The operating characteristics of small-wattage metal halide lamps (35W, 70W, and 150W) are investigated. Included are acoustic resonance, luminous efficacy, and electrical characteristics at steady state. A laboratory electronic ballast is built to operate metal halide lamps with square-wave currents in a frequency range from 50 Hz up to 50 kHz. The operating frequency, amplitude and dead-time can be adjusted independently. Experimental results show that the luminous efficiency decreases slightly as the operating frequency increases but deteriorates considerably as the lamp power is reduced. By examining the acoustic resonance spectra, it is found that the lamp arc instability is highly related to the dead-time of the inverter. The investigated results provide useful information for the design of the electronic ballasts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:25:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Samuel Santos Borges.pdf: 6941803 bytes, checksum: b35255a08a379f33b11c0304b0a24acb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work consists in an analysis of the noise level generated by axial flow fans composed of centrifugal rotors with radial blades, where the main objective is the development and validation of a methodology for the prediction of the aerodynamic noise generated by these fans. The proposed methodology was developed based on works available in the literature, in which the emitted sound power level is calculated through analytical equations that use experimentally calibrated parameters and variables related to the fan operating point, such as volume flow, pressure, absorbed power, peripheral velocity, among others. The fan aerodynamic variables were obtained with the aid of CFD techniques, which require a validation process. This validation process is accomplished by means of the comparison between the CFD and experimental results. The methodology validation is achieved by the comparison between the predicted and the experimental results of the sound pressure levels and the fan aerodynamic variables. All experiments involved in the present work were carried out following the procedures and criteria established by technical standards. The main acoustic resonance modes of the fan were also determined by means of the numerical simulations and validated through experimental sound measurement techniques of the type Waterfall. / Este trabalho consiste em uma análise do nível de ruído gerado por ventiladores de fluxo axial composto por rotores centrífugos de pás radiais, onde o principal objetivo é o desenvolvimento e a validação de uma metodologia para predição do nível de ruído aerodinâmico gerado por tais ventiladores. O desenvolvimento do método proposto é fundamentado em trabalhos disponíveis na literatura, onde o nível de potência sonora emitida por ventiladores é calculado através de equações analíticas que usam parâmetros calibrados experimentalmente e variáveis relacionadas ao ponto de operação do ventilador, como vazão, pressão, potência absorvida, velocidade periférica, entre outros. As variáveis aerodinâmicas do ventilador foram obtidas com o auxílio de técnicas de CFD, as quais necessitam de um processo de validação. Esse processo é executado por meio da comparação entre os resultados de CFD e experimentais. A validação da metodologia é realizada pela comparação entre os resultados preditos e os experimentais dos níveis de pressão sonora e das variáveis aerodinâmicas do ventilador. Todos os experimentos envolvidos no presente trabalho foram executados conforme procedimentos e critérios estabelecidos por normas técnicas. Os principais modos de ressonância acústica do ventilador também foram determinados por meio de simulações numéricas e validadas através de técnicas de medição sonora experimental do tipo Waterfall.

Une modélisation de rugosité de faible amplitude d’une rugosité d’interface, à l’aide de méthodes ultrasonores, est proposée. On examine le cas d’une plaque élastique immergée dont l’une des faces est rugueuse. L’étude de la rugosité dont la géométrie est triangulaire et périodique repose sur l’analyse du coefficient de transmission par la plaque. Une simulation numérique basée sur la Méthode des Éléments Finis est réalisée. D’un autre côté, la théorie de Fiorito, Madigosky et Überall (FMU) de la plaque sans rugosité montre que le coefficient de transmission peut être compris comme une somme de résonances, chacune étant associée à un modèle de Breit et Wigner (BW). La position des pics de résonance, que ceux-ci soient relatifs aux modes symétriques ou antisymétriques sont peu affectées par la présence de la rugosité. Seules les largeurs et les amplitudes varient notablement. Les expériences numériques ont montré que ces pics sont interprétables comme des résonances BW. Une nouvelle modélisation basée sur un modèle rhéologique est établie pour le coefficient de transmission. A partir de celle-ci, un nouveau modèle BW a été développé et validé par la simulation numérique. Celui-ci modèle permet de remplacer avantageusement les simulations numériques coûteuses en temps, par un modèle analytique simple. / The modelling of roughness of small amplitude a rough interface, by using ultrasound methods is proposed. One investigates the case of an immersed elastic plate with only one corrugated face. The study of the roughness, the shape of which is triangular and periodic is based upon the analysis of the transmission coefficient. A numerical simulation using the Finite Element Method (FEM) is carried out. On the other hand, the Fiorito, Madigosky et Überall (FMU) theory of the flat plate shows that the transmission coefficient may be seen as a sum of resonances, each being associated with a Breit-Wigner (BW) resonance shape. The location of the resonance spikes peaks, which are related to either symmetric or antisymmetric modes, are not significantly affected by the roughness ; only the half widths and the magnitudes vary notably. The numerical experiments led with FEM on the corrugated plate showed that the spikes peaks can be interpreted as BW resonances.

The excitation mechanism of trapped diametral acoustic modes within a rectangular cavity-duct system is investigated both numerically and experimentally. The asymmetry inherent within the rectangular geometry introduces a preferred orientation, ensuring the excited diametral modes remain stationary. Three separate cavities are manufactured and tested. This included two asymmetric rectangular cross-sections and one symmetric square cavity. Experimental results indicate that the aeroacoustic responses of the three cavities are dominated by the strong excitation of trapped diametral modes. Numerical simulations indicate that the resolved radial acoustic particle velocity distributions are non-uniform at the upstream separation edge where the formation of vortical structures is initiated. As the cavity became smaller, and more asymmetric, the trapped nature of the acoustic modes decreased with an accompanied increase in the radiation losses and reduction in pulsation amplitude. Observations of the aeroacoustic measurements show evidence of three unique modal behaviours. The first case is the independent excitation of a single stationary mode where specific circumferential sections of the shear layer were excited and initiating the formation of vortical disturbances. These circumferential sections, and distribution of disturbances, were akin to the excited mode shape. The second case involved simultaneous excitation of two stationary modes. This suggested that the shear layer was exciting two modes simultaneously. Neighbouring circumferential sections, at the initial region of the shear layer, were being excited independently and at different resonant frequencies. Finally, a spinning trapped acoustic mode was observed in the symmetric square cavity. Due to the spinning nature, the excited circumferential portions and formation of vortices were non-uniform and rotated with the spinning acoustic mode. This resulted in the formation of a three-dimensional helical structure. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Metal halide lamp is one kind of the most compact high-performance light sources. Because of their good color rendering index and high luminous efficacy, these lamps are often preferred in locations where color and efficacy are important, such as supermarkets, gymnasiums, ice rinks and sporting arenas. Unfortunately, acoustic resonance phenomenon occurs in metal halide lamps and causes light flicker, lamp arc bending and rotation, lamp extinction and in the worst case, arc tube explosion, when the lamps are operated in high-frequency bands. This thesis takes place in the context of developing electronic ballasts with robust acoustic resonance detection and avoidance mechanisms. To this end, several envelope detection methods such as the multiplier circuit, rectifier circuit, and lock-in amplifier, are proposed to characterize fluctuations of acoustic resonance. Furthermore, statistical criteria based on the standard deviation of these fluctuations are proposed to assess acoustic resonance occurrence and classify its severity. The proposed criteria enable classifying between no acoustic resonance and acoustic resonance cases based upon either a two-dimensional plane, a histogram or a boxplot. These analyses are confirmed by the study of spectral variations (variations of the spectral irradiance and colorimetric parameters) as well. Standard deviations and relative standard deviations of these variations are also correlated with the presence of acoustic resonance. The results from this study show that whatever voltage envelope variations or spectral variations are significantly influenced by acoustic resonance phenomena. A set of metal halide lamps from different manufacturers and with different powers are tested in our experiments. We concluded that our designed multiplier and rectifier circuits for acoustic resonance detection have the same sensitivity as the lock-in amplifier, paving the way for the implementation of this function directly into the ballast circuit board.

<p>This thesis investigates the effect of different passive suppression techniques of different configurations on the flow-excited acoustic resonance of an internal axisymmetric cavity. This type of acoustic resonance is observed in many practical applications such as valves installed in steam pipe lines, and gas transport system. An experimental setup of a cavity-duct system has been altered to facilitate the study of the suppression and/or delay of resonance over the range of Mach number of 0.07-0.4. Three different cavity depths have been studied d=12.5 mm, 25 mm, and 50 mm deep. For each depth, the cavity length is changed from L=25 mm to 50 mm. The investigation matrix includes the study of two rounding radii, two chamfer geometries and three different types of spoilers, all located at the leading edge of the cavity. A reference case of no suppression seat installed for each of the examined cavity geometries is tested. Rounding off cavity edges for both radii has increased the acoustic pressure level, yet delayed the onset of resonance. Chamfering the upstream edge of the cavity delayed the onset of resonance as a result of increasing the cavity characteristic length which delays the coupling of the shear layer perturbations and the acoustic field. The delay and the suppression of resonance achieved by the chamfer depend on the size of the cavity. All spoiler configurations have proven effectiveness in delaying and suppressing resonance for all cavities. The choice of spoiler configuration would depend on cavity size and robustness/strength of acoustic resonance.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

The present work is a result of collaboration between the LMFA (Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d'Acoustique, Ecole Centrale de Lyon - France), Snecma and the Cerfacs. It aims at studying the flow in the 3.5-stages high-speed axial compressor CREATE (Compresseur de Recherche pour l'Etude des effets Aérodynamique et TEchnologique - rotation speed: 11543 RPM, Rotor 1 tip speed: 313 m/s), designed and built by Snecma and investigated at LMFA on a 2-MW test rig. Steady measurements, as well as laser velocimetry, fast-response wall static and total pressure measurements have been used to experimentally investigate the flow. The analysis focuses on two main aspects: the study of the flow at stable operating points, with a special interest on the rotor-stator interactions, and the study of the instabilities arising in the machine at low mass flow rates.The description of the unsteady flow field at stable operating points is done through measurements of wall-static pressure, total pressure and velocity, but also total temperature, entropy and angle of the fluid. It is shown that the complexity and unsteadiness of the flow in a multistage compressor strongly increases in the rear part of the machine, because of the interactions between steady and rotating rows. Therefore, a modal analysis method developed at LMFA and based on the decomposition of Tyler and Sofrin is presented to analyze these interactions. It is first applied to the pressure measurements, in order to extract the contributions of each row. It shows that all the complex pressure interactions in CREATE can be reduced to three main types of interactions. The decomposition method is then applied to the entropy field extracted from URANS CFD calculations performed by the Cerfacs, in order to evaluate the impact of the interactions on the performance of the machine in term of production of losses.The last part of this work is devoted to the analysis of the instabilities arising in CREATE at low mass flows. It shows that rotating pressure waves appear at stable operating points, and increase in amplitude when going towards the surge line, until reaching a critical size provoking the onset a full span stall cell bringing the machine to surge within a few rotor revolutions. The study of these pressure waves, and the understanding of their true nature is achieved through the experimental results and the use of some analytical models. A precise description of the surge transient through wall-static pressure measurements above the rotors is also provided, as well as a description of a complete surge cycle. An anti-surge control system based on the detection of the amplitude of the pressure waves is finally proposed.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis proposes a design of a power supply for high-pressure discharge lamps based on a high efficiency and high power factor electronic ballast, without exciting the intrinsic acoustic resonance. The ballast consists on a bipolar buck chopper operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM), with an input filter, and an igniter circuit. It works with a switching frequency of 33 kHz and supplies the lamp in the mains frequency. The igniter circuit provides the necessary high voltage for the lamp's startup initial procedure. It is controlled by an 8 bits microcontroller, thus contributing to reduction in the number of parts and the ballast final cost, without compromising its reliability. Two possible solutions for an igniter circuit are proposed, the first based on a igniter device, and the second on a LC resonant circuit. A study on the ignition process and the required circuits to guarantee it, and a brief review on the electrical characteristics of electromagnetic ballasts are also included as secondary contributions. Experimental results with a 70W HPS lamp supplied by a 220V±20% and 60 Hz mains, are presented to validate the proposed ballast. The behavior of the experimental ballast shows that it is a good choice in avoiding unstable effects provoked by acoustic resonance phenomenon. / Esta dissertação apresenta o projeto de uma fonte de alimentação para lâmpadas de descarga em alta pressão baseada em um reator eletrônico com alto rendimento e ótimo fator de potência que não excita de forma destrutiva a ressonância acústica (AR). O reator consiste de um conversor buck bipolar operando em modo continuo (CCM), com filtro de entrada acoplado e com um circuito de ignição. O conversor opera em 33 kHz e alimenta a lâmpada em freqüência de rede. O circuito de ignição fornece a alta tensão para a formação inicial do arco elétrico. O controle do reator é implementado em um microcontrolador de 8 bits, o que contribui com a redução do número de componentes e do custo final do sistema, sem prejudicar a confiabilidade do mesmo. Duas propostas de circuito de ignição são apresentadas, uma baseada em um dispositivo ignitor, e a segunda em um circuito LC ressonante. Uma breve revisão e avaliação das características elétricas do reator eletromagnético é também apresentada a título de comparação. Um estudo do processo de ignição e os circuitos necessários a formação do arco é também incluído. Resultados experimentais para uma lâmpada HPS de 70W alimentada a partir de uma rede de 220V±20% e 60Hz são apresentados para validar o reator proposto e demonstram que este é uma boa escolha para evitar os efeitos danosos do fenômeno da ressonância acústica.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis proposes to improve the efficiency of public illumination systems by means of AC chopper based power converters. A comparative study of high performance AC/AC converters feeding high pressure sodium lamps on mains frequency is presented. These converters are obtained using standard DC/DC topologies with bi-directional switches (four quadrants). A high pressure lamp ballast design methodology is also presented, based on the suppositions of high input power factor and without exciting acoustic resonances at destructive levels. The topologies used are the Buck-Boost, Ćuk, SEPIC and ZETA operating on continuous current mode, with or without input filter, and an ignition circuit. The converters' switching frequencies are 33 kHz feeding the lamp at low frequency (mains frequency). The ignition circuit providing the high voltage required to guarantee the initial arc to start-up the lamp, is presented, analyzed and optimized in the thesis. To control the ballast a 32 bits microcontroller is used, contributing to reduce the component count and the overall system cost. The base to propose a new control design methodology and power circuit parts specification is the Brazilian standards and a comparison with the electromagnetic ballasts output waveforms. Experimental results supplying a 70 W HPS lamp, connected to the mains (220 V ±20% e 60 Hz) through the proposed ballasts, are presented in order to validate the thesis. / Este trabalho visa aprimorar os sistemas de iluminação pública aplicando reatores eletrônicos baseados em conversores CA/CA. Apresenta-se um comparativo entre conversores tradicionais CC/CC, aplicando a eles interruptores bidirecionais em tensão e corrente, de modo a alimentar a lâmpada de alta pressão de sódio na frequência da rede de alimentação, formando um conversor estático CA/CA com alto rendimento. Apresenta uma metodologia de projeto para fonte de alimentação de lâmpadas de descarga em alta pressão baseada em reatores eletrônicos com alto rendimento e elevado fator de potência, que não excitam de forma destrutiva a ressonância acústica (AR). O reator consiste dos conversores Buck-Boost, Ćuk, SEPIC e ZETA bipolares operando por modulação de largura de pulso (PWM) em modo de condução de corrente contínua (CCM), com ou sem filtro de entrada acoplado e com um circuito de ignição. O conversor opera em 33 kHz e alimenta a lâmpada na frequência da rede. O circuito de ignição fornece a alta tensão para a formação inicial do arco elétrico e neste trabalho de doutoramento foi equacionado e otimizado quando comparado ao modelo tradicional. O controle do reator é implementado em um microcontrolador de 32 bits, o que contribui com a redução do número de componentes e do custo final do sistema, sem prejudicar a confiabilidade do mesmo. As formas de onda de saída de reatores eletromagnéticos e as normas vigentes servem de base para o dimensionamento dos componentes e a obtenção de uma nova metodologia de controle. Resultados experimentais para uma lâmpada HPS de 70 W alimentada a partir de uma rede de 220 V ±20% e 60 Hz são apresentados para validar os reatores propostos.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-02T14:35:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiorobertobarbosasimoesrodrigues.pdf: 2278203 bytes, checksum: ededd970b17fc08adbb3d55174389663 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T19:43:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiorobertobarbosasimoesrodrigues.pdf: 2278203 bytes, checksum: ededd970b17fc08adbb3d55174389663 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T19:43:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 claudiorobertobarbosasimoesrodrigues.pdf: 2278203 bytes, checksum: ededd970b17fc08adbb3d55174389663 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-16 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Este trabalho apresenta a proposta de um reator eletrônico ressonante dedicado à realização de testes de funcionalidade básica de lâmpadas de vapor de sódio e de vapor de mercúrio em alta pressão. Os testes são realizados com potência reduzida visando economizar energia elétrica e minimizar o ofuscamento dos operadores. O reator proposto é parte integrante de um sistema de reatores eletrônicos que deve substituir um conjunto de reatores eletromagnéticos utilizados em uma bancada de testes de componentes de iluminação pública. A utilização do conjunto de reatores substitutos propiciará a redução do peso e do volume da bancada, facilitando sua confecção em escala. O trabalho inclui um estudo teórico sobre lâmpadas de descarga de alta intensidade (HID) e sobre o fenômeno da ressonância acústica, que pode acometer estas lâmpadas quando são alimentadas em alta freqüência. O estudo sobre reatores eletrônicos para lâmpadas HID apresentado enfatiza o reator eletrônico série-paralelo ressonante. Este reator é utilizado neste trabalho para a realização dos testes com potência reduzida das lâmpadas de vapor de sódio em alta pressão de 70W e vapor de mercúrio em alta pressão de 125W sem a excitação do fenômeno da ressonância acústica e sem a necessidade de modificação de nenhum parâmetro do circuito. Para isto, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para que o projeto do circuito ressonante série-paralelo pudesse atender ambas as lâmpadas em operação dimerizada. Apresentam-se ainda resultados experimentais dos testes realizados com o reator implementado. / This work presents a proposal of a resonant electronic ballast intended for the basic functionally testing of high pressure sodium and mercury lamps. The tests are performed with reduced power in order to save energy and to minimize operators’ glare effect. The proposed ballast is part of an electronic system that would replace a number of electromagnetic ballasts used in a lighting components bench test equipment. The use of this electronic system will provide the reduction of the weight and volume of the bench test equipment, favoring its commercial production. Theoretical studies about high intensity discharge lamps and acoustic resonance phenomenon, which can affect those kind of lamps in high frequency operation, are accomplished. The study of electronic ballasts for HID lamps presented emphasizes the series-parallel load resonant ballast. This ballast is used in this work for testing 70W high pressure sodium lamps and 125W high pressure mercury vapour lamps with reduced power, without exciting the acoustic resonance phenomenon and with no need of any circuit parameter modification. For this purpose, it was developed a design methodology of the series-parallel resonant circuit aiming dimmed operation of both lamps. Experimental results of tests performed with the implemented ballast are also included.