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In 2015 acupuncture was introduced as an alternative intervention in the management of chronic pain, at the Chronic Pain Management Clinic of Groote Schuur Hospital, a tertiary academic hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. This study is a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis that aimed to investigate several aspects of the acupuncture intervention over a 12 month period. The main outcome measure, the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), is a widely used, internationally validated questionnaire, containing pain intensity, pain interference, and total score. The main objective of this study was to determine if the acupuncture treatment lowered BPI scores after 6 to 9 intervention sessions. Additional objectives were to determine if there are any correlations between demographic and clinical factors and changes in BPI scores, and to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population. The data was obtained by folder reviews of 66 patients with chronic pain who were referred for acupuncture treatment between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2015, and attended at least one treatment session. The full treatment course (6-9 sessions) was completed by 24 patients (36,3%), with an average post treatment decrease in BPI of 3,7 points. Responders (patients who obtained 2 and more point BPI decrease) comprised 70,6% of the patients who completed treatment. Decrease in BPI scores after completion of full acupuncture treatment proved to be statistically significant (p=0.002). Factors showing strongest correlation with BPI decrease were female gender and absence of medical and psychiatric co-morbidities.

In the rapid development of urbanization, there are some people have been forgotten. They have to make a compromise to such urbanization. While witnessing their cities becoming better and better, some of the local residents are forced to move to the suburbs. There are many historical urban areas in my home town in the process of gentrification and demographic reconstructuring. The top-down reform always starts with a large scale demolition. I am really interested in finding another way to revitalize urban area apart from a large scale demolition, I try to explore and practice the urban acupuncture which means just propose the local construction design for the urban problems that need to be solved. With more and more partical designs, a large area would be influenced gradually, so as to activate the vitality of communities and even the whole city. This project started with reorganizing the courtyards in the historical area to improve the lilfe quality and revitalize the quarter step by step.

The aim of this study was to determine whether three acupuncture treatments affected thoroughbred racehorses in training. Heart rate variability (HRV) at rest and stride parameters (SP) during a 600m gallop were measured. Needles were inserted for 20 minutes into pre-selected acupuncture points in the treatment horses while those in the non-treatment group were haltered. The delta values (post-treatment minus pre-treatment) of the groups were compared. There were no significant changes (p < 0.05) in the HRV indicators. The treatment group showed (delta median of treatment vs. non-treatment group) that the parasympathetic (PNS) indicators shifted towards inhibition of the vagal system (RMSSD = - 2.19 vs. 1.47; HF = - 37.19 vs. 19.42; SD1 = - 1.56 vs. 1.04). The delta medians of indicators associated with the combined effect of the PNS and sympathetic nervous system (SDNN = 4.39 vs. - 4.00; LF = 179.48 vs. - 397.26; SD2 = 8.55 vs. - 7.48); cardiac autonomic balance (LF/HF = 0.26 vs. - 0.32; LF norm = 14.23 vs. - 0.80; HF norm = - 4.78 vs. 3.54) and heart rate measures (Mean HR = 3.96 vs. - 3.00; Mean RR = - 169.72 vs. 107.54) showed a shift in opposite directions. The SP results showed a significant increase in maximum stride count (p = 0.004). The delta medians showed a shift in opposite directions i.e., average stride length (-0.06 vs. 0.05), average stride count (0.31 vs. -0.26), maximum stride count (0.84 vs. -5.70), maximum speed (1.30 vs. -0.80) and stride length at maximum speed (0.13 vs. -0.01). Thus, the non-treatment group seemed to perform better and were calmer, suggesting that a withdrawal period may be appropriate following acupuncture treatments. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / AgriSETA bursary / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / MSc (Veterinary Sciences) / Unrestricted

Background. Although irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder with an absence of demonstrable pathology, it is associated with significant impairment of quality of life and causes a heavy burden on the health care system. As conventional IBS treatments are far from satisfactory, people turn to Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). One of the most acceptable CAM treatments is acupuncture, which has been considered to be effective in alleviating abdominal bloating, increasing rectal pain threshold, and improving the general well being of IBS patients. However, the underlying mechanisms of these therapeutic effects remain unknown. This study is an investigation of the therapeutic mechanisms of acupuncture treatment of IBS. / Conclusion. Acupuncture attenuates visceral hyperalgesia by inhibiting 5-HT and c-Fos activity in the brain-gut axis. This observation may shed light on possible mechanisms by which acupuncture alleviates symptoms of IBS. / Study 1. A Neonatal Maternal Separation Stress Model (NMSS) was tested. Our results showed that this model was a reliable and stable model for IBS animal study and that visceral hyperalgesia was associated with increased serotonin (5-HT) and c-Fos activity of the brain-gut axis. / Study 2. Two methods were used to test visceral hyperalgesia in response to colorectal distension (CRD), namely Abdominal Withdrawal Response (AWR) and Electromyogram (EMG). There methods were compared for their effectiveness in measuring visceromotor response (VMR) in a NMSS rat model. Our results showed that EMG is the more reliable tool for evaluating VMR to CRD in NMSS rats. / Study 3. There were three parts to this study. First, we reviewed the TCM literature on the use of acupuncture in IBS and concluded that the two most commonly used acupoints for this condition are ST-36 and CV-12 and that, of the two, ST-36 may be the more appropriate acupoint for treatment. Second, we tested invasive and non-invasive sham acupuncture (placebo) and found that neither produces any therapeutic effect when compared to real electroacupuncture. Third, we used the NMSS rat as the animal model, ST-36 as the treatment acupoint, non-invasive sham acupuncture as the placebo, and EMG as the tool to evaluate VMR in response to CRD alter acupuncture intervention. Our results showed that acupuncture not only attenuated 5-HT and c-Fos activity but also reduced visceral hyperalgesia in the NMSS rat. / Ziea, Tat Chi. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3423. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 122-141). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Chan, Sze Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-156). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; some appendixes in Chinese. / Declaration of Originality --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iv / 摘要(Abstract in Traditional Chinese) --- p.vii / Table of Contents --- p.ix / Abbreviations --- p.xvi / List of Figures --- p.xviii / List of Tables --- p.xix / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Literature Review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- What is neurogenic dysphagia? --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Prevalence of neurogenic dysphagia --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The prevalence of dysphagia in stroke --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The prevalence of dysphagia in dementias --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- The prevalence of dysphagia in PD --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- The prevalence of dysphagia in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- The prevalence of dysphagia in age-related changes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Characteristics of neurogenic dysphagia --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Characteristics of dysphagia in stroke --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Characteristics of dysphagia in PD --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Characteristics of dysphagia in dementias --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Characteristics of dysphagia in age-related changes --- p.9 / Chapter 1. 4 --- Complications and prognosis of neurogenic dysphagia --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Complications --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Prognosis --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5 --- Managements of dysphagia --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Treating the underlying diseases --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Non-oral feeding --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Swallowing therapies --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.3.1. --- Compensatory strategies --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.3.2 --- Direct strategies --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.3.3 --- Indirect strategies --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Medications --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Surgical interventions --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6 --- Management of dysphagia in Chinese medicine --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- "Diagnosis, mechanisms and locations of dysphagia in Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)" --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Use of acupoints in treating dysphagia in ancient Chinese medicine liteatures --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Use of acupuncture in treating dysphagia in recent Chinese medicine liteatures --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- Reviews on the use of acupuncture in treating dysphagia --- p.25 / Chapter 1.7 --- Conslusion --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Methodology --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1 --- Study design --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- Hypotheses of this study --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- Objectives of this study --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- Ethics approval --- p.32 / Chapter 2.5 --- Qualification & experience of the acupuncturists --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6 --- Subjects --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Setting --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Inclusion criteria --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Exclusion criteria --- p.34 / Chapter 2.7 --- Method of randomization and blinding --- p.35 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Experimental group and control group1 --- p.35 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Control group2 --- p.36 / Chapter 2.8 --- Sample size --- p.36 / Chapter 2.9 --- Procedures --- p.37 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- Screening and recruitment of subjects --- p.37 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- Baseline --- p.37 / Chapter 2.9.2.1 --- Chinese medicine diagnoses --- p.37 / Chapter 2.9.2.2 --- Western medicine diagnoses --- p.40 / Chapter 2.9.2.3 --- Clinical bedside assessment --- p.40 / Chapter 2.9.2.4 --- Procedure of fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing --- p.41 / Chapter 2.9.3 --- Interventions --- p.43 / Chapter 2.9.3.1 --- Experimental group --- p.44 / Chapter 2.9.3.2 --- Control group1 --- p.53 / Chapter 2.9.3.3 --- Control group2 --- p.53 / Chapter 2.9.4 --- On completion of acupuncture treatments --- p.54 / Chapter 2.9.5 --- Follow-up assessment --- p.54 / Chapter 2.10 --- Adverse effects --- p.55 / Chapter 2.11 --- Outcome measures --- p.56 / Chapter 2.11.1 --- Primary outcome --- p.56 / Chapter 2.11.2 --- Secondary outcome --- p.58 / Chapter 2.11.3 --- Data collection --- p.59 / Chapter 2.12 --- Treatment compliance --- p.60 / Chapter 2.13 --- Statistical analysis --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1 --- Baseline data --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2 --- Diagnoses --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Western medicine diagnoses --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Chinese medicine diagnoses --- p.71 / Chapter 3.3 --- Data of acupuncture treatments --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Days of onset to the day of acupuncture treatment --- p.72 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Sessions of acupuncture completed by experimental group and control group1 --- p.73 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Follow-up compliance --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4 --- Primary outcome measures --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- The Royal Brisbane Hospital Outcome Measure for Swallowing (RBHOMS) --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Correlations of diagnoses and RBHOMS --- p.80 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- The Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) --- p.81 / Chapter 3.5 --- Secondary outcome measures --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- The food and fluid consistencies --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- The body mass index (BMI) --- p.90 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Aspiration pneumonia --- p.92 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Mortality rate --- p.93 / Chapter 3.6 --- Other outcomes --- p.94 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Nasogastric tube feeding --- p.94 / Chapter 3.7 --- Adverse effects --- p.95 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.99 / Chapter 4.1 --- The therapeutic effect and appropriate course of treatment of acupuncture on neurogenic dysphagia --- p.101 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The therapeutic effect and long-term efficacy of acupuncture on neurogenic dysphagia --- p.101 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- The suggested course of acupuncture treatment --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2 --- The implications of the study --- p.119 / Chapter 4.3 --- The limitations of the study --- p.123 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion and prospective for further study --- p.127 / Appendices --- p.128 / References --- p.145

研究背景：中醫針灸可以治療很多種類的疾病，其中最傳統的精華當屬治療“百邪癲狂”的孫思邈十三鬼穴，縱觀古代與現代文獻，多記載的是十三鬼穴的命名、主治功效、針灸方法與順序、臨床療效觀察、臨床運用經驗與體會，對於臨床組穴規律的探討尚不完善。研究目的：探討孫思遨十三鬼穴的臨床組穴規律。研究對象：古代文獻，包括《黃帝內經》、《干金方》（《備急千金要方》、《千金翼方》合訂本）、《針灸大全》、《針灸聚英》、《針灸大成》。現代文獻，來自於中國知網（ CNKI ）的中國學術期刊（網絡版）。研究方法：先對古代文獻進行回顧與分析，比較各文獻中十三鬼穴名稱、位置、針灸方法的異同﹔再對孫思邈十三鬼穴進行逐一具體研究，包括首載出處、穴名解釋、現代定位、穴位主治以及針灸方法﹔然後對現代文獻進行回顧與分析，歸納出十三鬼穴的治病機理﹔最後探討孫思邈十三鬼穴的臨床組穴規律。研究結果：從古代文獻中明確了不同版本十三鬼穴的區別，對於十三鬼穴各個穴位有了全面認識。從現代文獻中認識到孫思邈十三鬼穴主要治療神志疾病和急症，且十三鬼穴根本作用是開竅醒神，還能平衡陰陽、調節氣血、寧心安神。結論：十三鬼穴臨床組穴規律：1. 神志疾病的臨床組穴規律：主穴取人中穴、風府穴、上星穴，癲狂病加少商穴、隱白穴，其中癲病再加大陵穴，狂病再加勞宮穴、海泉穴。癲癎白天發作加申脈穴，晚上發作加照海穴。伴隨有口禁不語加頰車穴，上肢不利加曲池穴，下肢不利加申脈穴。2. 急症的臨床組穴規律：主穴取人中穴、承漿穴、風府穴、上星穴、大陵穴、會陰穴，熱盛神昏加曲池穴，痰厥加少商穴、隱白穴，上肢受傷加曲池穴、勞宮穴，下肢受傷加申脈穴。關鍵字：孫思邈十三鬼穴組穴規律文獻研究

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A dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for a Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Technikon Natal, 1996. / Myofascial trigger points are a frequently overlooked and misunderstood phenomenon in medical curricula, yet with correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment the prognosis is usually excellent. Many effective treatments have been devised for myofascial trigger points, but the problem is that there is very little research to substantiate which of these treatments are the most effective. The aim of this randomised uncontrolled study was to justify the hypotheses which stated that both dry needling and saline injection would prove to be effective in the treatment of myofascial trigger points, with saline injection proving to be the most effective of the two. Patients were obtained for this study by convenience sampling, whereby any patients presenting to the Chiropractic clinic at Technikon Natal with neck,\xB7 upper back or shoulder pains were considered for the study. Of these patients, only those who conformed to the specified delimitations and diagnostic criteria were accepted. The sample size of thirty patients was randomly divided into two treatment groups of fifteen, one of which received saline injection and the other dry needling of active myofascial trigger points. Both groups were educated with regards to the nature and perpetuating factors of the condition, \xB7andwere instructed to follow a specific stretching programme. / M

The analgesic effect of acupuncture is well known. Areas in the brain and higher centres that are activated by acupuncture have been mapped out. Some of these areas are also implicated in the modulation of motor function. In addition to pain relief, acupuncture has been found to increase range of movement in patients with increased muscle tone. There is, however, scant knowledge of the mechanisms underlying this therapeutic effect.