Coagulants produced were used in the treatment of sewage Campus do Vale UFRGS and water supply in the region of Porto Alegre. Ideas for use of tailings from coal mining are in line with the principles of the present time regarding the development and evaluation programs for waste and cleaner production.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de diferentes tipos de coberturas secas utilizadas em células experimentais preenchidas com rejeitos piritosos de carvão mineral. Quatro células de igual dimensão foram preenchidas com rejeitos piritosos, provenientes do beneficiamento de carvão mineral da Unidade Mineira II – Verdinho, pertencente à Carbonífera Criciúma S.A., situada no município de Forquilhinha, Estado de Santa Catarina. Em relação à composição das células, a primeira foi construída sem cobertura; a segunda, com somente pré-cobertura, constituída de mistura de rejeitos; a terceira, com cobertura de argila compactada; e a quarta elaborada com sistema de barreira capilar dupla. Todas foram expostas às mesmas condições meteorológicas. Para avaliação do desempenho das coberturas analisou-se o volume e características químicas e físico-químicas da água de percolação no período compreendido entre 2009 e 2010. Os parâmetros físicoquímicos considerados foram os seguintes: pH, Eh, acidez, alcalinidade e condutividade enquanto que os parâmetros químicos foram Fe, Al, Mn, Zn e sulfato. A partir dos resultados obtidos, fez-se uma análise técnica dos diferentes tipos de cobertura seca utilizados. De acordo com análise técnica constatou-se que o melhor desempenho no tocante ao volume e à qualidade da água percolada ocorreu na célula em que se utilizou cobertura com argila compactada e na célula em que se empregou cobertura do tipo barreira capilar dupla. / This work aimed to evaluate the performance of different types of dry cover employed in experimental cells filled with pyritic waste of mineral coal. Four cells with the same dimension were filled with coal tailings from the coal preparation plant of Unidade Mineira II –Verdinho, which belongs to Carbonífera Criciúma SA, located in Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina State. The first cell was constructed without any kind of cover, the second one was built with a cover composed by a mixture of coal wastes, the third one was built with a layer of compacted clay, and the forth one was constructed with a system composed by a dual-capillary barrier. All were exposed to the same meteorological conditions. To evaluate the performances of dry covers we analyzed the volume and the chemical and physicochemical characteristics of seepage between 2009 and 2010. The water was analyzed in terms of pH, Eh, acidity, alkalinity, conductivity and the concentration of Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, and sulfate. The experimental results showed that the best performance concerning the volume and the quality of the percolated water was obtained in the cell that received a cover of compacted clay and in the one that received a cover composed by dualcapillary barrier.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de diferentes tipos de coberturas secas utilizadas em células experimentais preenchidas com rejeitos piritosos de carvão mineral. Quatro células de igual dimensão foram preenchidas com rejeitos piritosos, provenientes do beneficiamento de carvão mineral da Unidade Mineira II – Verdinho, pertencente à Carbonífera Criciúma S.A., situada no município de Forquilhinha, Estado de Santa Catarina. Em relação à composição das células, a primeira foi construída sem cobertura; a segunda, com somente pré-cobertura, constituída de mistura de rejeitos; a terceira, com cobertura de argila compactada; e a quarta elaborada com sistema de barreira capilar dupla. Todas foram expostas às mesmas condições meteorológicas. Para avaliação do desempenho das coberturas analisou-se o volume e características químicas e físico-químicas da água de percolação no período compreendido entre 2009 e 2010. Os parâmetros físicoquímicos considerados foram os seguintes: pH, Eh, acidez, alcalinidade e condutividade enquanto que os parâmetros químicos foram Fe, Al, Mn, Zn e sulfato. A partir dos resultados obtidos, fez-se uma análise técnica dos diferentes tipos de cobertura seca utilizados. De acordo com análise técnica constatou-se que o melhor desempenho no tocante ao volume e à qualidade da água percolada ocorreu na célula em que se utilizou cobertura com argila compactada e na célula em que se empregou cobertura do tipo barreira capilar dupla. / This work aimed to evaluate the performance of different types of dry cover employed in experimental cells filled with pyritic waste of mineral coal. Four cells with the same dimension were filled with coal tailings from the coal preparation plant of Unidade Mineira II –Verdinho, which belongs to Carbonífera Criciúma SA, located in Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina State. The first cell was constructed without any kind of cover, the second one was built with a cover composed by a mixture of coal wastes, the third one was built with a layer of compacted clay, and the forth one was constructed with a system composed by a dual-capillary barrier. All were exposed to the same meteorological conditions. To evaluate the performances of dry covers we analyzed the volume and the chemical and physicochemical characteristics of seepage between 2009 and 2010. The water was analyzed in terms of pH, Eh, acidity, alkalinity, conductivity and the concentration of Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, and sulfate. The experimental results showed that the best performance concerning the volume and the quality of the percolated water was obtained in the cell that received a cover of compacted clay and in the one that received a cover composed by dualcapillary barrier.

O presente trabalho mostra os resultados obtidos no estudo da utilização do rejeito bruto da extração de carvão mineral como agregado miúdo na produção de blocos de concreto para pavimentação de vias públicas. Neste trabalho os blocos de concreto foram produzidos na fábrica da prefeitura de Criciúma, que está situada nas dependências do Presídio Municipal Santa Augusta. Esta fábrica proporciona uma opção de trabalho aos apenados que adquiriram o direito de cumprirem suas penas em regime semiaberto, cumprindo assim, um importante papel social na ressocialização destas pessoas, além de produzir o material de revestimento, que é aplicado nas vias públicas do município, a um custo bastante atraente. Durante a produção das amostras dos blocos de concreto com o rejeito de carvão, procurou-se ao máximo não alterar o processo desenvolvido na fábrica onde são produzidos os blocos de concreto empregados na pavimentação das vias públicas de Criciúma. Sendo assim, a única alteração imposta às amostras foi a substituição proporcional do agregado miúdo natural, areia lavada, pelo agregado de rejeito de carvão mineral, nas proporções de 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% O lote de estudo contou ainda com a produção de blocos de concreto sem adição de rejeito de carvão, que teve como função servir de base comparativa para as análises de compressão, abrasão e absorção de água. Posteriormente foi realizado um estudo para avaliar a possibilidade de geração, pelos blocos de concreto, de drenagem ácida de mina (DAM), que é a principal fonte de poluição do solo e dos corpos d’agua dos municípios pertencentes à AMREC – Associação dos Municípios da Região Carbonífera. Como resultado, aponta-se a viabilidade de utilização de rejeito de carvão nas proporções de 25% e 50% em substituição ao agregado miúdo natural (areia), criando assim, uma nova perspectiva às mineradoras de carvão da AMREC, que poderão dar um fim nobre ao rejeito de carvão, proporcionando uma produção mais limpa e sustentável, além de poderem contar com uma nova fonte de receita proporcionada pela comercialização do rejeito de carvão produzido na sua principal atividade comercial. / This document presents the results obtained in the study of using raw waste of coal extraction. In this work the concrete block for public roads paving were produced in a factory owned by Criciuma city hall, which is situated at the municipal Penitentiary Santa Augusta. During the concrete samples blocks production with the coal waste, it was tried its best in the way of not changing the process developed at the concrete blocks production site used in the paving of Criciuma´s streets. Thus, the only change that was proportionally imposed in the sample was the replacement of fine natural aggregate, washed sand, for the coal tailings aggregate in the proportions of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The batch study also included the production of concrete blocks without adding coal tailing, which was to form the basis of comparative function for the compression tests, abrasion and water absorption. Afterwards, it was done a study to assess the possibility of generating, by concrete blocks, acid mine drainage (AMD), which is the main source of soil and water pollution in the municipalities belonging from AMREC - Association of Municipalities of the Coal Region. As a result, it points feasibility of using waste coal in the proportions of 25% and 50% to replace the natural aggregate (sand), thus creating a new perspective to AMREC coal mining companies, which may give a noble and to reject coal, providing a cleaner and sustainable production, besides being able to count on a new source of revenue provided by the commercialization of coal waste produced in its main commercial activity.