[Truncated abstract] The treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is one of the great success stories of paediatric oncology, transforming a universally fatal disease into one where 75 to 90% of children are now cured. Although in the past survival for children with T-cell ALL (T-ALL) lagged behind that of children with pre-B ALL, the use of contemporary intensified treatment strategies has significantly diminished this difference, with many investigators reporting similar cure rates for both groups of patients. Despite these marked improvements, numerous challenges still face physicians treating children with T-ALL. Firstly, there have been no additional major improvements in outcome over the last decade, despite additional treatment intensification. Secondly, effective regimens remain elusive for treating children with relapsed T-ALL or patients with resistant disease. Finally, there is a need to identify patients currently potentially overtreated and thus unnecessarily subjected to acute and long term toxicities without benefit. A major challenge therefore, is the identification of novel reliable prognostic markers, in order to identify patients at high risk of relapse and conversely those least likely to relapse, to guide therapy appropriately. Children predicted with a high risk of relapse would be candidates for intensification of therapy and/or novel experimental agents. Conversely, patients predicted to be at low risk of relapse could be offered clinical trials using reduced intensity therapy, thereby minimising toxicity. '...' Crucially, the 3-gene predictor was validated in a completely independent cohort of T-ALL patients, also treated on CCG style therapy. Our 3-gene predictor appears to identify a high risk group of patients which require alternative therapeutic strategies in order to attain a cure. This study has also identified a potential novel agent for the treatment of T-ALL, which may be used as an anthracycline potentiator or anthracycline-sparing agent. We hypothesised that genes associated with a relapse signature provide promising targets for novel therapies. We tested the hypothesis that CFLAR, an inhibitor of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway and a member of the 3-gene predictor may be involved in the development of resistance to chemotherapy. To test our hypothesis we used a novel agent, 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1,9 (11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), previously shown to inhibit CFLAR protein, in two cell lines established in our laboratory from paediatric patients diagnosed with T-ALL. We found that CDDO displayed single agent activity at sub-micromolar concentrations in both cell lines tested. Importantly, minimally lethal doses of CDDO resulted in significant enhancement of doxorubicin mediated cytotoxicity in one of the cell lines assessed. The findings presented as part of this thesis have revealed the value of gene expression analysis of childhood T-ALL for identifying novel prognostic markers. This study has shown that expression profiles may provide better prognostic information than currently available clinical variables. Additionally, genes that constitute a relapse signature may provide rational targets for novel therapies, as demonstrated in this study, which assessed a potential novel agent for the treatment of T-ALL.

La leucémie aiguë myéloïde est une hémopathie maligne génétiquement hétérogène caractérisée par de fréquents réarrangements impliquant la bande chromosomique 21q22 et le gène RUNX1. Dans ce groupe d’anomalies, les translocations t(8;21)(q22;q22) et t(3;21)(q26;q22), associées respectivement à un pronostic favorable et défavorable, sont les mieux étudiées. Or, plus de la moitié des réarrangements ciblant RUNX1 ne sont toujours pas caractérisés au niveau clinique et moléculaire. Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse sont de caractériser quatre nouvelles translocations ciblant RUNX1 et d’étudier la dérégulation transcriptionnelle associée à ces anomalies au niveau de cibles plus spécifiques ayant un rôle dans l’auto-renouvellement ou dans la différenciation hématopoïétique. À l’aide des techniques de cytogénétique et de biologie moléculaire, deux nouveaux partenaires de RUNX1, soit CLCA2 et SV2B, ont été identifiés au sein des t(1;21)(p22.3;q22) et t(15;21)(q26.1;q22) et la récurrence des partenaires USP42 et TRPS1 a été démontrée suite à l’étude des t(7;21)(p22.1;q22) et t(8;21)(q23.3;q22). Ce travail a permis de confirmer l’existence de divers modes de dérégulation de RUNX1 dans les leucémies aiguës. L’expression présumée de protéines chimériques et/ou d’isoformes tronquées de RUNX1, un dosage aberrant des transcrits de RUNX1 et la surexpression des gènes partenaires sont des conséquences révélées par l’étude de ces fusions. Le séquençage et l’analyse des jonctions génomiques des fusions récurrentes RUNX1-USP42/USP42-RUNX1 et RUNX1-TRPS1/TRPS1-RUNX1 ont démontré la présence de signatures moléculaires caractéristiques du mode de recombinaison non-homologue de type NHEJ. En raison de la structure et de la composition différente des jonctions, l’implication de composantes distinctes du mécanisme NHEJ a été proposée. Enfin, des analyses par PCR quantitative en temps réel nous ont permis de démontrer l’existence de cibles de dérégulation partagées par les fusions récurrentes et plus rares de RUNX1. Nous avons démontré que CEBPA est moins exprimé dans la majorité des spécimens étudiés présentant une fusion de RUNX1 par rapport aux spécimens avec un caryotype normal alors que JUP, une composante effectrice de la voie Wnt, est plutôt surexprimé. Malgré l’activation transcriptionnelle de JUP dans l’ensemble de ces spécimens, certaines cibles de la voie Wnt telles que CCND1 et MYC sont différemment exprimées dans ces cellules, appuyant l’hétérogénéité décrite dans ce groupe de leucémies. Malgré l’implication de partenaires variés, nos données d’expression démontrent que les chimères et les protéines tronquées de RUNX1 partagent des cibles communes d’activation et de répression transcriptionnelle et établissent, pour la première fois, des évidences moléculaires suggérant l’existence de similitudes entre la fusion récurrente RUNX1-RUNX1T1 et quatre fusions plus rares de RUNX1. Puisque des rechutes surviennent fréquemment dans ce groupe génétique, l’inhibition de JUP pourrait être une option thérapeutique intéressante et ceci est appuyé par les bénéfices observés lors de l’inhibition de la voie Wnt dans d’autres groupes génétiques de leucémies aiguës. / Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous disease characterized by frequent rearrangements of the RUNX1 gene located at chromosomal band 21q22. In this subtype of leukemias, t(8;21)(q22;q22) and t(3;21)(q26;q22) translocations are among the most studied rearrangements, being respectively associated with a favourable and poor prognosis. However, approximately half of RUNX1 translocations remain uncharacterized at the clinical and molecular levels at the present time. The main objectives of this thesis are to characterize four novel RUNX1 translocations in adult patients with acute leukemias and to study the expression profiles of specific transcriptional targets of RUNX1 fusions involved in self-renewal or differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Using molecular techniques, we identified CLCA2 and SV2B genes as novel fusion partners of RUNX1 in t(1;21)(p22;q22) and t(15;21)(q26;q22) translocations. We also described the recurrence of the USP42 and TRPS1 genes involved in t(7;21)(p22;q22) and t(8;21)(q23.3;q22) translocations. Chimeric fusion proteins, truncated isoforms of RUNX1, alteration of RUNX1 transcripts expression and overexpression of the fusion partner were possible outcomes of these various fusions, thus demonstrating the diversity of RUNX1 alterations in acute leukemias. Genomic breakpoints of the recurrent RUNX1-UPS42/USP42-RUNX1 and RUNX1-TRPS1/TRPS1-RUNX1 fusions were cloned and analyzed revealing typical signatures of the non-homologous end joining recombination mechanism at fusion junctions. Since variation in the structure and composition of these junctions was observed, we proposed that distinct cellular machineries would be involved in the genesis of these abnormalities. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on primary leukemic cells expressing these rare RUNX1 fusions. We demonstrated, for the first time, that similar downregulation of CEBPA and upregulation of JUP, an effector of the Wnt pathway, are detected in most samples studied presenting either recurrent or rare RUNX1 fusions. Despite an overexpression of JUP detected in each RUNX1 positive sample studied, other targets of the Wnt pathway like CCND1 and MYC genes were differently expressed in these cells, thus confirming the heterogeneity of this group of leukemias. Our expression data show that similar transcriptional targets, activated or repressed, are detected in cells expressing either chimeric or truncated RUNX1 proteins and establish the first molecular evidences suggesting that the recurrent RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and four rare RUNX1 fusions share common molecular deregulations. As relapse frequently occurs in RUNX1 positive leukemias, JUP overexpression could be of particular interest with regard to targeted-therapy, as demonstrated by previous work showing potential benefits of inhibiting the Wnt pathway in other genetic groups of acute leukemias.

La leucémie aiguë myéloïde est une hémopathie maligne génétiquement hétérogène caractérisée par de fréquents réarrangements impliquant la bande chromosomique 21q22 et le gène RUNX1. Dans ce groupe d’anomalies, les translocations t(8;21)(q22;q22) et t(3;21)(q26;q22), associées respectivement à un pronostic favorable et défavorable, sont les mieux étudiées. Or, plus de la moitié des réarrangements ciblant RUNX1 ne sont toujours pas caractérisés au niveau clinique et moléculaire. Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse sont de caractériser quatre nouvelles translocations ciblant RUNX1 et d’étudier la dérégulation transcriptionnelle associée à ces anomalies au niveau de cibles plus spécifiques ayant un rôle dans l’auto-renouvellement ou dans la différenciation hématopoïétique. À l’aide des techniques de cytogénétique et de biologie moléculaire, deux nouveaux partenaires de RUNX1, soit CLCA2 et SV2B, ont été identifiés au sein des t(1;21)(p22.3;q22) et t(15;21)(q26.1;q22) et la récurrence des partenaires USP42 et TRPS1 a été démontrée suite à l’étude des t(7;21)(p22.1;q22) et t(8;21)(q23.3;q22). Ce travail a permis de confirmer l’existence de divers modes de dérégulation de RUNX1 dans les leucémies aiguës. L’expression présumée de protéines chimériques et/ou d’isoformes tronquées de RUNX1, un dosage aberrant des transcrits de RUNX1 et la surexpression des gènes partenaires sont des conséquences révélées par l’étude de ces fusions. Le séquençage et l’analyse des jonctions génomiques des fusions récurrentes RUNX1-USP42/USP42-RUNX1 et RUNX1-TRPS1/TRPS1-RUNX1 ont démontré la présence de signatures moléculaires caractéristiques du mode de recombinaison non-homologue de type NHEJ. En raison de la structure et de la composition différente des jonctions, l’implication de composantes distinctes du mécanisme NHEJ a été proposée. Enfin, des analyses par PCR quantitative en temps réel nous ont permis de démontrer l’existence de cibles de dérégulation partagées par les fusions récurrentes et plus rares de RUNX1. Nous avons démontré que CEBPA est moins exprimé dans la majorité des spécimens étudiés présentant une fusion de RUNX1 par rapport aux spécimens avec un caryotype normal alors que JUP, une composante effectrice de la voie Wnt, est plutôt surexprimé. Malgré l’activation transcriptionnelle de JUP dans l’ensemble de ces spécimens, certaines cibles de la voie Wnt telles que CCND1 et MYC sont différemment exprimées dans ces cellules, appuyant l’hétérogénéité décrite dans ce groupe de leucémies. Malgré l’implication de partenaires variés, nos données d’expression démontrent que les chimères et les protéines tronquées de RUNX1 partagent des cibles communes d’activation et de répression transcriptionnelle et établissent, pour la première fois, des évidences moléculaires suggérant l’existence de similitudes entre la fusion récurrente RUNX1-RUNX1T1 et quatre fusions plus rares de RUNX1. Puisque des rechutes surviennent fréquemment dans ce groupe génétique, l’inhibition de JUP pourrait être une option thérapeutique intéressante et ceci est appuyé par les bénéfices observés lors de l’inhibition de la voie Wnt dans d’autres groupes génétiques de leucémies aiguës. / Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous disease characterized by frequent rearrangements of the RUNX1 gene located at chromosomal band 21q22. In this subtype of leukemias, t(8;21)(q22;q22) and t(3;21)(q26;q22) translocations are among the most studied rearrangements, being respectively associated with a favourable and poor prognosis. However, approximately half of RUNX1 translocations remain uncharacterized at the clinical and molecular levels at the present time. The main objectives of this thesis are to characterize four novel RUNX1 translocations in adult patients with acute leukemias and to study the expression profiles of specific transcriptional targets of RUNX1 fusions involved in self-renewal or differentiation of hematopoietic cells. Using molecular techniques, we identified CLCA2 and SV2B genes as novel fusion partners of RUNX1 in t(1;21)(p22;q22) and t(15;21)(q26;q22) translocations. We also described the recurrence of the USP42 and TRPS1 genes involved in t(7;21)(p22;q22) and t(8;21)(q23.3;q22) translocations. Chimeric fusion proteins, truncated isoforms of RUNX1, alteration of RUNX1 transcripts expression and overexpression of the fusion partner were possible outcomes of these various fusions, thus demonstrating the diversity of RUNX1 alterations in acute leukemias. Genomic breakpoints of the recurrent RUNX1-UPS42/USP42-RUNX1 and RUNX1-TRPS1/TRPS1-RUNX1 fusions were cloned and analyzed revealing typical signatures of the non-homologous end joining recombination mechanism at fusion junctions. Since variation in the structure and composition of these junctions was observed, we proposed that distinct cellular machineries would be involved in the genesis of these abnormalities. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on primary leukemic cells expressing these rare RUNX1 fusions. We demonstrated, for the first time, that similar downregulation of CEBPA and upregulation of JUP, an effector of the Wnt pathway, are detected in most samples studied presenting either recurrent or rare RUNX1 fusions. Despite an overexpression of JUP detected in each RUNX1 positive sample studied, other targets of the Wnt pathway like CCND1 and MYC genes were differently expressed in these cells, thus confirming the heterogeneity of this group of leukemias. Our expression data show that similar transcriptional targets, activated or repressed, are detected in cells expressing either chimeric or truncated RUNX1 proteins and establish the first molecular evidences suggesting that the recurrent RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and four rare RUNX1 fusions share common molecular deregulations. As relapse frequently occurs in RUNX1 positive leukemias, JUP overexpression could be of particular interest with regard to targeted-therapy, as demonstrated by previous work showing potential benefits of inhibiting the Wnt pathway in other genetic groups of acute leukemias.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-07, Section: B, page: 4063. Adviser: David R. Lairson. Includes bibliographical references.

Hyperleukocytosis is a complication of various leukemias and can result in life-threatening leukostasis. Critical white blood cell (WBC) counts are conventionally defined as higher than 100 × 109/l in acute myeloid leukemia and > 300 × 109/l in acute lymphatic leukemia and other leukemic disorders (e. g. chronic myeloid leukemia). Leukocytapheresis is a therapeutic tool to reduce leukocyte counts in patients with symptomatic or threatening leukostasis until induction chemotherapy works. In patients with temporary contraindications against cytotoxic drugs, e.g. during pregnancy, leukocytapheresis can be used as a bridging therapy until conventional chemotherapy can be started. Therapeutic leukocytapheresis should be performed in specialized centers by experienced, well-trained staff. Thorough monitoring of the patients is extremely relevant. During a single procedure, WBC count can be reduced by 10–70%. Treatment should be repeated daily and can be discontinued when the symptoms of leukostasis have been resolved and/or leukocyte counts have fallen below the critical thresholds. There are no prospective studies evaluating the clinical efficacy of therapeutic leukocytapheresis in patients with hyperleukocytosis. It can be concluded from retrospective studies that leukocytapheresis might have some beneficial effect in early morbidity and mortality of patients with newly diagnosed AML but has no influence on overall long-term survival. Induction chemotherapy is the most important treatment in these patients and must never be postponed. / Leukozytose ist eine Komplikation verschiedener Leukämien und kann zur lebensbedrohlichen Leukostase führen. Als kritische Leukozytenzahlen gelten im Allgemeinen Werte über 100 × 109/l bei akuten myeloischen Leukämien und über 300 × 109/l bei akuter lymphatischer Leukämie und anderen Leukämieformen (z. B. chronisch-myeloische Leukämie). Mittels therapeutischer Leuko zytapherese können pathologisch erhöhte Leukozytenwerte bei Patienten mit symptomatischer oder drohender Leukostase reduziert werden, bis die Wirkung der Induktions-Chemotherapie einsetzt. Bei Patienten mit vorübergehenden Kontraindikationen gegen Zytostatika, wie z.B. in der Schwangerschaft, dient die Leukozytapherese zur Überbrückung des Zeitraums, bis die konventionelle Chemotherapie begonnen werden kann. Leukozytapheresen sollten nur in spezialisierten Zentren von erfahrenem, geschultem Personal durchgeführt werden. Eine sorgfältige Überwachung der Patienten ist von besonderer Bedeutung. Während einer Behandlung kann die Leukozytenzahl um 10–70% reduziert werden. Die Behandlung sollte täglich wiederholt werden, bis die Leukostasesymptomatik abgeklungen bzw. die Leukozytenzahl unter die kritische Interventionsschwelle abgefallen ist. Es mangelt an prospektiven, randomisierten, kontrollierten Studien, die den klinischen Effekt der therapeutischen Leukozytapherese bei Patienten mit Leukostase evaluieren. Retrospektive Studien lassen auf eine therapeutische Wirksamkeit der Leukozytapherese hinsichtlich Frühmorbidität und –mortalität bei Patienten mit neu diagnostizierter AML schließen. Ein Einfluss dieser Therapie auf das Gesamtüberleben von AML-Patienten konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die entscheidende Therapie für diese Patienten ist die Induktions-Chemotherapie, die deshalb auch keinesfalls verzögert werden sollte. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:16:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HELIANA TRINDADE MARINHO.pdf: 1186217 bytes, checksum: 54acac9509ef409a9fe2f8f198769e4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-30 / FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA E AO DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTIFICO E TECNOLÓGICO DO MARANHÃO / This research aimed to study cell proliferation by Ki-67 marker and CD71 in acute leukemias, as well as establish the relationship between them and their relationship to therapeutic response. Patients were selected prospectively commencing in December 2008 and ending in November 2009 (12 months). Samples were collected from bone marrow or peripheral blood of 54 patients diagnosed with acute leukemia, from the referral hospital for cancer treatment in the state of Maranhão (northeastern Brazil) and determined the expression of Ki-67 markers and CD71 by flow cytometry. Most patients were from the northeast, followed by the central, northwest, southwest and southeast of Maranhão. No patients were in southern state. The values of Ki-67 in bone marrow and peripheral blood in the patients were higher in B-ALL than other acute leukemias. The bone marrow CD71 showed increased expression in T-ALL and peripheral blood, increased expression in AML. Was no statistical difference in Ki-67 in peripheral blood and bone marrow only in AML. A significant positive correlation between Ki-67 and CD71 in peripheral blood in B-ALL. In bone marrow, the markers showed a linear correlation in AML. No relationship was found between markers of cell proliferation and response to treatment. A continuing study of cell proliferation with a greater number of patients, coupled with other techniques of cell proliferation it is necessary to evaluate other / Esta pesquisa objetivou estudar a proliferação celular através do marcador Ki-67 e CD71 nas leucemias agudas, bem como estabelecer a relação entre eles e sua relação com a resposta terapêutica. Os pacientes foram selecionados de forma prospectiva tendo início em dezembro de 2008 e término em novembro de 2009 (12 meses). Foram coletadas amostras de medula óssea ou sangue periférico de 54 pacientes diagnosticados com leucemias agudas, provenientes do hospital de referência para tratamento oncológico no estado do Maranhão (no nordeste brasileiro), sendo determinada a expressão dos marcadores Ki-67 e CD71 por citometria de fluxo. A maior parte dos pacientes era da região nordeste, seguidos da região central, noroeste, sudoeste e sudeste do Maranhão. Não houve pacientes da região sul do estado. Os valores da expressão de Ki-67 em medula óssea e sangue periférico no total de pacientes apresentaram-se maiores na LLAB que as demais leucemias agudas. O CD71 apresentou na medula óssea uma maior expressão na LLAT e no sangue periférico, uma maior expressão na LMA. Foi observada diferença estatística na expressão de Ki-67 em sangue periférico e medula óssea apenas na LMA. Foi observada correlação positiva entre o Ki-67 e CD71 em sangue periférico na LLAB. Na medula óssea, os marcadores apresentaram correlação linear na LMA. Não foi encontrada relação entre os marcadores de proliferação celular e a resposta ao tratamento. Uma continuidade do estudo de proliferação celular com um número de pacientes maior, atrelados a outras técnicas de proliferação celular se faz necessária para avaliação de outros parâmetros como a evolução clínica, prognóstico e sobrevida dos pacientes leucêmicos em nosso estado.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

This diploma thesis is trying to figure out how is oncological disease and it´ s treatment affecting survivors life after curing the disease. Acute leukemia and its challenging and often aggressive treatment leaves many different late effects. Quality of life is a subjective assessment which to some extent depends on the nature of the individual. Even so, it is necessary to evaluate and examine the quality of life beacuse the results of researches can help other patients, but also nurses, doctors, psychologists and other helping professions. The theoretic part of the thesis describes the current state of the problem, introduces the basic and fundamental specifics of children's cancer, the treatment, the after-effects, deals with the description of the psychological problems of patients and their caregivers, which provides diagnosis itself, but also the treatment of the disease. It also introduces the psychological care about oncological ill patiens and the roles of the nurses in careing for the oncological patiens. Another part of the theoretical work is an introduction to the measurement and evaluation of quality of life. Work also introduces the leukemia disease, which is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancer diseases in children. The thesis has three goals. The first one is to determine how the treatment of the oncological disease affects life of survivors. The second one is to determine how children perceive various limitations of social contact that the treatment brings. The last third objective is to determine whether the cancer experience affects the attitude of the survivor children to live. In the practical part of the research was used quantitative research. The technique of data collection was standardized questionnaire Minneapolis Manchester Quality of Life Instrument which is divided into two versions for younger and older children. The research was also used for statistical evaluation of hypotheses. The questionnaire was distributed to children aged 8 - 18 years who were 2 - 5 years after treatment. The control group were the same aged healthy peers. Four hypotheses were determined. H1: Cured children have more difficulties in social functioning than healthy children. It was found that cured children have better outcomes in social functioning than their peers, hypothesis H1 is thus not confirmed. H2: Cured children have less energy for physical activities than healthy children. This hypothesis was confirmed neither in older or younger children. H3: Cured children are more satisfied with their appearance than healthy children. This hypothesis was based on the research and statistical verification verified. Last investigated hypothesis was H4: Cured children have more problems in cognitive functioning than healthy children. Based on the statistical verification hypothesis was not confirmed. The research and statistical studies show that cured children have the same or in some areas even better quality of life than their healthy peers 2 - 5 years after the end of active treatment. The nurse should be able to help and advise the patient and should emphatically and nicely cooperate with the family for which it is often even worse than for the patients themselves. This diploma thesis will be used for making of an internal seminars for nurses working at the Clinic of Pediatric Oncology. Nurses working at the bedsides of the patiens can use this theses as a feedback of thein work. Knowledge of late effects of anticancer therapy is essential to providing a high - quality care and application of evidence - based nursing in practice.