Le besoin constant de puissance de calcul a poussé les développeurs à concevoir de nouvelles architectures: les architectures parallèles. Le calcul scientifique dépend fortement des performances de ces dernières afin de fournir des résultats dans un temps optimal. Les applications scientifiques exécutées sur de tels systèmes doivent alors tirer partie des spécificités de ces nouvelles architectures pour être efficaces.Cette thèse présente une nouvelle approche pour la conception de logiciels embarquant des optimisations relatives aux architectures : l'approche AADEMRAL (Architecture Aware DEMRAL). Cette méthodologie a pour but de simplifier le développement de bibliothèques de calcul parallèle avec un support multi-Architectural grâce à une approche générique et générative.Cette nouvelle méthodologie est ensuite intégrée dans trois bibliothèques. La première d'entre elles, Boost.Dispatch, permet de concevoir des logiciels basés sur l'approche AADEMRAL. Boost.Dispatch est une bibliothèque C++fournissant une interface générique pour réaliser de la surcharge de fonction avisée de l'architecture sous-Jacente. Ensuite nous présentons deux bibliothèques C++ implémentées en tant que langages orientés domaine : Boost.SIMD et NT2. Leurs conceptions mettent en œuvre la méthodologie AADEMRAL et leurs implémentations sont basées sur Boost.Dispatch. Boost.SIMD propose une interface de haut niveau pour la programmation des unités vectorielles.NT2 se base sur une interface similaire à celle de Matlab et fournie un support pour les systèmes multi-Cœurs et les unités vectorielles. Enfin, nous validons les performances de ces deux outils ainsi que la robustesse de notre nouvelle approche en présentant une série de résultats obtenus sur des applications de référence. / The constant increasing need for computing power has pushed the development of parallel architectures. Scientific computing relies on the performance of such architectures to produce scientific results. Programming efficient applications that takes advantage of these computing systems remains a non trivial task. In this thesis, we present a new methodology to design architecture aware software: the AA-DEMRAL methodology. This methodology aims at simplifying the development of parallel programming tools with multi-Architectural support through a generic and generative approach. We then present three high level programming tools that rely on this approach. First, we introduce the Boost.Dispatch library that provides a way to develop software based on the AA-DEMRAL methodology. The Boost.Dispatch library is a C++ generic framework for architecture aware function dispatching. Then, we present two C++ template libraries implemented as Architecture Aware DSELs which assess the AA-DEMRAL methodology through the use of Boost.Dispatch: Boost.SIMD, that provides a high level API for SIMD extensions and NT2 , which propose a Matlab like interface with support for multi-Core and SIMD based systems. We assess the performance of these libraries and the validity of our new methodology through benchmarks.

Cyber-physical systems are dynamic physical systems that are controlled by computers for their safe and sound operations (e.g., cars, satellites, robots, elevators, and many others). Consequently, the programs running cyber-physical systems have real-time requirements, which require the programs to compute not only correctly but also timely because dynamic physical systems need to move to correct positions within certain duration to ensure safe and sound operations. To satisfy real-time requirements in better ways, many real-time languages have been proposed in the literature. Nevertheless, the general-purpose non-real-time languages C and C++ have remained the de facto languages to program cyber-physical systems, including Mars rovers and F-35 jet fighters. Given this reality, the better ways to satisfy real-time requirements have been the use of model-based tools (e.g., MATLAB/Simulink) that allow cyber-physical systems to be designed by modeling and simulating them and the resulting models to be translated automatically to C programs. Model-based tools, however, leave the resulting C programs for manual integration with other C/C++ programs, such as legacy/third-party device drivers and libraries. Since manual integration could slip in some inconsistencies, which proved fatal in the maiden flight of Ariane-5 rocket, this work shows how the standard features of C++, which support active libraries, can be used to embed a model-based real-time language, called Tice, as a C++ active library that can be used to declaratively express models of real-time systems that are processable by off-the-shelf standard C++ compilers (e.g., GCC and Clang) that automatically not only translate the models into C/C++ programs but also check both the validity of the models and the consistency of the models with other C/C++ programs. Furthermore, being compilable by off-the-shelf standard C++ compilers also sets Tice apart from other real-time languages already proposed in the literature because the other languages require either their own special compilers/interpreters or non-standard C/C++ compilers. Consequently, while Tice itself either uses no C++ features that are unsuitable for cyber-physical systems (e.g., exception) or uses some in judicious manner (e.g., template instantiations to generate programs), Tice prevents no usage that is permitted by standard C++ compilers. Beside that, as C++ active libraries are indeed ordinary C++ libraries, C++ active libraries are seamlessly composable as ordinary C++ libraries, and therefore, as models play an increasingly important role in software engineering, this work shows the potential of C++ as a platform for language-oriented programming where different languages that express different kinds of models and are embedded as C++ active libraries could be composed seamlessly.

O trabalho apresenta uma abordagem teórico-documental de análise e discussão de práticas e conhecimentos acerca da Information Literacy, a fim de sistematizar a matéria, com ênfase no papel educacional das Bibliotecas e do bibliotecário. Examina-se a Information Literacy, enquanto processo de interiorização de conhecimentos, habilidades e valores ligados à informação e ao aprendizado, segundo um quadro referencial histórico-conceitual. Evidencia-se a necessidade de um novo paradigma educacional frente à sociedade atual e à explosão informacional. Analisa-se o papel da Instituição Biblioteca enquanto organização e espaço educacional e a necessidade de implementar mudanças que conduzam à Information Literacy. Discute-se o papel do profissional bibliotecário e sua inserção na comunidade educacional, examinando-o à luz de sua formação educacional e profissional. Apresenta-se ao final a sistematização do conhecimento a respeito de Information Literacy, definição, características, objetivos, identificando diferentes níveis, elencando pontos relevantes de atuação de Bibliotecas e bibliotecários na implementação de uma Educação voltada para a Information Literacy. / The work presents a documental-theoretical approach analysis and discussions on practices and knowledge on Information Literacy, in order to systematize the subject, with emphasis on the educational role of libraries and librarians. It also examines Information Literacy as knowledge, skills and values interiorization process, connected to information and learning, according to a historical-conceptual referential scenario. The need of a new education paradigm facing the current society and the informational explosion is pointed out. Analysis are carried out on the Library’s role as an educational organization, learning and expression space. The librarian role and his/her insertion in the educational community are examined. Professional and educational profile are discussed. At the end, is presented the knowledge systematization about Information Literacy: definition, objectives, and characteristics, identifying different levels, enumerating relevant topics about Information Literacy Education, with emphasis on libraries and librarians role.

O trabalho apresenta uma abordagem teórico-documental de análise e discussão de práticas e conhecimentos acerca da Information Literacy, a fim de sistematizar a matéria, com ênfase no papel educacional das Bibliotecas e do bibliotecário. Examina-se a Information Literacy, enquanto processo de interiorização de conhecimentos, habilidades e valores ligados à informação e ao aprendizado, segundo um quadro referencial histórico-conceitual. Evidencia-se a necessidade de um novo paradigma educacional frente à sociedade atual e à explosão informacional. Analisa-se o papel da Instituição Biblioteca enquanto organização e espaço educacional e a necessidade de implementar mudanças que conduzam à Information Literacy. Discute-se o papel do profissional bibliotecário e sua inserção na comunidade educacional, examinando-o à luz de sua formação educacional e profissional. Apresenta-se ao final a sistematização do conhecimento a respeito de Information Literacy, definição, características, objetivos, identificando diferentes níveis, elencando pontos relevantes de atuação de Bibliotecas e bibliotecários na implementação de uma Educação voltada para a Information Literacy. / The work presents a documental-theoretical approach analysis and discussions on practices and knowledge on Information Literacy, in order to systematize the subject, with emphasis on the educational role of libraries and librarians. It also examines Information Literacy as knowledge, skills and values interiorization process, connected to information and learning, according to a historical-conceptual referential scenario. The need of a new education paradigm facing the current society and the informational explosion is pointed out. Analysis are carried out on the Library’s role as an educational organization, learning and expression space. The librarian role and his/her insertion in the educational community are examined. Professional and educational profile are discussed. At the end, is presented the knowledge systematization about Information Literacy: definition, objectives, and characteristics, identifying different levels, enumerating relevant topics about Information Literacy Education, with emphasis on libraries and librarians role.