Abstract The occurrence of ripples on the workpiece surface after solidification in electron-beam weld or melting is experimentally and analytically investigated. The maximum accelerating voltage and welding current of electron-beam welder are 60kV and 50mA, respectively, while the workpieces are four different materials containing different quantities of sulfur. Using a scale analysis to account for heat transfer and fluid flow induced by different quantities of surface active element in the molten pool. The result predicted results show good agreement with experimental data.

Nitrogen-alloyed austenitic stainless steels are becoming increasingly popular, mainly due to their excellent combination of strength and toughness. Nitrogen desorption to the atmosphere during the autogenous welding of these steels is often a major problem, resulting in porosity and nitrogen losses from the weld. In order to counteract this problem, the addition of nitrogen to the shielding gas has been proposed. This study deals with the absorption and desorption of nitrogen during the autogenous arc welding of a number of experimental stainless steels. These steels are similar in composition to type 310 stainless steel, but with varying levels of nitrogen and sulphur. The project investigated the influence of the base metal nitrogen content, the nitrogen partial pressure in the shielding gas and the weld surface active element concentration on the nitrogen content of autogenous welds. The results confirm that Sievert's law is not obeyed during welding. The weld nitrogen content increases with an increase in the shielding gas nitrogen content at low nitrogen partial pressures, but at higher partial pressures a dynamic equilibrium is created where the amount of nitrogen absorbed by the weld metal is balanced by the amount of nitrogen evolved from the weld pool. In alloys with low sulphur contents, this steady-state nitrogen content is not influenced to any significant extent by the base metal nitrogen content, but in high sulphur alloys, an increase in the initial nitrogen concentration results in higher weld nitrogen contents over the entire range of nitrogen partial pressures evaluated. A kinetic model can be used to describe nitrogen absorption and desorption during welding. The nitrogen desorption rate constant decreases with an increase in the sulphur concentration. This is consistent with a site blockage model, where surface active elements occupy a fraction of the available surface sites. The absorption rate constant is, however, not a strong function of the surface active element concentration. Alloys with higher base metal nitrogen contents require increased levels of supersaturation prior to the onset of nitrogen evolution as bubbles. These increased levels of supersaturation for the higher-nitrogen alloys is probably related to the higher rate of nitrogen removal as N2 the onset of bubble formation. Given that nitrogen bubble formation and detachment require nucleation and growth, it is assumed that a higher nitrogen removal rate would require a higher degree of supersaturation. Nitrogen losses from nitrogen-alloyed stainless steels can be expected during welding in pure argon shielding gas. Small amounts of nitrogen can be added to the shielding gas to counteract this effect, but this should be done with care to avoid bubble formation. Supersaturation before bubble formation does, however, extend the range of shielding gas compositions which can be used. Due to the lower desorption rates associated with higher surface active element concentrations, these elements have a beneficial influence during the welding of high nitrogen stainless steels. Although higher sulphur contents may not be viable in practice, small amounts of oxygen added to the shielding gas during welding will have a similar effect. / Dissertation (PHD)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering / unrestricted

Baigiamajame darbe pateikta: detergentų paplitimas, jų fizikinės, cheminės savybės, klasifikacija ir daroma žala aplinkai. Analizuojami detergentais užterštų nuotekų valymo metodai. Analizuojami dujų burbuliukų susidarymo detergentų tirpaluose ypatumai, aprašomos dinaminės ir statiškai stabilios putos, pateikiama putų aparatų charakteristika. Pateikiamos suspenduoto sluoksnio charakteristikos ir jo galimybės detergentams iš nuotekų valyti. Darbo tikslas – ištirti suspenduoto sluoksnio įtaką valant detergentus iš nuotekų. Darbą sudaro 7 dalys: įvadas; tyrimo objektas ir problemos aprašymas; detergentais užterštų nuotekų valymas, putų burbuliukų ir putų susidarymo ypatumai, putų aparatai; suspenduoto sluoksnio charakteristikos ir jo galimybės panaudojant detergentams iš nuotekų valyti; eksperimentinė dalis; išvados; literatūros sąrašas. Eksperimentinėje dalyje teoriškai apskaičiuoti suspenduoto sluoksnio parametrai, aprašomas eksperimentinis stendas, jo veikimo principas, naudotos matavimo priemonės, pateikta eksperimento atlikimo metodika, pagal gautus eksperimentinius duomenis apskaičiuoti kintamieji suspenduoto sluoksnio parametrai. Darbo pabaigoje analizuojami gauti rezultatai ir pateikiamos darbo išvados. Darbo apimtis – 67 p. teksto be priedų, 21 iliustracija, 4 lentelės, 24 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / Thesis submits the spread of detergents, their physical, chemical properties, classification and environmental damage. There are analyzed various waste water cleaning methods of detergents. Froth formation in detergent leaches, dynamic and static stability of foams and basic information about froth devices are given. The characteristics of the suspended layer and its use in water treatment of detergents are given. The aim of this work – is to explore the suspended layer in cleaning waste water of detergents. Final work consists of seven parts: introduction; the subject matter and the problem description; water purification of synthetic detergents, characteristics of froth bubbles and froth formation, froth machines; suspended layer characteristics and the possibility of using it in waste water cleaning of detergents; experimental part; conclusions and references. Experimental part includes theoretically calculated suspended layer parameters, description of the experimental stand, its operating principle, instruments used during the experimental procedures, calculations of suspended layer variable settings according to the experimental data. In the end the results are analyzed and the conclusions are included. Thesis consists of: 67 p. text without appendixes, 21 picture, 4 tables, 24 bibliographical entries. Appendixes included.

Grâce à la qualité des cordons de soudure produits, le soudage TIG est l’un des procédés de soudage à l’arc les plus répandus dans l’industrie nucléaire. Au cours des travaux de cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle physique pour la simulation numérique du bain de fusion en soudage TIG d’aciers inoxydables austénitiques avec des teneurs en éléments tensioactifs différentes. L’objectif du modèle développé est de prédire la morphologie et les dimensions du cordon de soudure ainsi que les contraintes thermiques résultantes dans les pièces soudées en fonction des paramètres opératoires du procédé mais aussi en fonction des teneurs en éléments tensioactifs des métaux assemblés. Pour ce faire, les équations de la thermohydraulique sont couplées à celles de l’électromagnétisme et sont résolues en se basant sur le module « électrique » de Code_Saturne. Ce modèle a été vérifié dans un premier temps sur des configurations de soudage de matériaux homogènes avant d’être confronté à la simulation du soudage de matériaux de teneurs en éléments tensioactifs différentes. Des simulations des essais expérimentaux correspondants ont été réalisées et comparées aux mesures. La démarche adoptée a consisté à étudier les effets thermo-capillaires de manière découplée des effets électromagnétiques à partir d’essais de soudage laser en mode conduction. Les résultats de la confrontation des résultats numériques aux mesures expérimentaux démontrent que le modèle reproduit globalement bien la physique du procédé. Les limitations de notre modèle et les phénomènes qu’elle a permis de mettre en évidence ont été discutés et ont permis de proposer des pistes d’amélioration pour la modélisation. / The high quality of the weld bead makes GTA welding one of the most used welding processes in the nuclear industry. During this work, a physical model is proposed to simulate the weld pool during the GTA welding of stainless steels with different concentrations of surface active elements. This model aims to predict the weld bead shape, its geometrical characteristics and the thermal field induced by the process according to the operating parameters but also as a function of the surface active elements concentrations of welded metals.Based on the “electric” module of Code_Saturne®, the set of solved equations includes both fluid dynamics equations and electromagnetic ones. Before applying the model to the simulation of welding of stainless steels with different concentrations of surface active elements, this model has been studied through configurations of homogenous materials welding. Experiments are carried out and are compared to the corresponding simulations. In the approach used in this study, the thermo-capillary effects are studied separately from electromagnetic ones using conduction mode laser beam welding. The agreement obtained from comparative analysis between experimental results and numerical ones shows good reproduction of the process physics by the model developed. The modeling limitations and the phenomena identified by this study are discussed and orientations for future development are defined.

This master thesis is focused on design of control stick grip and rudder pedals extension. These components are equipped with active elements, which provide pilot with haptic feedback. The purpose of the introduced design is to allow prototype to be built into the aeroplane so that the proposed concept of haptic feedback can be tested onboard. It shall verify used technical solutions as well to allow for their application on following development stages that aim at certification of the proposed haptic feedback system to be used in general aviation aeroplanes. The designed components are the successors of prototypes used for experiments carried on flight simulator. The design process follows the requirements of legislation and outcomes of the previous experiments. This thesis follows the design process from setting of the design requirements to mechanical test of 3D printed prototypes.

L’évolution de la microélectronique suit plusieurs axes notamment la miniaturisation des éléments actifs (réduction de taille des transistors), et l’augmentation de la densité d’interconnexion qui se traduisent par la loi de Gordon Moore qui prédit que la densité d'intégration sur silicium doublerait tous les deux ans. Ces évolutions ont pour conséquence la réduction des prix et du poids des composants. L’hybridation ou flip chip est une technologie qui s’inscrit dans cette évolution, elle consiste en l’assemblage de matériaux hétérogènes. Dans cette étude il s‘agit d’un circuit de lecture Silicium et d’un circuit de détection InP ou GaAs assemblés par l’intermédiaire d’une matrice de billes d’indium. La connexion flip chip est basée sur l’utilisation d’une jonction par plots métalliques de faibles dimensions qui permet de diminuer les pertes électriques (faible inductance et faible bruit), une meilleure dissipation thermique, une bonne tenue mécanique. Enfin elle favorise la miniaturisation avec l’augmentation de la compacité et de la densité d’interconnexion.Les travaux de thèse se concentrent sur deux axes principaux. Le premier concerne l’hybridation par brasure avec la technologie des billes d’indium par refusion, et le second concerne l’hybridation par pression à température ambiante (nano-scratch) par l’intermédiaire des nanostructures (Nano-fils d’or, Nano-fils ZnO). Ces travaux ont permis la réalisation d’un détecteur InGaAs avec extension visible de format TV 640*512 pixels au pas de 15 µm. Ces travaux ont également permis la validation mécanique de l’assemblage d’un composant de format double TV 1280*1024 pixels au pas de 10 µm par cette même méthode de reflow. Pour l’axe hybridation à froid, nos travaux ont permis la validation d’une méthode de croissance de nano-fils ZnO par une voix hydrothermique à basse température (<90°C). / Evolution of microelectronics follows several major roads, in particular the size decrease of active elements (reduction of size of transistors), better electrical performances, high I/O density and smaller size. This revolution has been predicted by Gordon Moore who suggested that integrated circuits would double in complexity every 24 months. As a consequence, this evolution induces both the reduction of prices and the weight of components.The term flip chip describes the method of electrically connecting the die to the package substrate. Flip chip microelectronic assembly is the direct electrical connection of face-down (or flipped) integrated circuit (IC) chips onto substrates, circuit boards, or carriers, using conductive bumps on the chip bond pads. Flip chip offers the highest speed electrical performance, reduces the delaying inductance and capacitance of the connection, Smallest Size Greatest I/O Flexibility, Most Rugged, high I/O density and Lowest Cost.This thesis work study concentrates on two main directions. The first one concerns hybridization by means of the technology of Indium bumps associated to a reflow process and the second one is about pressure induced hybridization at low temperature using nanostructures (Nano-scratch). In this work, we have developed a complete process to assemble a focal plane array format of 640 x 512 pixels with a pitch of 15 µm. These studies also allowed the mechanical validation of hybridization of a focal plane arrays 1280*1024 pixels with a pitch of 10 µm. Concerning alternative technologies to flip chip reflow, we introduced and demonstrate the relevance of a method of growth of ZnO nanorods using low temperature wet chemical growth and further hybridization at ambient temperature.

The thesis deals with emulating higher-order elements using the transformation mutators, which were described by Leon Chua in 1971. The procedure of designing mutators from their mathematical description to the synthesis of concrete electrical circuits is described. The circuit solutions are based on the utilization of advanced circuit principles in order to achieve optimal circuit performance. Mutators are implemented as a set of eight incremental modules. Via their cascade connection, it is possible to emulate arbitrary elements from the periodical table of higher-order elements. The proposed solutions are tested by means of computer simulations and also verified by measurements.

This master’s thesis deals with designing of fully-differential current-mode frequency filters using signal-flow graphs method. The first part is focused on a general description of frequency filters, its function and division. Active elements that create these frequency filters, such as multi-output current follower (MO-CF), balanced or multi-output transconductance amplifier (BOTA, MOTA) and digitally adjustace current amplifier (DACA) are described in the following part. Next, problems and various techniques of designing such filters are discussed on a theoretic basis. In the remaining part of the thesis there are six circuits of frequency filters described in detail; these connections are then transferred of passive elements to a proposed connections, with the assistance of a so-called reflection. Calculations of passive form are stated, as well as results of simulations, where nondifferential and differential variations of these designed frequency filters are compared. Finaly, it has been selected some variants of designs, which has been manufactured, then measured out and resulet has been compare between each other.

In der serienmäßigen Verarbeitung von hochfesten Feinkornbaustählen zeigte sich, dass verschiedene Stähle gleicher Festigkeitsklasse zu stark unterschiedlichen Schweißergebnissen beim Laserstrahltiefschweißprozess führen können. Die materialbedingten Einflüsse auf das Schmelzbadverhalten sind bisher in keiner bekannten Forschungsarbeit untersucht worden. Diese Arbeit erweitert die bisherige Forschung mit neuen Erkenntnissen aus umfangreichen Materialanalysen und Schweißversuchen. Dadurch wurde es möglich, ein ganzheitliches Erklärungsmodell der materialbedingten Einflüsse beim Laserstrahltiefschweißprozess zu beschreiben. Diese Arbeit fokussierte sich einerseits auf die Analyse der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Grundmaterialien und die Auswirkungen der Legierungselemente auf die Schweißnahtvorbereitung in Kombination mit dem Vorprozess Laserstrahlbrennschneiden. Andererseits wurde gezielt die Auswirkung der chemischen Grundmaterialzusammensetzung auf das Schmelzbadverhalten im Laserstrahltiefschweißprozess untersucht. Dabei wurden die Blechstärken so variiert, dass durchgeschweißte und nicht durchgeschweißte I-Naht-Verbindungen, geschweißt unter konstanten Schweißbedingungen, analysiert werden konnten. Die Schweißparameter und der Hilfsstoffeinsatz wurden dabei konstant gehalten, sodass Vergleichsanalysen der Schweißergebnisse möglich waren. Bei durchgeschweißten Stößen wurde die Schmelzbadoberfläche, aber auch die Schmelzbadunterseite per Hochgeschwindigkeitskamera inkl. Laserlichtfilter analysiert. Bei nicht durchgeschweißten Stößen wurde die Wirkung der verschiedenen Schnittkantenzustände auf das Einschweißverhalten und die Einbrandgeometrie an mehr als 100 Makroschliffen untersucht. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die Art der Schnittkantenbehandlung nach dem Laserstrahlbrennschneidprozess materialbedingt zu unterschiedlichen Schnittkantenzuständen führt. Diese können in weiterer Folge die Schweißergebnisse stark beeinflussen. Auch bei mechanisch bearbeiteten Schweißnahtvorbereitungen wurden grundwerkstoffbedingte Unterschiede in der Einbrandform und im Erstarrungsgefüge nachgewiesen. Unbehandelte und somit schnittoxidbehaftete Schnittkanten bzw. auch Schweißnahtvorbereitungen mit manuell aufgetragenem SiO2 führen zu einer Stabilisierung der Dampfkapillare und erhöhen die Einschweißtiefe signifikant. Die positive Wirkung von Oxiden, welche direkt in der Schweißfuge dem Schmelzbad zugeführt werden, wurden mit den experimentellen Versuchen in dieser Arbeit erstmals nachgewiesen. Bei den gewählten Schweißparametersätzen stellen die Oxide in der Schweißfuge die dominierende Einflussmöglichkeit beim Laserstrahltiefschweißprozess dar. Vergleiche der mechanisch-technologischen Verbindungseigenschaften bei unterschiedlichen Schnittkantenzuständen und Schweißversuche mit unterschiedlichen Schutzgaszusammensetzungen zeigten die Auswirkungen der verschiedenen Fugenvorbereitungen auf die Schweißergebnisse. Durch die Kombination der bisherigen Erkenntnisse aus der Forschung mit den neu gewonnenen Erkenntnissen aus dieser Arbeit, konnte ein ganzheitliches Erklärungsmodell aufgestellt werden, das die Einflüsse der Grundmaterialzusammensetzung entlang der Prozesskette beschreibt und die materialabhängigen Unterschiede der Schweißergebnisse aus dem Laserstrahltiefschweißprozess nachvollziehbar macht. Die Erkenntnisse dieser Arbeit ermöglichen ein erhöhtes Prozessverständnis und zeigen neue Möglichkeiten zur Effizienzsteigerung in der Blechverarbeitungsprozesskette mit Lasertechnologien.:1 Einleitung 2 Zielsetzung 3 Stand der Technik 4 Experimentelles 5 Ergebnisse der experimentellen Untersuchungen 6 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse 7 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick / In the industrial series processing of high-strength fine grain steels, it was found that different steels of the same strength class can lead to different welding results by the laser beam keyhole welding process. The material-related influences on the molten pool behavior have not yet been investigated in any known research. This research work extends the state of knowledge with new findings from extensive material analysis and welding tests. This new findings made it possible to describe a holistic explanatory model of the material-related influences in the laser beam keyhole welding of high-strength fine grain steels. On the one hand, this work focused on the analysis of the chemical composition of the base materials and the effects of the alloying elements on the weld preparation in combination with the laser cutting process. On the other hand, the effect of the chemical base material composition on the melt pool behavior during laser keyhole welding process was specifically investigated. The welding parameters and the use of filler material were kept constant so that comparative analysis of the welding results was possible. The sheet thicknesses were varied so that full penetration and partly penetration I-seam-butt-welds could be analyzed. While welding full penetration welds, the surface of the molten pool as well as the root of the melt pool was analyzed by a high-speed camera equipped with laser light filter. For the partly penetration welds, the effect of the different cutting edge conditions on the penetration depth and the weld penetration geometry was investigated on more than 100 macro sections. The investigations have shown that the type of cut edge treatment after the laser beam cutting process leads to different cutting edge conditions depending on the material. These different conditions can subsequently strongly influence the welding results. Base-material-related differences in the penetration shape and in the solidification structure were detected in the cross sections even on seams welded on mechanically processed edge preparations. After laser beam cutting, untreated and thus cut-oxide-containing cut edges lead to a stabilization of the keyhole and increase the penetration depth significantly. This effect could also be observed with manually applied SiO2 on the mechanically processed edge preparations before welding. The positive effects of oxides, which are existing directly in the weld preparation groove, were first detected with the experimental investigations during this work. With regard to the selected welding parameter sets, the oxides that are directly on the weld preparation edges are the dominant influence option in the laser beam keyhole welding process. Comparisons of the mechanical-technological joint properties at different cutting edge conditions and welding tests with different protective gas compositions showed the impacts of various joint preparations on the final welding results. By combining previous experience with the results of this work, a holistic explanatory model was developed, which describes the influence of the base material composition along the process chain and makes the material-dependent differences of the welding results of the laser beam keyhole welding process comprehensible. The findings of this work enable a better understanding of the process and show new possibilities for increasing efficiency in the concerned sheet metal processing chain with laser technologies.:1 Einleitung 2 Zielsetzung 3 Stand der Technik 4 Experimentelles 5 Ergebnisse der experimentellen Untersuchungen 6 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse 7 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick

Disertační práce se zabývá zaváděním nových struktur moderních aktivních prvků pracujících v napěťovém, proudovém a smíšeném režimu. Funkčnost a chování těchto prvků byly ověřeny prostřednictvím SPICE simulací. V této práci je zahrnuta řada simulací, které dokazují přesnost a dobré vlastnosti těchto prvků, přičemž velký důraz byl kladen na to, aby tyto prvky byly schopny pracovat při nízkém napájecím napětí, jelikož poptávka po přenosných elektronických zařízeních a implantabilních zdravotnických přístrojích stále roste. Tyto přístroje jsou napájeny bateriemi a k tomu, aby byla prodloužena jejich životnost, trend navrhování analogových obvodů směřuje k stále většímu snižování spotřeby a napájecího napětí. Hlavním přínosem této práce je návrh nových CMOS struktur: CCII (Current Conveyor Second Generation) na základě BD (Bulk Driven), FG (Floating Gate) a QFG (Quasi Floating Gate); DVCC (Differential Voltage Current Conveyor) na základě FG, transkonduktor na základě nové techniky BD_QFG (Bulk Driven_Quasi Floating Gate), CCCDBA (Current Controlled Current Differencing Buffered Amplifier) na základě GD (Gate Driven), VDBA (Voltage Differencing Buffered Amplifier) na základě GD a DBeTA (Differential_Input Buffered and External Transconductance Amplifier) na základě BD. Dále je uvedeno několik zajímavých aplikací užívajících výše jmenované prvky. Získané výsledky simulací odpovídají teoretickým předpokladům.