Investigo nesta tese o problema da unidade épica da Tebaida a partir da hipótese de que o emprego do apelo se vincula diretamente ao andamento da ação. A metodologia consiste na teorização antiga, segundo preceitos aristotélicos e horacianos a respeito da disposição das partes e do todo em um poema, como modo de leitura do corpus e como forma de esclarecer aspectos até então não de todo estabelecidos pela fortuna crítica. Ademais, verifico quais usos do apelo nesta epopéia de Estácio se mostram ou não modelados segundo pré-figurações na Ilíada e na Eneida, assim como no Édipo e nas Fenícias senequianos. Parto da premissa de que o furor constitui o cerne da ação na Tebaida e, demonstrando-a, concluo que a função principal do apelo é conferir unidade ao poema. / In this doctoral dissertation I investigate the problem of epic unity in the Thebaid through the hypothesis according to which the use of appeal is directly connected to the development of action. My method dwells on ancient theory and thus follows both Aristotelian and Horatian principles regarding the disposition of the parts and the whole of a poem as a means of reading the corpus and also clarifying aspects that have not hitherto been wholly established by critics and commentators. Furthermore, I proceed to verifying which uses of appeal in Statius epic reveal themselves as being modelled or not according to pre-figurations in the Iliad and the Aeneid, as well as in Senecas Oedipus and Phoenissae. By demonstrating the assumption that furor makes the center of action in the Thebaid I conclude that the unity of action in the poem builds on through appeal, thereby proving this to be its prevailing function.

Thesis. 1979. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY. / Includes bibliographical references. / Ph.D.

Investigo nesta tese o problema da unidade épica da Tebaida a partir da hipótese de que o emprego do apelo se vincula diretamente ao andamento da ação. A metodologia consiste na teorização antiga, segundo preceitos aristotélicos e horacianos a respeito da disposição das partes e do todo em um poema, como modo de leitura do corpus e como forma de esclarecer aspectos até então não de todo estabelecidos pela fortuna crítica. Ademais, verifico quais usos do apelo nesta epopéia de Estácio se mostram ou não modelados segundo pré-figurações na Ilíada e na Eneida, assim como no Édipo e nas Fenícias senequianos. Parto da premissa de que o furor constitui o cerne da ação na Tebaida e, demonstrando-a, concluo que a função principal do apelo é conferir unidade ao poema. / In this doctoral dissertation I investigate the problem of epic unity in the Thebaid through the hypothesis according to which the use of appeal is directly connected to the development of action. My method dwells on ancient theory and thus follows both Aristotelian and Horatian principles regarding the disposition of the parts and the whole of a poem as a means of reading the corpus and also clarifying aspects that have not hitherto been wholly established by critics and commentators. Furthermore, I proceed to verifying which uses of appeal in Statius epic reveal themselves as being modelled or not according to pre-figurations in the Iliad and the Aeneid, as well as in Senecas Oedipus and Phoenissae. By demonstrating the assumption that furor makes the center of action in the Thebaid I conclude that the unity of action in the poem builds on through appeal, thereby proving this to be its prevailing function.

In capital-intensive organizations formed to plan new infrastructure development projects, the promoter of the project (as a single organization or as part of a coalition) rarely controls all of the critical resources required to achieve the system-level goal. Instead, the direct control of interdependent resources is diffused across multiple legally independent stakeholders (Lundrigan, Gil and Puranam, 2015). As such, the core structure in these so-called 'megaproject' meta-organizations is a classic empirical instantiation of a pluralistic setting (Denis, Langley and Rouleau, 2007). In pluralistic settings, the authority to make strategic decisions is diffused across actors with heterogeneous objectives, interests, values and expertise. Hence, to achieve the goal, the promoter needs to cooperate with multiple stakeholders. Since some critical resources are not transactional or measurable, the cooperation problem is not a 'buy' problem. Instead, resolving the cooperation problem necessitates a search for mutually consensual solutions that reconcile conflicting interests. Moreover, this search unfolds without recourse to top-down authority characteristic of unitary organizations. Therefore, the promoter has to play a coordinating role that traverses organizational boundaries to coalesce competing preferences into a one-off plan. Against this backdrop, this doctoral research investigates how designed rules and structures influence consensus-building during the collective development process. We conduct the research by drawing on two cognitive lenses consolidated in two vast bodies of literature that have remained largely disparate: organization design (Puranam, Alexy and Reitzig, 2014; Burton & Obel, 1984; Lawrence & Lorsch, 1967; March & Simon, 1958; Mintzberg, 1979) and collective action (Ostrom 1990, 2005). Combining these two research streams allows us to investigate how to resolve the coordination and cooperation problems inherent in pluralistic settings. Our research method is a single case study with embedded units of analysis. This method allows us to probe deeply into operational details while maintaining the holistic features of the focal phenomena (Yin, 2009; Yin, 2013; Siggelkow, 2007; Eisenhardt & Graebner, 2007). Our focal case is the planning stage of High Speed 2 (HS2), a new multi-billion-pound cross-country railway project in the UK. The scheme is promoted by the UK Government. However, the planning effort has required that the Government share local decision rights for planning choices related to the stations along the route with multiple local authorities. These local authorities are independent, resource-rich stakeholders who are impacted by local choices, and they have deep knowledge of local needs and constraints. Thus, in the HS2 case, organizing for collective action is a prerequisite for achieving the system-goal. Our research presents two major theoretical contributions. First, we contribute to organizational design literature by advancing our knowledge of how organizations can be designed to achieve system-level goals when decision-making authority is diffused across multiple organizational boundaries. Specifically, we advance our conceptual understanding of polycentric systems--a form of organizing that distributes decision-making authority across multiple local groups of independent stakeholders. As such, we illuminate the designed processes and structures that enable the core actors in a polycentric system to integrate effort and reconcile their differences over time. Organization design choices are about designing governance structures that enable and constrain collective action. Hence, we also contribute to the project management literature with insights on the governance of the planning stage of megaprojects. Specifically, we offer a deeper understanding of how to organize an inter-organizational setting to make planning decisions and manage interdependencies with the environment. Furthermore, we reveal that ambiguous evaluations of megaproject performance are rooted in collective efforts to resolve coordination and cooperation problems. Our research is grounded in the planning effort for the HS2 project and thus embedded in the UK context. We, therefore, encourage future studies to investigate the generalizability of our claims on organizing for collective action in other institutional contexts.

目標設定理論已被廣泛應用於組織，以提高性能和有效性。然而，採用目標設定可能帶來偏差行為的潛在性還沒有得到深入的探討。本研究旨在探討框架效果和自尊對偏差行為的影響。實驗穫取了114個香港本科生的數據。實驗的目的在於探索目標設定在性能方面和偏差行為潛在的影響。除了審查設定目標的效果，另外兩個條件是目標達到後能避免處罰或得到獎勵。實驗中衡量自尊使用了一個特定任務的自尊量表（Greenhaus & Badin, 1974）。偏差行為定義為虛假報告（誇大）自己在8個字謎任務中的分數。據推測，框架效果（獎勵與處罰）和自尊（高與低），會影響一個人從事偏差行為的可能性。結果表明，四個條件（盡自己所能，被分配目標，被分配獎勵目標和被分配處罰目標）在努力程度上有所不同，在兩個框架條件的參與者相比“盡自己所能“ 和 “被分配目標“ 的參與者創造了更多的字。此外，誇大的虛假報告的頻率和幅度在框架條件中也更為嚴重。自尊水平之間沒有顯著差異。 / Goal setting theory has been widely used in organizations to enhance performance and effectiveness. However, the potential engagement in deviant behavior when concrete goals are adopted has not been thoroughly explored. This study examined the effects of framing and self-esteem on unethical behavior among 114 undergraduate students in Hong Kong. It aimed to underscore the potential pitfalls of goal setting in terms of performance and ethical tradeoffs. Apart from examining the effects of the mere presence of a goal, two other conditions are framed as either offering a reward for goal attainment or a punishment in the case of failure. Self-esteem was measured by an adapted task specific self-esteem scale (Greenhaus & Badin, 1974). Unethical behavior was operationalized as the number of false reporting (overstatement) in completing a series of anagram tasks across eight trials. It was hypothesized that framing (reward versus punishment) and self-esteem (high versus low) would affect the extent to which one engages in unethical behavior. Results showed that the four conditions (do your best, assigned goal, assigned goal with reward and assigned goal with punishment) differed in effort levels; participants in the two framing conditions created more words compared to the “do your best“ and “assigned goal“ conditions. In addition, overstatement of results was also more prevalent among the framing conditions in terms of frequency and magnitude. No differences were found across self-esteem levels. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Lau, Ka Yan Stephanie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 42-50). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.ii / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / List of Tables --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Goal Setting Theory and Demonstrated Effort --- p.2 / Workplace Deviance --- p.4 / Goal Setting and Unethical Behavior --- p.5 / Goal Framing and Demonstrated Effort --- p.7 / Goal Framing and Unethical Behavior --- p.10 / Self-esteem and Demonstrated Effort --- p.13 / Self-esteem and Unethical Behavior --- p.15 / Overview of Hypotheses --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Method --- p.19 / Measurements --- p.19 / Participants --- p.19 / Procedures --- p.20 / Ensuring Anonymity --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.23 / Effort level: goal conditions and self-esteem effects --- p.23 / Overstatement: goal conditions and self-esteem effects --- p.25 / Goal Proximity and Unethical Behavior --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.30 / Goal Conditions and Demonstrated Effort --- p.30 / Self-esteem and Demonstrated Effort --- p.31 / Goal Conditions and Unethical Behavior --- p.32 / Self-esteem and Unethical Behavior --- p.34 / Goal Proximity and Unethical Behavior --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Limitations and Future Directions --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 6: --- Conclusion --- p.40 / References --- p.42 / Appendix --- p.51

A cultura nacional influencia o processo de tomada de decisão? Quais são os pressupostos da tomada de decisão? Qual a relação entre a cultura nacional do tomador de decisão, seus constructos pessoais, a produção de sentido e a tomada de decisão? Este trabalho buscou desenvolver um raciocínio acerca desta temática, criando um modelo que integra conceitos de culturas nacionais, a teoria dos constructos pessoais e a teoria da produção de sentido. Este modelo de análise foi então aplicado a estudantes universitários de origem alemã, italiana e ibérica no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram aplicados dois questionários estruturados, um aberto e um fechado bem como um quase-experimento para chegar-se aos resultados. Aproximadamente 700 pessoas participaram da pesquisa em 6 cidades. Os dados foram então analisados através de análise de conteúdo (para as questões abertas), e técnicas estatísticas como regressão linear e análise fatorial para as questões fechadas. A relação entre cultura nacional, constructos pessoais, produção de sentido e tomada de decisão foi evidenciada parcialmente. Observou-se que os constructos pessoais variaram conforme a origem dos respondentes, porém a diferença entre as culturas italiana, alemã e ibérica não foi significativa para a decisão individual, não influenciando de forma diferente a tomada de decisão e a produção de sentido. Houve no entanto, uma diferença importante entre decisão individual e organizacional, verificando-se a influência da origem cultural (ascendência) no processo de tomada de decisão organizacional, no que tange a percepção da qualidade, sem no entanto alterar a ordem de importância dos atributos (constructos pessoais) de decisão. Estes resultados são importantes pois ajudam a entender o processo decisório, ressaltando a emergência de uma cultura regional (geral), mais forte do que as influências dos países de origem (ascendências). / Does national culture influence the decision-making process? What are the assumptions of decision-making? What is the relationship between the decision maker´s national culture, his personal constructs, his sensemaking and his actual decision? This study aimed to develop an argument about this issue, creating a model that integrates concepts of national culture, the personal constructs theory, and the sensemaking theory. This analysis model was then applied to Brazilian university students of German, Italian and Iberian origins (ancestry) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Two structured questionnaires were applied as well as a quasi-experiment to get to the results. Approximately 700 people participated in the survey in 6 cities. The data were then analyzed using content analysis (for open questions), and statistical techniques such as correlation, regression and factor analysis for the closed questions. The relationship between national culture, personal constructs, sensemaking and decision-making was evidenced in part. It was observed that personal constructs varied according to the origin of the respondents, but the difference between Italian, German and Iberian cultures was not significant for the individual decision, not influencing in a different way the decision-making and the sensemaking. There was however, an important difference between individual and organizational decision, showing the influence of cultural origin (ancestry) in the organizational decision making process regarding the perception of quality, without changing the order of importance of the decision attributes (personal constructs). These results are useful to understand the decision-making process, highlighting the emergence of a (general) regional culture, stronger than the influence of countries of origin (ancestry).

The research reported in the present explored the interaction between perception and action, focusing on how this might occur under memory conditions. This was done in line with the proposals of grounded cognition and situated action, in which action and perception are tightly linked, and able to influence one another in order to aid the performance of a task. Following this idea of a bi-directional loop between the two processes, studies were conducted which focused on each side of this relationship, in conditions where memory would be necessary. The first experiments investigated how the perception of objects and the memory of those perceived objects could influence the production of actions. Later studies examined how the preparation and performance of actions could affect the perception of a scene, and subsequent recall of the objects presented. Throughout these studies, object properties (e.g., shape, colour, position) were used as a means to either manipulate or measure the effect of the tasks. The findings of the studies suggested that weighting an off-line memory representation by means of the task setting was possible, but that this was not an automatic occurrence. Based on the results obtained, it seemed that there were conditions which would affect whether memories could be tailored to the current demands of the tasks, and that these conditions were linked to the realism of the situation. Factors such as the task complexity, the potential for object interaction and the immersive environment were all suggested as possible contributors to the construction and use of weighted representations. Overall, the studies conducted suggest that memory can play a role in guiding action, as on-line perception does, so long as the situation makes it clear that this is necessary. If such weightings are useful, then the memory will be constructed accordingly. However, if the situation is such that there is no clear task, then the memory representations will remain unaffected and unprepared for one specific action, or not be used to aid action. Memory can be seen as serving action, but our memory systems are flexible, allowing us to cope with the demands and restrictions of particular situations.

abstract: International schools and international education initiatives are experiencing tremendous growth as the world’s economy continues to globalize. International schools operating outside of the traditional boundaries of state and national contexts have become havens noted for their diverse and multicultural staff, student bodies and school communities. However, the challenges facing international education have only recently begun to be studied independent from their traditional teaching counterparts. International schools, and any study associated with them, require an individual approach for identifying and solving the challenges unique to their context. “I’m Leaving!” is an action research study which incorporates phenomenological hermeneutics, action research, and a transformational innovation to examine the social structures associated with the decision-making process of the “I’m Leaving!” phenomenon and the administrative action developed in response. Guided by Transformational Leadership Theory (TLT), this study combined the latest action research methodological perspectives with hermeneutic tradition and Professional Learning Community (PLC) theory to provide a deep and unflinching view into the real and lived experiences of the one subject often forgot about in educational research: the teacher. The study results confirm previous study findings that teacher feelings and perceptions of the leadership effectiveness, teacher-leader relationships, and teacher professional growth opportunities were all improved after teachers participated in an action research communities. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine attitudes and general knowledge of Affirmative Action in higher education admissions at one HBCU in Tennessee. The researcher used a modified version of the Echols’s Affirmative Action Inventory (EAAI) to assess attitudes and general knowledge of all administrators, faculty, staff, and students at this institution. At the conclusion of the collection period, 269 surveys were deemed usable. Of these, 31 surveys were completed by administrators, faculty completed 62 surveys, 55 surveys were completed by staff, and 121 surveys were completed by students. The dependent variables for the study were individual survey questions (1-9) and three dimensions created by transforming the data from sets of survey questions. The independent variables were participant group (administrators, faculty, staff, and students), gender, race, and academic discipline. Two-way contingency tables and c2 were used to examine the associations between each independent variable and the dependent variable for each of the individual survey questions. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean differences between the dimensions and pairs of independent variables. The quantitative findings indicated that the independent variable, participant group, was found to differ in five of the 11 research questions significantly. Administrators hold positive attitudes and exhibit greater general knowledge on the topic of Affirmative Action compared to faculty, staff, or students. Of the other independent variables, only race and academic discipline resulted in significant differences. Respondents who identified as Non-White exhibited positive attitudes towards the dimension that assessed whether Affirmative Action was moral and ethical over respondents who identified as White. Respondents who were classified as belonging to the humanities (academic discipline) were more likely to exhibit positive attitudes toward support of Affirmative Action over respondents who were classified as belonging to business.

acase@tulane.edu / 1 / Emily A. Lewis