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This thesis comprises an exploration of the Shakespearean adaptations created by American director Charles Marowitz while he was Artistic Director of the Open Space Theatre in London, UK. In order of creation, they are: Hamlet (1964; revised 1966); A Macbeth (1969); An Othello (1972); The Shrew (1973); Measure for Measure (also called Variations on Measure for Measure) (1975); and Variations on the Merchant of Venice (1977). The central inquiry of this thesis is whether Marowitz’s Shakespearean adaptations adhered to his own parameters for such work, and if not, whether his objectives were subverted by other factors, political or psychological, which he unconsciously manifested dramatically within the works. Further, do Marowitz’s reconstructions of Shakespeare possibly spring from a latent desire to attack the cultural authority of Shakespeare himself? In order to accomplish this inquiry, the concept of ‘personal politics’ will be established, this being both the political orientation of an individual in terms of social government, as well as the underlying belief systems and paradigms which influence their perceptions and reactions, as factors influencing Marowitz’s adaptations. In terms of methodology, the author will examine Marowitz’s perceptions of Shakespeare’s original plays, highlighting the particular concerns that motivated him to create the adaptations under analysis. The validity of these perceptions will then be tested against a precise examination of the play text, and viewed against a survey of scholarly opinion on the original work. Any sociopolitical objectives expressed by Marowitz for the adaptation will be reviewed, then juxtaposed against the historical context in which they were written in order to discern where and how the politics of the period influenced his creative impulse. The collage technique, which characterized many of Marowitz’s adaptations, will be explored followed by a discussion of Marowitz’s stated parameters for the adaptation of theatrical classics. His approach to challenging the paradigm of Shakespeare’s work will be scrutinized, and an analysis of the adaptation given, as well as a discussion of the effect the changes from the original text might have had on an audience and a survey of critical reaction to the resulting production, based upon reviews in the major publications of the day. At this point, the central inquiry of the thesis will be addressed: to what degree does the adaptation hold to Marowitz’s own stated guidelines for Shakespearean adaptation, as well as his expressed objectives for the work in question, and if this degree is slight, what factors might account for this? In order to discern these influences, the adaptations will be examined through the lens of biographical criticism: Marowitz’s autobiographical writing, as well as personal opinions and beliefs gleaned from his theatrical reviews, journal articles and texts on acting techniques, will be gathered to shed light on dramatic choices which contravene the expressed intention for the adaptations. Aspects of psychoanalytical criticism will also be referenced, particularly focusing on trends common to the majority of the works which potentially sprang from an unconscious source. Finally, comparable adaptations of the same Shakespearean work will be reviewed in terms of how they differently, and possibly more effectively, redressed Marowitz’s stated concerns regarding the original work, in order to highlight why and how Marowitz’s personal politics may have overturned his stated intentions. Detailed synopses of all six plays under examination are provided in Appendix One.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Scenario planning is a technique used to inform decision-making under uncertainty, and is increasingly applied in the field of climate change adaptation and policy. This paper describes applications that combine previously distinct scenario methods in new and innovative ways. It draws on numerous recent independent case studies to illustrate emerging practices, such as far stronger connections between researcher-driven and participatory approaches and cycling between exploratory and normative perspectives. The paper concludes with a call for greater support for, and collaboration among, practitioners with the argument that mixed methods are most effective for decision-making in the context of climate change challenges.

MSc , Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1980

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2015. / Land transformation and associated habitat loss has been identified as one of the biggest global factors affecting decreases in frog biodiversity. Gauteng Province is South Africa’s economic hub and much of the Highveld grassland, characteristic of the region, has been transformed for urban and agricultural purposes. Large, isolated depressions underlain by impervious soils – known as pans – are typical wetland systems of the Highveld region which form habitat for many frog species. I undertook a coarse assessment of amphibian habitat in eleven pans (six representing urban and five representing agricultural areas) by measuring water quality at one point in time (electro-conductivity, temperature, pH, and concentration of sulphates, ortho-phosphates, ammonia, nitrates + nitrites and metals (Na, Mg, K, Ca)), and pan metrics, such as distance to tarred road, area of available terrestrial habitat and pan area. A frog survey using the pitfall-trap method of capture was also conducted at each of the sample sites for the purposes of evaluating frog biodiversity and spatial habitat utilisation. Evidence of acid mine drainage contamination, extensive dumping of household and building waste, nutrient enrichment and close proximity to roads with heavy traffic were found at urban sites. Agricultural sites were located significantly further away from tarred roads compared to urban sites but some were affected by deposition of eroded material from nearby cropland. A Pearson’s Correlation found a strong correlation between NO2 + NO3-N concentration and Amietophrynus gutturalis abundance across sites. Correlation matrices detected a strong, positive correlation between available terrestrial habitat adjacent to pans and pan proximity to tarred road with abundance of Cacosternum boettgeri, Pyxicephalus adspersus and Tomopterna cryptotis. At least six of the eight recorded frog species were captured at 80 m from the pan shoreline. Based on potential sensitivity of some species to available terrestrial habitat area, I recommend that buffer zones around pans should be between 100 and 500 m to ensure species persistence.