abstract: Shallow earthquakes in the upper part of the overriding plate of subduction zones can be devastating due to their proximity to population centers despite the smaller rupture extents than commonly occur on subduction megathrusts that produce the largest earthquakes. Damaging effects can be greater in volcanic arcs like Java because ground shaking is amplified by surficial deposits of uncompacted volcaniclastic sediments. Identifying the upper-plate structures and their potential hazards is key for minimizing the dangers they pose. In particular, the knowledge of the regional stress field and deformation pattern in this region will help us to better understand how subduction and collision affects deformation in this part of the overriding plate. The majority of the upper plate deformation studies have been focused on the deformation in the main thrusts of the fore-arc region. Study of deformation within volcanic arc is limited despite the associated earthquake hazards. In this study, I use maps of active upper-plate structures, earthquake moment tensor data and stress orientation deduced from volcano morphology analysis to characterize the strain field of Java arc. In addition, I use sandbox analog modeling to evaluate the mechanical factors that may be important in controlling deformation. My field- and remotely-based mapping of active faults and folds, supplemented by results from my paleoseismic studies and physical models of the system, suggest that Java’s deformation is distributed over broad areas along small-scale structures. Java is segmented into three main zones based on their distinctive structural patterns and stress orientation. East Java is characterized by NW-SE normal and strike-slip faults, Central Java has E-W folds and thrust faults, and NE-SW strike-slip faults dominate West Java. The sandbox analog models indicate that the strain in response to collision is partitioned into thrusting and strike-slip faulting, with the dominance of margin-normal thrust faulting. My models test the effects of convergence obliquity, geometry, preexisting weaknesses, asperities, and lateral strength contrast. The result suggest that slight variations in convergence obliquity do not affect the deformation pattern significantly, while the margin shape, lateral strength contrast, and perturbation of deformation from asperities each have a greater impact on deformation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2016

Le but de cette étude est de caractériser par une approche multi-disciplinaire les déformations tectoniques Plio-Quaternaire associées au système de failles de Belledonne (Alpes de l'Ouest).Ce système de faille est composé de plusieurs décrochements qui sont des Bauges au Vercors, la faille dextre NE-SW de l'Arcalod, la faille bordière de Belledonne, dextre et NE-SW, la faille sénestre NW-SE du Brion et la faille NE-SW dextre du Jasneuf.La détermination des états de contraintes tardi-Cénozoique montre que le champ de contrainte actuel responsable de la cinématique en décrochement le long du système de faille de Belledonne date de la fin du Pliocène supérieur/début du Pléistocène et a succédé au champ de contrainte causé par la collision alpine.Les failles de l'Arcalod et du Brion présentent des marqueurs morphologiques décalés mais ambiguës et d'âge incertain (probablement anté-Rissiens). La trace de la faille bordière de Belledonne n'a pu être déterminée, suggérant que la déformation associée à cette dernière soit accommodée dans une large bande de cisaillement.La faille du Jasneuf décale des morphologies d'âges supposés messiniens et anté-Rissiens. La vitesse de cette faille intégrée depuis le messinien serait de 0,13±0,03 mm/an. Considérant que cette faille est limitée à la couverture elle pourrait générer des séismes de magnitude 5,7 tous les ~500 ans.L’accommodation de la déformation actuelle dans l'avant-pays a été étudié dans la vallée de Toulaud (SW de Valence) où une faille tardi-hercynienne recoupe le canyon messinien du Rhône. Les premiers résultats indiquent que la faille décale verticalement le canyon, attestant d'une tectonique Plio-Quaternaire. / The aim of this study is to characterize the Plio-Quaternary tectonic deformations related to the Belledonne fault system (western Alps). The low deformation rates and high erosion rates in the study area imply that a multi-disciplinary approach.From the Bauges to the Vercors massif this fault system is composed of strike-slip faults that are the NE trending right-lateral strike-slip Arcalod fault, the NE trending right-lateral strike-slip Belledonne border fault, the NW trending left-lateral strike-slip Brion fault and the NE trending right-lateral strike-slip Jasneuf fault.The determination of the late Cenozoic stress states revealed that the modern stress field responsible for the Belledonne fault system strike-slip kinematics dates from late upper Pliocene/early Pleistocene and came after the stress field caused by alpine collision.Unclear and undated (but probably pre Rissian) offset morphologic markers are described along the Arcalod and Brion faults. Belledonne border fault trace is not determined suggesting that deformation is accommodated in a wide shearing band.The Jasneuf fault offset morphologies whom ages are supposed Messinian and pre Rissian. Fault slip rate integrated since Messinian would be of 0.13±0.03 mm/yr. Considering that this fault appears limited to the sedimentary cover and excluding an aseismic behavior, she can generate 5.7 Mw earthquake each ~500 years.Modern deformation in the foreland is studied in the Toulaud valley (SW of Valence city) where a late Hercinian fault cross-cut the Messinian canyon of the Rhône river. First results show that the fault offset vertically the canyon, attesting aof Plio-Quaternary tectonics along it.

Morphostructural analysis of the Hřibovská hornatina Mts. This work deals with morphostructure analyses of the Hřibovská hornatina Mts., part of the Rychlebské hory Mts. Northeastern border of the studied area is created by the mountain front slope controlled by the Sudetic Marginal fault, which is one of the most conspicuous tectonic structures in central Europe. This is the main reason why works were focused on the analyses of stream network parameters and spatial distribution of those selected landforms which could potentially indicate recent tectonic activity in the studied area. As a result, supposed courses of faults marked in morphology were suggested. Fault activity assessment was considered on changes in erosion intensity indicated in longitudinal and crosswise profiles of stream valleys. Based on the values of Stream-Length index the areas with recent tectonic activity were delimited. The final output of this work is the morphostructure map of the Hřibovská hornatina Mts. and the adjacent area. Key words: Morphostructural analysis, active tectonics, Sudetic Marginal Fault, Hřibovská hornatina Mts.

The surface expression of upper crustal deformation varies widely based on geologic settings. Normal faults within an intra-arc basin, strike-slip faulting within a wide shear zone, and creeping fault behavior all manifest differently and require a variety of techniques for analysis. In this dissertation I studied three different actively deforming regions across a variety of geologic settings. First, I explored the drivers of extension within the La Pine graben in the Oregon Cascades. I mapped >20 new Quaternary faults and conducted paleoseismic trenching, where I found evidence for a mid-late Holocene earthquake on the Twin Lakes maar fault. I suggest that tectonics and not volcanism is responsible for the most recent deformation in the region based on fault geometries and earthquake timings, although more research is needed to tease out finer temporal and genetic relationships between tectonics and volcanism regionally. Second, I investigated the rupture pattern and earthquake history of the Calico fault system in the Eastern California Shear Zone. We mapped ~18 km of continuous rupture, with a mean offset of 2.3 m based on 39 field measurements. We also found evidence for two earthquakes, 0.5 - 1.7 ka and 5.5 - 6.6 ka through paleoseismic trenching. We develop a number of different multifault rupture scenarios using our rupture mapping and rupture scaling relationships to conduct Coulomb stress change modeling for the most recent earthquake on the Calico fault system. We find that the most recent event places regions adjacent to the fault in a stress shadow and may have both delayed the historic Landers and Hector Mine ruptures and prevented triggering of the Calico fault system during those events. Last, I studied the spatial distribution of the southern transition zone of the creeping section of the San Andreas fault at Parkfield, CA to determine if it shifted in response to the M6 2004 Parkfield earthquake. I used an Iterative Closest Point algorithm to find the displacement between two lidar datasets acquired 13 years apart. I compared creep rates measured before the 2004 earthquake to creep rates calculated from my lidar displacement results and found that there is not a discernible change in the overall pattern or distribution of creep as a response to the 2004 earthquake. Peaks within the lidar displacement results indicate complexity in the geometry of fault locking. / Doctor of Philosophy / Fault behavior varies widely across different regions, depending on the type of fault and local geology. In this dissertation I examine three regions with different mechanisms controlling deformation within them. First, I study the relationship between volcanic and tectonic induced faulting in the La Pine graben in the Oregon Cascades. While volcanoes and tectonics can both produce faults within a region, the surface expression of those faults changes depending on the underlying driver. I map > 20 new faults in the La Pine graben. I also conduct paleoseismic trenching on one of the newly identified faults, the Twin Lakes maar fault, and find that its most recent rupture occurred < 7.6 ka. I conclude that tectonism is the dominant driver of faulting within the La Pine graben based on the fault geometries and timing between identified regional earthquakes and volcanism. Second, I explore recent rupture on the Calico fault system in the Eastern California Shear Zone, which is a wide region across eastern California where deformation is distributed among many faults. Faulting in this region is complex, with some earthquakes occurring on multiple connected faults. I conducted a paleoseismic survey to determine the timing of the most recent earthquake(s) on the Calico fault system. This trenching effort found evidence for 1-2 earthquakes, the most recent occurring 0.5 – 1.7 ka. I use the rupture mapping and earthquake timing to develop a number of various rupture scenarios. I use these scenarios as inputs for computer modeling to explore the regional stress changes from these events and find that they reduce the overall stress in the area, elongating the amount of time between regional earthquakes. Last, I examine how creeping fault behavior on the San Andreas fault near Parkfield, CA changes as a response to an earthquake. Creeping behavior is where the two sides of a fault are continuously moving past one another. I examine the spatial distribution of where the San Andreas fault transitions from creeping to locked behavior by differencing two high-resolution lidar topographic datasets taken after the M6 2004 Parkfield earthquake. I compare my displacement results to pre-2004 datasets and conclude that the transition zone did not appreciably change as a result of the earthquake.

東部インドネシアには，太平洋プレートとオーストラリアプレートの相対運動に起因する大規模な左横ずれ断層帯が発達する．この断層帯の地震地質学的な情報は限られており，地震災害軽減の大きな障壁となっていた．本研究では，スラウェシ島やバンダ弧の島々において，変動地形調査・古地震調査・物理探査を行った．各調査地域で詳細な活断層分布図を作成し，断層の変位速度や平均活動間隔，最近の大地震の時期を明らかにした．その結果，将来起こりうる地震の規模が推定され，また近い将来に地震が発生する可能性の高い地域が見いだされた． / In eastern Indonesia, the relative motion between the Pacific and Australian plates is accommodated by a large left-lateral strike-slip fault system. The lack of geologic information on the fault system has been a significant barrier to understanding the seismic hazard posed by this fault system. This study integrates tectonic geomorphic, paleoseismic, and shallow geophysics investigations to uncover the faulting and seismic behavior of the fault system, focusing on central Sulawesi and the northern Banda Arc. This study provides detailed active fault map of each investigated area and clarifies slip rates, average recurrence interval, and timing of the recent large earthquakes. This study also estimates the seismic potential of the active faults and highlights the areas with a high possibility of hosting large earthquakes in the future. / 博士(理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Understanding spatial and temporal variations in strain accumulation and release along plate boundaries is a fundamental problem in tectonics. Short-term and long-term slip rates are expected to be equal if the regional stress field remains unchanged over time, yet discrepancies between modern geodetic (decadal time scale) slip rates and long-term geologic (10^3 to 10^6 years) slip rates have been observed on parts of the Pacific-North American plate boundary system. Contemporary geodetic slip rates are observed to be ~2 times greater than late Pleistocene geologic slip rates across the southern Walker Lane. I use a combination of GPS geodesy, detailed field geologic mapping, high-resolution LiDAR geodetic imaging, and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide geochronology to investigate the observed discrepancy between long- and short-term slip rates. I find that the present day slip rate derived from GPS geodesy across the Walker Lane at ~37.5°N is 10.6 ± 0.5 mm/yr. GPS data suggest that much of the observed discrepancy occurs west of the White Mountains fault zone. New dextral slip rates on the White Mountains fault zone of 1.1 ± 0.1 mm/yr since 755 ka, 1.9 +0.5/-0.4 mm/yr since 75-115 ka, 1.9 +0.5/-0.4 mm/yr since 38.4 ± 9.0 ka, and 1.8 +2.8/-0.7 mm/yr since 6.2 ± 3.8 ka are significantly faster than previous estimates and suggest that slip rates there have remained constant since the middle Pleistocene. On the Lone Mountain fault I calculate slip rates of 0.8 ± 0.1 mm/yr since 14.6 ± 1.0 ka and 0.7 ± 0.1 mm/yr since 8.0 ± 0.5 ka, which suggest that extension in the Silver Peak-Lone Mountain extensional complex has increased dramatically since the late Pleistocene.

The PhD. thesis deals with the morphostructural evolution of the valley network of the Biala Lądecka river, (further refer as BL) during the Late Cenozoic. In this work, the selected methods as geomorphological research (morphostructural analysis, geomorphological mapping), structural-geological research (paleostres analysis) and geophysical survey on selected sites were used, to answer the questions of river basin development and its relationship with predicted tectonic activity within the area, as well as with anticipated or already known paleohydrographic changes. The BL basin is situated within the Rychlebské hory Mts. / Góry Złote (northern and eastern parts of the basin), Králický Sněžník (southern part) and the Krowiarki Mts. (western part) in Poland. The Marginal Sudetic fault zone, which represents one of the most important tectonic zones in the Central Europe, passes in vicinity of the study area as well as the regionally important Bělský fault, which passes directly through the BL basin. The results of the analysis indicate that the BL basin has undergone very complex development due to tectonic movements since Miocene up-to-day. Based on the results of the paleostress analysis, which was performed on the dated volcanites in Lutynia - Lądek Zdrój area, the parameters of the palaostress...