L’utilisation de carbènes N-hétérocycliques (NHCs), en tant qu’activateurs organiques « multitâches », a permis la polymérisation de deux classes de monomères : les monomères vinyliques de type (méth)acrylique et les monomères cycliques de type époxyde. En particulier, la polymérisation par transfert de groupe (GTP) catalysée par les NHCs a été utilisée pour polymériser les monomères acryliques et méthacryliques, dans des solvants polaires comme apolaires, en présence d’un amorceur de type acétal de cétène silylé. Sur cette base des copolymères à blocs « tout-acrylique » ont été synthétisés. Dans une autre étude, la polymérisation par ouverture de cycle (ROP) des oxydes d’éthylène et de propylène a été induite par les NHCs. Dans un premier cas, les NHCs ont été utilisés comme amorceurs de la réaction. Puis, en employant un amorceur tiers, ils ont servi de catalyseurs de la ROP. Des poly(oxyde d’éthylène) et poly(oxyde de propylène) hétérodifonctionnels ont été synthétisés. Enfin, une dernière approche a permis de concilier les deux méthodes de polymérisation. A l’aide d’un système unique d’amorçage, la copolymérisation séquentielle d’un monomère vinylique polaire et d’un monomère cyclique a pu être réalisée. / The use of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as multitask organic activators has enabled the polymerization of two classes of monomers: polar vinylic monomers like (meth)acrylics, and cyclic epoxides. In particular, the NHC-catalyzed group transfer polymerization (GTP) has been used to polymerize both acrylic and methacrylic monomers, either in polar or apolar solvents, in the presence of a silyl ketene acetal as initiator. On this basis, “all-acrylic” block copolymers have been synthesized. In another study, the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ethylene and propylene oxides was induced by NHCs. In one case, NHCs have been used as initiators of the reaction. On the other hand, using a third compound, they have served as catalysts for the ROP. Heterobifonctional poly(ethylene oxide)s and poly(propylene oxide)s have been synthesized. A final approach has brought together the two polymerization methods. Using a single initiating system, the sequential copolymerization of a polar vinylic monomer and a cyclic monomer has been achieved.

Les nitrones peuvent être réduites par le diiodure de samarium et réagir selon une additionconjuguée avec des acrylates-silylés, silylés ou ,disilylés. Ce couplage réducteur,développé avec des aldonitrones simples, a conduit à des dérivés silylés de g-Nhydroxyaminoacides.Ces derniers ont pu être réduits puis cyclisés en g-lactames substituéspar un groupement silylé, dont la position et la configuration dépendent de l’acrylate dedépart. L’oxydation de Tamao-Fleming a ensuite permis la conversion des composés silylésen leurs correspondants hydroxylés avec rétention de configuration. Cet enchaînementréactionnel a alors été appliquée à une nitrone cyclique polyalkoxylée dérivée du L-xylose, cequi a permis les synthèses de la 7-desoxy Uniflorine A et de la (+)-Australine, deuxpyrrolizidines polyhydroxylées inhibiteurs de glucosidases. / Nitrones are reduced by samarium diiodide and react through a conjugated addition with silylacrylates. This cross coupling, developed with simple aldonitrones, allowed the preparation ofsilyl g-N-hydroxyaminoacids derivatives. The latter were reduced and cyclised in g-lactams inwhich the position and the configuration of the silyl group depend of the starting acrylate.Tamao-Fleming oxidation was used for the conversion of silyl group to hydroxyl group withretention of configuration. Then, the reaction was applied to a cyclic polyalkoxy nitronederived from L-xylose and it allowed the synthesis of 7-deoxy Uniflorine A and (+)-Australine, polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidines exhibiting glucosidases inhibition.

Un système de polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée par RAFT en dispersion huileuse sans stabilisant a été développé : l'acrylate de méthyle a ainsi été polymérisé dans l'isododécane (solvant du monomère, mais non solvant du polymère correspondant) en présence d'un macro(agent RAFT) soluble (le poly(acrylate de 2-éthylhexyle)) porteur soit d'une fonction dithiobenzoate, soit d'une fonction trithiocarbonate. Les conditions pour mener à une croissance contrôlée des chaînes ainsi qu'à la formation de particules bien définies et auto-stabilisées ont été étudiées. Par ce procédé, la formation in situ de copolymères à blocs à caractère solvophile/solvophobe mène par auto-assemblage à la formation de micelles. Ce procédé se révèle simple, met en jeu un nombre limité de réactifs et permet d'atteindre des taux de solide compris entre 20 et 40%. La comparaison des deux systèmes étudiés, ainsi que des caractérisations détaillées par chromatographie 2D des copolymères ont permis de proposer un mécanisme. Celui-ci permet d'expliquer les comportements très différents des deux systèmes (bon contrôle dans le cas du trithiocarbonate, pas de contrôle et effet retard dans le cas du dithiobenzoate), et se révèle cohérent avec des résultats issus de la littérature concernant également l'utilisation de macro(agent RAFT) lors d'une polymérisation en dispersion. Il apparaît finalement que la qualité du contrôle dépend de la réactivité de la nature du macro(agent RAFT) d'une part, et de son caractère solvophile/solvophobe d'autre part.

The photopolymerization of multifunctional acrylates leads to the formation of a complex and insoluble network due to cross-linking. This characteristic is a useful property for stereolithography applications, where solid parts of the desired shape are cured using a pre-determined energy exposure profile. Traditionally, the required energy exposure is determined using a critical energy--depth of penetration, or Ec--Dp, model. The parameters Ec and Dp, are usually fit to experimental data at a specific resin composition and cure intensity. As a result, since the Ec--Dp model does not explicitly incorporate cure kinetics, it cannot be used for a different set of process conditions without first obtaining experimental data at the new conditions. Thus, the Ec--Dp model does not provide any insight when a new process needs to be developed, and the best processing conditions are unknown. The kinetic model for multifunctional acrylate photopolymerization presented here is based on a set of ordinary differential equations (ODE), which can be used to predict part height versus exposure condition across varying resin compositions. Kinetic parameter information used in the model is obtained by fitting the model to double bond conversion data from Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements. An additional parameter, the critical conversion value, is necessary for determining the formation of a solid part of the desired height. The initial rate of initiation, Ri, combines all the factors that impact part height, and therefore, it is an important quantity that is required in order to find the critical conversion value. The critical conversion value is estimated using the Ri and Tgel value from microrheology measurements. Information about network connectivity, which can be used to get properties such as molecular weight, cannot be derived from models using traditional mass-action kinetics for the cross-linking system. Therefore, in addition to modeling the reaction using the ODE based model, the results from a statistical model based on Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) principles are also shown here. The KMC model is applicable in situations where the impact of chain length on the kinetics or molecular weight evolution is of interest. For the present project, the detailed information from network connectivity was not required to make part height predictions, and the conversion information from the ODE model was sufficient. The final results show that the kinetic ODE model presented here, based on the critical conversion value, captures the impact of process parameters such as initiator concentration, light intensity, and exposure time, on the final part height of the object. In addition, for the case of blanket cure samples, the part height predictions from the ODE model make comparable predictions to the Ec--Dp model. Thus, the ODE model presented here is a versatile tool that can be used to determine optimum operating conditions during process development.

M. Tech. Polymer Technoliogy. / Studies the basic curing, rheological and thermomechanical behaviours of hybrids composed of a VE resin and acrylated epoxidised soyabean oil (AESO). The hybrid systems were cured by free radical initiated radical copolymerisation with styrene. The prospective outcomes were: To find suitable initiators/accelerators for the VE/AESO hybrids which work within the entire composition range? To contribute to the selection of VE resins for AESO modification To establish the optimal quantity of AESO required obtaining the best cure characteristics, the most acceptable reduction in Tg, and stiffness as compared with the parent VE resin.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

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Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-03T17:12:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Jamire Muriel da Silva.pdf: 79224513 bytes, checksum: ff26bbe18b441c71eeb70cb1f6f88b39 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Secta BC (secta.csu.bc@uepb.edu.br) on 2018-04-10T15:03:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Jamire Muriel da Silva.pdf: 79224513 bytes, checksum: ff26bbe18b441c71eeb70cb1f6f88b39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T15:04:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Jamire Muriel da Silva.pdf: 79224513 bytes, checksum: ff26bbe18b441c71eeb70cb1f6f88b39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / A highly efficient drug that does not cause collateral damage in the treatment of varied types of cancer has been the desire of many study groups. Over the years, this has been arousing the academic interest worldwide in the search for healing or less harmful and more effective treatments. In this perspective, this work sought the development of a series of new acrylate derivatives coupled to nitrogenous nuclei with potential antitumor action, in the perspective of obtaining compounds with high potentiality and specificity. Therefore, 11 new acrylate derivatives coupled to acridine, quinolinic, indolic and pyridine nuclei have been planned and developed, 10 of which are inedited in the literature. The compounds were obtained from the condensation of different aromatic aldehydes with different reactive methylene groups through a Knovenagel type reaction in ethanolic and basic medium. Fifteen compounds were obtained, four of them intermediates (JM-01, AC-01, ACN-01 and AC-02) and 11 final compounds that presented yields of 51-86% and melting range ranging from 1 to 4 ºC, which gives a certain guarantee of the purity of the products. The structures of the obtained derivatives were elucidated by infrared-IR techniques, mass spectrometry and by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, showing absorption bands characteristic of the functional groupsproposed in the structures, especially the bands and signals of the common vinyl hydrogen in all compounds ranging from 5.73 to 9.30 ppm, thus proving the success of the proposed synthesis. The mass spectra corroborated with the success of the syntheses, presenting masses with expected values. The derivatives were submitted to a docking study, with scores varying from -58.8549 to -16.1303, with the best results being attributed to ICIP, ACMD, PAIP and CAIC derivatives. Interaction tests with DNA were performed by means of an evaluation of absorbance spectroscopy, observing the interaction of the compounds with the targets. In the analysis of interaction with DNA, four of them (ICIP, CAQA, CAAC and ACIP) showed interaction with DNA shifting the wavelength. Among of all derivatives, the ICIP stood out for the good results, both in the docking study, with value close to the reference drug, and with interaction with DNA, by presenting hyperchromic effect, allowing an interaction on both sides of the molecule, and also for being a inedited compound. This molecule presents itself as promising compound for the continuity of the evaluations as a drug candidate. / Um fármaco altamente eficiente e que não provoque danos colaterais no tratamento dos mais diversos tipos de câncer tem sido o desejo de muitos grupos de estudos. E isso, vem a cada ano despertando o interesse acadêmico mundial em busca da cura ou de tratamentos menos nocivos e mais eficazes. Nessa perspectiva, este trabalho buscou o desenvolvimento de uma série de novos derivados acrilatos acoplados a núcleos nitrogenados com potencial ação antitumoral, na perspectiva de obtenção de compostos com elevada potencialidade e especificidades. Para tanto, planejou-se e desenvolveu-se 11 novos derivados acrilatos acoplados a núcleos acridínicos, quinolínicos, indólicos e piridínicos dos quais 10 são inéditos na literatura. Os compostos foram obtidos a partir da condensação de diferentes aldeídos aromáticos com diferentes grupos metilenos reativos através de uma reação do tipo Knovenagel em meio etanólico e básico. Foram obtidos 15 compostos sendo quatro deles intermediários (JM-01, AC-01, ACN-01 E AC-02) e 11 compostos finais que apresentaram rendimentos de 51 a 86 %, e faixa de fusão variando de 1 a 4 ºC que dão certa garantia de pureza dos produtos. As estruturas dos derivados obtidos foram elucidadas por técnicas infravermelho-IV, espectrometria de massas e por espectroscopia de RMN de 1^H e 13^C apresentando bandas de absorção características dos grupos funcionais propostos nas estruturas, principalmente as bandas e sinais do hidrogênio vinílico comum em todos os compostos variando entre 5,73 e 9,30 ppm comprovando assim o sucesso da síntese proposta. Os espectros de massas vieram mais ainda corroborar com o sucesso das sínteses, apresentando massas com valores esperados. Os derivados foram submetidos a estudo de docking apresentando scores variando de -58,8549 a -16,1303 destacando-se com melhores resultados os derivados ICIP, ACMD, PAIP e CAIC. Os testes de interação com, DNA foram realizados através de avaliação de espectroscopia de absorbância observando a interação dos compostos com os alvos. Nas análises de interação com DNA, verificou-se que quatro delas o ICIP, CAQA, CAAC e ACIP apresentaram interação com DNA deslocando o comprimento de onda. De todos os derivados, o ICIP se destacou pelos bons resultados, tanto no estudo de docking com valor próximo ao fármaco de referência, como com interação com DNA apresentando efeito hipercrômico, possibilitando uma interação pelos dois lados da molécula, e também por ser um composto inédito. Esse composto se apresenta com promissor para a continuidade das avaliações como candidatos a fármacos.

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Grinding aids are surface active substances, wich separate particles of milled substance and prevent their reaglomeration.