The goal of this dissertation is to evaluate the effectiveness of model predictive control (MPC) for a magnetically suspended flywheel energy storage uninterruptible power supply (FlyUPS). The reason this research topic was selected was to determine if an advanced control technique such as MPC could perform better than a classical control approach such as decentralised Proportional-plus-Differential (PD) control. Based on a literature study of the FlyUPS system and the MPC strategies available, two MPC strategies were used to design two possible MPC controllers were designed for the FlyUPS, namely a classical MPC algorithm that incorporates optimisation techniques and the MPC algorithm used in the MATLAB® MPC toolbox™. In order to take the restrictions of the system into consideration, the model used to derive the controllers was reduced to an order of ten according to the Hankel singular value decomposition of the model. Simulation results indicated that the first controller based on a classical MPC algorithm and optimisation techniques was not verified as a viable control strategy to be implemented on the physical FlyUPS system due to difficulties obtaining the desired response. The second controller derived using the MATLAB® MPC toolbox™ was verified to be a viable control strategy for the FlyUPS by delivering good performance in simulation. The verified MPC controller was then implemented on the FlyUPS. This implementation was then analysed in order to validate that the controller operates as expected through a comparison of the simulation and implementation results. Further analysis was then done by comparing the performance of MPC with decentralised PD control in order to determine the advantages and limitations of using MPC on the FlyUPS. The advantages indicated by the evaluation include the simplicity of the design of the controller that follows directly from the specifications of the system and the dynamics of the system, and the good performance of the controller within the parameters of the controller design. The limitations identified during this evaluation include the high computational load that requires a relatively long execution time, and the inability of the MPC controller to adapt to unmodelled system dynamics. Based on this evaluation MPC can be seen as a viable control strategy for the FlyUPS, however more research is needed to optimise the MPC approach to yield significant advantages over other control techniques such as decentralised PD control. / Thesis (MIng (Computer and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The goal of this dissertation is to evaluate the effectiveness of model predictive control (MPC) for a magnetically suspended flywheel energy storage uninterruptible power supply (FlyUPS). The reason this research topic was selected was to determine if an advanced control technique such as MPC could perform better than a classical control approach such as decentralised Proportional-plus-Differential (PD) control. Based on a literature study of the FlyUPS system and the MPC strategies available, two MPC strategies were used to design two possible MPC controllers were designed for the FlyUPS, namely a classical MPC algorithm that incorporates optimisation techniques and the MPC algorithm used in the MATLAB® MPC toolbox™. In order to take the restrictions of the system into consideration, the model used to derive the controllers was reduced to an order of ten according to the Hankel singular value decomposition of the model. Simulation results indicated that the first controller based on a classical MPC algorithm and optimisation techniques was not verified as a viable control strategy to be implemented on the physical FlyUPS system due to difficulties obtaining the desired response. The second controller derived using the MATLAB® MPC toolbox™ was verified to be a viable control strategy for the FlyUPS by delivering good performance in simulation. The verified MPC controller was then implemented on the FlyUPS. This implementation was then analysed in order to validate that the controller operates as expected through a comparison of the simulation and implementation results. Further analysis was then done by comparing the performance of MPC with decentralised PD control in order to determine the advantages and limitations of using MPC on the FlyUPS. The advantages indicated by the evaluation include the simplicity of the design of the controller that follows directly from the specifications of the system and the dynamics of the system, and the good performance of the controller within the parameters of the controller design. The limitations identified during this evaluation include the high computational load that requires a relatively long execution time, and the inability of the MPC controller to adapt to unmodelled system dynamics. Based on this evaluation MPC can be seen as a viable control strategy for the FlyUPS, however more research is needed to optimise the MPC approach to yield significant advantages over other control techniques such as decentralised PD control. / Thesis (MIng (Computer and Electronic Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Typischerweise wird die Rotorposition aktiver Magnetlager mit einer Lageregelung mit unterlagerter Stromregelung geregelt. Dieser Ansatz erreicht jedoch insbesondere bei axialen Magnetlagern mit massivem Kern seine Grenzen, daWirbelströme und Sättigungserscheinungen im Magnetkreis eine Diskrepanz zwischen den messbaren und kraftbildenden Spulenströmen hervorrufen. Die in der Folge erhebliche Verminderung der Lagersteifigkeit kann durch eine alternative Flussdichteregelung vermieden werden, da so unmittelbar die kraftbildende Komponente gestellt wird. In diesem Artikel stellen wir eine Regelungsvariante auf Basis eines fraktionalen Flussdichteschätzers vor, der ohne zusätzliche Sensorik auskommt und sich somit auch für bestehende Systeme implementieren lässt. Anhand von berechneten Frequenzgängen zeigen wir das große Verbesserungspotenzial dieser neuen Variante in Bezug auf Regelgüte und Stabilität im Vergleich zu einer klassischen Lageregelung mit unterlagerter Stromregelung.

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Para aplicações de extração de petróleo de poços em terra foi desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Eletromagnetismo Aplicado (LMAG) da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo um protótipo de motor de indução linear tubular (MILT), onde o movimento axial do secundário do motor aciona diretamente a bomba de extração situada no fundo do poço. Numa segunda etapa, foi prevista a substituição dos mancais mecânicos por dois mancais magnéticos ativos (AMBs), que permitem melhor movimentação e praticamente nenhum atrito, reduzindo o desgaste causado por impurezas contidas no petróleo extraído, e consequentemente os esforços de manutenção. Todavia, o protótipo atual possui apenas um mancal magnético, e o outro é mecânico. O presente trabalho apresenta a instalação do segundo mancal magnético ao protótipo do MILT, e propõe realizar o controle do sistema de mancais magnéticos para o MILT, tendo em vista um problema multivariável, onde as posições do secundário do motor em relação aos dois mancais são correlacionadas, bem como as ações de controle sobre os mesmos. O trabalho faz uma revisão do sistema atual com um AMB, abordando sua concepção física, modelagem e o controlador, e tal controlador é replicado para o segundo AMB. Um novo modelo é apresentado, considerando o comportamento multivariável dos dois AMBs, e um sistema de controle robusto multivariável é projetado, através da técnica LQG/LTR. Resultados de simulação do novo controlador são analisados e comparados com os resultados experimentais do controlador atual aplicado aos dois AMBs, e apresentam-se as conclusões. / For onshore oil extraction applications, a tubular linear induction motor (TLIM) prototype was developed by Applied Electromagnetism Laboratory (LMAG) of Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, on which the axial movement of the motor secondary drives the suction pump, placed in the down hole of the oil well. In a second step, it was planned to replace the mechanical bearings by two Active Magnetic Bearings (AMB), in order to have better movement and practically no friction, reducing damages caused by impurities in the oil, thus reducing maintenance effort. Nevertheless, the actual prototype has only one AMB, being the other one a mechanical bearing. This paper presents the installation of the second AMB onto TLIM prototype, and a proposal to implement the control algorithm for the TLIM magnetic bearing system, considering now a multivariable problem, where the position of the motor secondary for both AMB are related, as well as control efforts. The present work review the actual system with only one AMB, approaching its physical construction, mathematical model and applied control system; and this control system is applied to the second AMB. A new model is presented, considering the AMB system multivariable behavior, and a multivariable robust control system is then designed, using LQG/LTR approach. Simulation results for the new controller are analyzed and compared to experimental results from the actual controller applied to both AMB, and some conclusions are presented.

Vibrações são intrínsecas às máquinas rotativas e, embora não possam ser completamente eliminadas, devem ser controladas de modo a se evitar fadiga e até mesmo falha da máquina. Neste contexto, devido à sua capacidade de alterar as características dinâmicas destas máquinas, os mancais ativos são uma solução efetiva a fim de se reduzir vibrações em rotores, permitindo não só maior ciclo de vida, mas também aumento de confiabilidade e desempenho. Frequentemente, o projeto do sistema de controle destes mancais baseia-se em um modelo matemático da planta, o qual pode ser de difícil obtenção e, devido à adoção de hipóteses simplificadoras (inerentes ao processo de modelagem), pode ser impreciso. Com base nestes conceitos, propõe-se a utilização de uma técnica de controle do tipo proporcional-derivativa baseada em medições de resposta em frequência (livre de modelos matemáticos) aplicada ao controle de vibrações em sistemas rotativos, contornando dificuldades de modelagem. Esta técnica é testada experimentalmente em uma bancada de testes cujos elementos de atuação são os eletromagnetos de um mancal ativo, e um algoritmo para a identificação automática das FRFs do sistema (algoritmo de autoidentificação) é desenvolvido e implementado, permitindo, de forma autônoma, o cálculo dos ganhos ótimos do controlador PD visando atenuação de vibrações. Com base nos resultados obtidos, tem-se que este trabalho é um estudo preliminar que pode viabilizar o desenvolvimento de um mancal ativo inteligente, o qual, a partir de medições do deslocamento do eixo, seria capaz de obter a resposta em frequência do sistema e determinar, de forma automática, os ganhos ótimos do controlador, possibilitando o controle autônomo de vibrações em sistemas rotativos, a partir de um algoritmo de autoidentificação e de uma metodologia de controle livre de modelos. / Vibrations are intrinsic to rotating machinery and, although they cannot be completely eliminated, it is important to control this kind of motion with the objective of avoiding fatigue and even failure of the machine. In this context, due to their capacity of changing the dynamic characteristics of these machines, active bearings are an effective solution to reduce vibration in rotors, allowing not only longer lifecycle, but also higher performance. Frequently, the design of the control system of these bearings is based on a mathematical model of the plant, whose obtainment can be hard and, due to the adoption of simplifying hypotheses (inherent to the modeling process), it may be imprecise. Keeping in mind these concepts, this dissertation proposes the use of a proportional-derivative control technique based on frequency response measurements (free of mathematical models) applied to the vibration control of rotating systems, overcoming modeling difficulties. This technique is experimentally tested in a test rig whose actuation elements are the electromagnets of an active bearing, and an algorithm for automatic identification of the system\'s FRFs (self-identification algorithm) is developed and implemented, allowing, in an autonomous way, the calculation of the optimum gains of the PD controller aiming at controlling vibrations. Based on the obtained results, this work consists in a preliminary study that may enable the development of a smart active bearing, which, from measurements of the shaft\'s displacement, would be capable of obtaining the frequency response of the system and determine, automatically, the optimum gains of the controller, making it possible the autonomous vibration control in rotating systems, from a self-identification algorithm and a model-free control methodology.

Para aplicações de extração de petróleo de poços em terra foi desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Eletromagnetismo Aplicado (LMAG) da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo um protótipo de motor de indução linear tubular (MILT), onde o movimento axial do secundário do motor aciona diretamente a bomba de extração situada no fundo do poço. Numa segunda etapa, foi prevista a substituição dos mancais mecânicos por dois mancais magnéticos ativos (AMBs), que permitem melhor movimentação e praticamente nenhum atrito, reduzindo o desgaste causado por impurezas contidas no petróleo extraído, e consequentemente os esforços de manutenção. Todavia, o protótipo atual possui apenas um mancal magnético, e o outro é mecânico. O presente trabalho apresenta a instalação do segundo mancal magnético ao protótipo do MILT, e propõe realizar o controle do sistema de mancais magnéticos para o MILT, tendo em vista um problema multivariável, onde as posições do secundário do motor em relação aos dois mancais são correlacionadas, bem como as ações de controle sobre os mesmos. O trabalho faz uma revisão do sistema atual com um AMB, abordando sua concepção física, modelagem e o controlador, e tal controlador é replicado para o segundo AMB. Um novo modelo é apresentado, considerando o comportamento multivariável dos dois AMBs, e um sistema de controle robusto multivariável é projetado, através da técnica LQG/LTR. Resultados de simulação do novo controlador são analisados e comparados com os resultados experimentais do controlador atual aplicado aos dois AMBs, e apresentam-se as conclusões. / For onshore oil extraction applications, a tubular linear induction motor (TLIM) prototype was developed by Applied Electromagnetism Laboratory (LMAG) of Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, on which the axial movement of the motor secondary drives the suction pump, placed in the down hole of the oil well. In a second step, it was planned to replace the mechanical bearings by two Active Magnetic Bearings (AMB), in order to have better movement and practically no friction, reducing damages caused by impurities in the oil, thus reducing maintenance effort. Nevertheless, the actual prototype has only one AMB, being the other one a mechanical bearing. This paper presents the installation of the second AMB onto TLIM prototype, and a proposal to implement the control algorithm for the TLIM magnetic bearing system, considering now a multivariable problem, where the position of the motor secondary for both AMB are related, as well as control efforts. The present work review the actual system with only one AMB, approaching its physical construction, mathematical model and applied control system; and this control system is applied to the second AMB. A new model is presented, considering the AMB system multivariable behavior, and a multivariable robust control system is then designed, using LQG/LTR approach. Simulation results for the new controller are analyzed and compared to experimental results from the actual controller applied to both AMB, and some conclusions are presented.

Vibrações são intrínsecas às máquinas rotativas e, embora não possam ser completamente eliminadas, devem ser controladas de modo a se evitar fadiga e até mesmo falha da máquina. Neste contexto, devido à sua capacidade de alterar as características dinâmicas destas máquinas, os mancais ativos são uma solução efetiva a fim de se reduzir vibrações em rotores, permitindo não só maior ciclo de vida, mas também aumento de confiabilidade e desempenho. Frequentemente, o projeto do sistema de controle destes mancais baseia-se em um modelo matemático da planta, o qual pode ser de difícil obtenção e, devido à adoção de hipóteses simplificadoras (inerentes ao processo de modelagem), pode ser impreciso. Com base nestes conceitos, propõe-se a utilização de uma técnica de controle do tipo proporcional-derivativa baseada em medições de resposta em frequência (livre de modelos matemáticos) aplicada ao controle de vibrações em sistemas rotativos, contornando dificuldades de modelagem. Esta técnica é testada experimentalmente em uma bancada de testes cujos elementos de atuação são os eletromagnetos de um mancal ativo, e um algoritmo para a identificação automática das FRFs do sistema (algoritmo de autoidentificação) é desenvolvido e implementado, permitindo, de forma autônoma, o cálculo dos ganhos ótimos do controlador PD visando atenuação de vibrações. Com base nos resultados obtidos, tem-se que este trabalho é um estudo preliminar que pode viabilizar o desenvolvimento de um mancal ativo inteligente, o qual, a partir de medições do deslocamento do eixo, seria capaz de obter a resposta em frequência do sistema e determinar, de forma automática, os ganhos ótimos do controlador, possibilitando o controle autônomo de vibrações em sistemas rotativos, a partir de um algoritmo de autoidentificação e de uma metodologia de controle livre de modelos. / Vibrations are intrinsic to rotating machinery and, although they cannot be completely eliminated, it is important to control this kind of motion with the objective of avoiding fatigue and even failure of the machine. In this context, due to their capacity of changing the dynamic characteristics of these machines, active bearings are an effective solution to reduce vibration in rotors, allowing not only longer lifecycle, but also higher performance. Frequently, the design of the control system of these bearings is based on a mathematical model of the plant, whose obtainment can be hard and, due to the adoption of simplifying hypotheses (inherent to the modeling process), it may be imprecise. Keeping in mind these concepts, this dissertation proposes the use of a proportional-derivative control technique based on frequency response measurements (free of mathematical models) applied to the vibration control of rotating systems, overcoming modeling difficulties. This technique is experimentally tested in a test rig whose actuation elements are the electromagnets of an active bearing, and an algorithm for automatic identification of the system\'s FRFs (self-identification algorithm) is developed and implemented, allowing, in an autonomous way, the calculation of the optimum gains of the PD controller aiming at controlling vibrations. Based on the obtained results, this work consists in a preliminary study that may enable the development of a smart active bearing, which, from measurements of the shaft\'s displacement, would be capable of obtaining the frequency response of the system and determine, automatically, the optimum gains of the controller, making it possible the autonomous vibration control in rotating systems, from a self-identification algorithm and a model-free control methodology.

In Vakuumanwendungen, wie Molekularpumpen oder Schwungradenergiespeichern, treffen oftmals hohe Drehzahlen auf schwierige Kühlbedingungen. Es besteht daher der Bedarf nach aktiven Magnetlagern mit einem besonders geringem Leistungsbedarf sowie geringen Ummagnetisierungsverlusten im Rotor. Die zur Verlustminimierung prädestinierten Pulververbundwerkstoffe (SMC - Soft Magnetic Composites) finden aufgrund ihrer geringen mechanischen Festigkeit bisher keine Anwendung in industriellen Hochgeschwindigkeitsanwendungen. In diesem Artikel wird das DFG-Projekt „Verlustarme magnetische Radial-/Axiallagerung unter Verwendung von Pulververbundwerkstoffen“ zusammengefasst sowie abschließend der experimentelle Nachweis erbracht, dass die neu entwickelte dreipolige Lagerstruktur mit kombiniertem Radial- und Axiallager den Einsatz von SMC auch bei Drehzahlen von bis zu 30 000 U/min erlaubt. Eine Projizierung der Messergebnisse auf verlustoptimierte industrielle SMC-Sorten verspricht zudem ein Reduzierungspotential der Ummagnetisierungsverluste von mindestens 23 – 44%, wobei insbesondere kompakte und hochausgenutzte Geometrien im Vorteil sind.

Le comportement dynamique des turbomachines industrielles doit respecter des critères émis par les normes internationales et les utilisateurs. Les rotors flexibles sont sensibles à la distribution de balourd, et sont soumis aux excitations aérodynamiques de leur environnement. Usuellement, les contrôleurs utilisés peinent à délivrer le niveau d’exigence demandé, par conséquent les propriétés mécaniques des paliers magnétiques sont fortement dépendantes de celles des rotors. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’analyser le comportement dynamique des compresseurs centrifuges afin de proposer une stratégie de contrôle innovante. D’abord, chaque palier est considéré comme une entité a part entière en couplant ses deux axes d’action. Le comportement dynamique du rotor est exprimé dans le repère polaire. Par ailleurs, la logique floue, qui utilise un modèle de pensée proche du raisonnement humain, applique des actions correctives en fonction du comportement dynamique global du rotor. Ainsi, l’utilisation couplée de ces deux approches créé une synergie permettant d’agir sur le système de manière ciblée. Le contrôleur dissipe l’énergie cinétique du rotor lors du franchissement de vitesses critiques afin d’atténuer la réponse au balourd, ou augmente la raideur du palier lors de vibrations transitoires ou asynchrones afin de réduire la trajectoire du rotor. Le faible amortissement structurel du rotor le rend sensible au phénomène de « spillover » (l’énergie de contrôle affecte les modes de fréquence élevée). Or, la logique floue ne peut pas gérer ce phénomène. Ainsi, un contrôleur PID sous-jacent est utilisé pour maîtriser la stabilité des modes hautes fréquences. Au final, le contrôleur flou polaire permet d’obtenir des marges de performances entre les capacités de cet asservissement et le cahier des charges. Ces marges sont utilisées pour trois objectifs : le respect des spécifications, l’amélioration du comportement subsynchrone, et enfin la simplification et la standardisation du contrôleur sous-jacent nommé ici SPID. Ce contrôleur est tel que ses caractéristiques, dans la plage de fréquence utile, sont indépendantes du rotor pour une application donnée. Enfin, la stratégie développée est évaluée avec des simulations numériques et des essais expérimentaux. D’abord, le modèle numérique est validé, puis le contrôleur est appliqué à un banc d’essais académique. Le comportement est stable et robuste. Il présente des performances supérieures au PID augmenté fourni avec le banc, que ce soit pour la réponse au balourd, ou pour la réponse à des excitations subsynchrones. Finalement, la démarche est appliquée à un compresseur industriel. Les simulations montrent que le comportement est proche de celui exigé pour des machines sur paliers classiques. L’optimisation de l’approche et l’automatisation de la conception pourraient conduire à la standardisation des paliers magnétiques actifs. / The dynamic behaviour of large turbomachinery should satisfy stringent requirements dictated by international standards and final users. Their flexible rotor is sensitive to the unbalance distribution and subjected to particular excitations coming from the industrial process. Usually, the performance margins between the requirements and the classical controller capabilities are small. Consequently, the magnetic bearing characteristics depend on the rotor geometry. Designing such controllers is difficult and time consuming. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the dynamic behaviour of supercritical centrifugal compressors in order to propose a new control strategy. First, each bearing is considered as one entity by coupling its two axes of action. The introduction of polar quantities permits a better observation of the rotor dynamic behaviour. In addition, by using logic close to human being reasoning, the fuzzy logic modulates the action forces as a function of the global dynamic behaviour. The coupling of the two approaches is an efficient way to apply targeted corrective actions. This controller attenuates the unbalance vibration when crossing critical speeds by applying damping forces, or increases the stiffness during transient or asynchronous excitations in order to limit the maximum displacement reached. As their structural damping is low, flexible rotors are very sensitive to spillover effect, which cannot be managed by fuzzy controllers. Consequently, an underlying PID is necessary. This hand-synthesized controller has high frequency characteristics tuned in order to ensure stability and robustness for each rotor. Compared to a classical approach, the polar fuzzy controller enables to increase the performance margins. These margins are used to fulfil three objectives: the achievement of standards requirements, the improvement of the subsynchronous behaviour, and the simplification and the standardization of the PID controller that we called SPID. This SPID is designed for a given application, such that the bearing characteristics on the operating frequency range are always the same. The control strategy is assessed numerically and experimentally. First, the numerical model is validated with experimental tests. Then, the controller developed is applied to an academic test rig. The controller is stable and robust. It exhibits performance superior to the augmented PID supplied with the test rig for both unbalance response and response to subsynchronous excitations. Finally, the control of an industrial compressor is assessed numerically. The results obtained are close to the standards requirements used for classical bearings. The optimization of the approach and the utilization of an automatic tuning algorithm for high frequency characteristics could lead to the standardization of Active Magnetic Bearings.