Neste trabalho uma nova estratégia de combinação de filtros adaptativos é apresentada e estudada. Inspirada por esquemas incrementais e filtragem adaptativa cooperativa, a combinação convexa usual de filtros em paralelo e independentes é reestruturada como uma configuração série-cooperativa, sem aumento da complexidade computacional. Dois novos algoritmos são projetados utilizando Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) e Least-Mean-Squares (LMS) como subfiltros que compõem a combinação. Para avaliar a performance da estrutura incremental, uma análise de média quadrática é realizada. Esta é feita assumindo que os combinadores têm valores fixos, de forma a permitir o estudo da universalidade da estrutura desacoplada da dinâmica do supervisor. As simulações realizadas mostram uma boa concordância com o modelo teórico obtido. / In this work a new strategy for combination of adaptive filters is introduced and studied. Inspired by incremental schemes and cooperative adaptive filtering, the standard convex combination of parallel-independent filters is rearranged into a series-cooperative configuration, while preserving computational complexity. Two new algorithms are derived employing Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) and Least-Mean-Squares (LMS) algorithms as the component filters. In order to assess the performance of the incremental structure, tracking and steady-state mean-square analysis is derived. The analysis is carried out assuming the combiners are fixed, so that the universality of the new structure may be studied decoupled from the supervisor\'s dynamics. The resulting analytical model shows good agreement with simulation results.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-23T20:59:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CharlesSilvaNahuz.pdf: 2149704 bytes, checksum: 650e374d99de26e3390d88bf0e7ac78a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-23T20:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CharlesSilvaNahuz.pdf: 2149704 bytes, checksum: 650e374d99de26e3390d88bf0e7ac78a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / In this paper, implemented a new lter similar to the LMS, but, with a coast function based in the sum of the error. As a result, we obtain a very simple function, producing a rapid convergence and a small mismatch when compared with the LMS algorithm and other algorithms. The adaptive lter is based on non-linear functions such as estimation of the gradient of a surface performance. We use the gradient algorithm to update the weights. this update is based on high-order statistics to obtain information about the signs involved in the process, in order to improve the performace of the adaptive lter. Derive the equations based on Taylor series of non-linear functions, to achieve the criteria that ensures their convergence. We also do a weight vector covariance study in steady state and determine the equations that calculate the time constants in an adaptive process. Here the algorithm proposed, which uses a cost function and were made simulacoes Monte Carlo with real signals to validate the theory presented. In this role the α coefficients have been optimized to provide increased stability and better performance in its convergence speed. / Neste trabalho, implementamos um novo filtro semelhante ao LMS, porém, com uma função de custo baseada na soma do erro. Como resultado, obtemos uma função bastante simples, produzindo uma rápida convergência e um pequeno desajuste quando comparado com o algoritmo LMS e com outros algoritmos. O filtro adaptativo é baseado em funções não lineares como estimativa do gradiente de uma superfície de desempenho. Utilizamos o gradiente do algoritmo para atualização dos pesos. Essa atualização baseia-se nas estatísticas de alta ordem para obtenção de informações sobre os sinais envolvidos no processo, com o objetivo de melhorar a performance do filtro adaptativo. As equações foram derivadas e baseadas em séries de Taylor das funções não lineares, para obtenção dos critérios que garante a sua convergência. Também fazemos um estudo da covariância do vetor peso em regime estacionário e determinamos as equações que calculam as constantes de tempo em um processo adaptativo. Apresentamos o algoritmo proposto, que utiliza uma função de custo onde foram feitas simulações de Monte Carlo com sinais reais para validar a teoria apresentada. Nessa função os coe cientes αk foram otimizados para dar maior estabilidade e melhor desempenho na sua velocidade de convergência.

<p>Brain-machine interfaces (BMI) are systems which connect brains directly to machines or computers for communication. BMI-controlled prosthetic devices use algorithms to decode neuronal recordings into movement commands. These algorithms operate using models of how recorded neuronal signals relate to desired movements, called models of tuning. Models of tuning have typically been linear in prior work, due to the simplicity and speed of the algorithms used with them. Neuronal tuning has been shown to slowly change over time, but most prior work do not adapt tuning models to these changes. Furthermore, extracellular electrical recordings of neurons' action potentials slowly change over time, impairing the preprocessing step of spike-sorting, during which the neurons responsible for recorded action potentials are identified.</p> <p></p> <p>This dissertation presents a non-linear adaptive Bayesian filter and an adaptive spike-sorting method for BMI decoding. The adaptive filter consists of the n-th order unscented Kalman filter and Bayesian regression self-training updates. The unscented Kalman filter estimates desired prosthetic movements using a non-linear model of tuning as its observation model. The model is quadratic with terms for position, velocity, distance from center of workspace, and velocity magnitude. The tuning model relates neuronal activity to movements at multiple time offsets simultaneously, and the movement model of the filter is an order n autoregressive model.</p> <p>To adapt the tuning model parameters to changes in the brain, Bayesian regression self-training updates are performed periodically. Tuning model parameters are stored as probability distributions instead of point estimates. Bayesian regression uses the previous model parameters as priors and calculates the posteriors of the regression between filter outputs, which are assumed to be the desired movements, and neuronal recordings. Before each update, filter outputs are smoothed using a Kalman smoother, and tuning model parameters are passed through a transition model describing how parameters change over time. Two variants of Bayesian regression are presented: one uses a joint distribution for the model parameters which allows analytical inference, and the other uses a more flexible factorized distribution that requires approximate inference using variational Bayes.</p> <p>To adapt spike-sorting parameters to changes in spike waveforms, variational Bayesian Gaussian mixture clustering updates are used to update the waveform clustering used to calculate these parameters. This Bayesian extension of expectation-maximization clustering uses the previous clustering parameters as priors and computes the new parameters as posteriors. The use of priors allows tracking of clustering parameters over time and facilitates fast convergence.</p> <p>To evaluate the proposed methods, experiments were performed with 3 Rhesus monkeys implanted with micro-wire electrode arrays in arm-related areas of the cortex. Off-line reconstructions and on-line, closed-loop experiments with brain-control show that the n-th order unscented Kalman filter is more accurate than previous linear methods. Closed-loop experiments over 29 days show that Bayesian regression self-training helps maintain control accuracy. Experiments on synthetic data show that Bayesian regression self-training can be applied to other tracking problems with changing observation models. Bayesian clustering updates on synthetic and neuronal data demonstrate tracking of cluster and waveform changes. These results indicate the proposed methods improve the accuracy and robustness of BMIs for prosthetic devices, bringing BMI-controlled prosthetics closer to clinical use.</p> / Dissertation

A evolução tecnológica dos sensores, da eletrônica e dos sistemas embarcados melhorou o desempenho, a confiabilidade e a robustez dos sistemas assim como as atividades de manutenção, em especial, as de manutenção proativa. Estes avanços tecnológicos possibilitaram uma nova visão sobre as práticas de manutenção existentes. A expansão das áreas de processamento de sinais e inteligência artificial proporcionou novas abordagens aos sistemas de controle, promovendo a criação de novos modelos de confiabilidade e disponibilidade de equipamentos e sistemas. Além disso, aumentou a precisão no reconhecimento de padrões de falhas, ampliou a avaliação e o diagnóstico de danos em equipamentos e sistemas, e adicionou inteligência aos sistemas de manutenção existentes. Diversas técnicas de processamento de sinais (tais como a transformada de Fourier), de inteligência artificial (as redes neurais artificiais e a lógica nebulosa, por exemplo) e de filtragem adaptativa (os filtros adaptativos, como exemplo) já são utilizadas com sucesso para detectar e prevenir falhas em vários tipos de equipamentos. Os sistemas de manutenção que fazem uso das técnicas de processamento de sinais e inteligência artificial, em conjunto, por exemplo, são conhecidos como sistemas de manutenção inteligente. Através desses sistemas, é possível monitorar as condições físicas, tomar decisões, efetuar ações de manutenção e fornecer diagnósticos precisos de falhas. Este trabalho aborda a implementação de um sistema de manutenção inteligente embarcado que usa a transformada wavelet packet e os mapas auto-organizáveis ou os filtros adaptativos para detectar, classificar e prever falhas em atuadores elétricos. A idéia principal deste trabalho é determinar qual destas ferramentas, mapas auto-organizáveis ou filtros adaptativos, é a mais adequada para o embarque. Espera-se com a implantação embarcada desse sistema de manutenção, por exemplo, evitar falhas nos atuadores e promover uma maior reutilização de peças. / The technological evolution of sensors, electronics, and embedded systems has improved the performance, reliability and robustness of systems as well the maintenance activities, especially the proactive maintenance. These technological advances have provided a new view about the existing maintenance practices. The expansion of signal processing and artificial intelligence has provided new approaches in industrial control systems leading to the proposal of new reliability and availability models for equipments and systems. Moreover, it has increased the precision in failure pattern recognition, has extended the assessment and diagnosis of damages in equipments and systems, and has added intelligence to existing maintenance systems. Several techniques for signal processing (such as Fourier transform), artificial intelligence (artificial neural networks, for example) and adaptive filtering (adaptive filters, as an example) are already used successfully to detect and prevent failures in several kinds of equipments. The maintenance systems that use, for example, the techniques for signal processing and artificial intelligence together are known as intelligent maintenance systems. It is possible to control the physical conditions, make decisions, perform maintenance activities and do accurate diagnosis of failures using those systems. This work presents the implementation of an embedded intelligent maintenance system using wavelet packet analysis and self organizing maps or adaptive filters for detection, classification, and prediction of failures in electrical actuators. The main idea is to determine which of these tools, self-organizing maps or adaptive filters, is the most suitable for the implementation in embedded systems. It is expected that with the implementation of this maintenance system, failures in actuators are avoided, and that a greater reuse of parts is achieved.

A evolução tecnológica dos sensores, da eletrônica e dos sistemas embarcados melhorou o desempenho, a confiabilidade e a robustez dos sistemas assim como as atividades de manutenção, em especial, as de manutenção proativa. Estes avanços tecnológicos possibilitaram uma nova visão sobre as práticas de manutenção existentes. A expansão das áreas de processamento de sinais e inteligência artificial proporcionou novas abordagens aos sistemas de controle, promovendo a criação de novos modelos de confiabilidade e disponibilidade de equipamentos e sistemas. Além disso, aumentou a precisão no reconhecimento de padrões de falhas, ampliou a avaliação e o diagnóstico de danos em equipamentos e sistemas, e adicionou inteligência aos sistemas de manutenção existentes. Diversas técnicas de processamento de sinais (tais como a transformada de Fourier), de inteligência artificial (as redes neurais artificiais e a lógica nebulosa, por exemplo) e de filtragem adaptativa (os filtros adaptativos, como exemplo) já são utilizadas com sucesso para detectar e prevenir falhas em vários tipos de equipamentos. Os sistemas de manutenção que fazem uso das técnicas de processamento de sinais e inteligência artificial, em conjunto, por exemplo, são conhecidos como sistemas de manutenção inteligente. Através desses sistemas, é possível monitorar as condições físicas, tomar decisões, efetuar ações de manutenção e fornecer diagnósticos precisos de falhas. Este trabalho aborda a implementação de um sistema de manutenção inteligente embarcado que usa a transformada wavelet packet e os mapas auto-organizáveis ou os filtros adaptativos para detectar, classificar e prever falhas em atuadores elétricos. A idéia principal deste trabalho é determinar qual destas ferramentas, mapas auto-organizáveis ou filtros adaptativos, é a mais adequada para o embarque. Espera-se com a implantação embarcada desse sistema de manutenção, por exemplo, evitar falhas nos atuadores e promover uma maior reutilização de peças. / The technological evolution of sensors, electronics, and embedded systems has improved the performance, reliability and robustness of systems as well the maintenance activities, especially the proactive maintenance. These technological advances have provided a new view about the existing maintenance practices. The expansion of signal processing and artificial intelligence has provided new approaches in industrial control systems leading to the proposal of new reliability and availability models for equipments and systems. Moreover, it has increased the precision in failure pattern recognition, has extended the assessment and diagnosis of damages in equipments and systems, and has added intelligence to existing maintenance systems. Several techniques for signal processing (such as Fourier transform), artificial intelligence (artificial neural networks, for example) and adaptive filtering (adaptive filters, as an example) are already used successfully to detect and prevent failures in several kinds of equipments. The maintenance systems that use, for example, the techniques for signal processing and artificial intelligence together are known as intelligent maintenance systems. It is possible to control the physical conditions, make decisions, perform maintenance activities and do accurate diagnosis of failures using those systems. This work presents the implementation of an embedded intelligent maintenance system using wavelet packet analysis and self organizing maps or adaptive filters for detection, classification, and prediction of failures in electrical actuators. The main idea is to determine which of these tools, self-organizing maps or adaptive filters, is the most suitable for the implementation in embedded systems. It is expected that with the implementation of this maintenance system, failures in actuators are avoided, and that a greater reuse of parts is achieved.

A evolução tecnológica dos sensores, da eletrônica e dos sistemas embarcados melhorou o desempenho, a confiabilidade e a robustez dos sistemas assim como as atividades de manutenção, em especial, as de manutenção proativa. Estes avanços tecnológicos possibilitaram uma nova visão sobre as práticas de manutenção existentes. A expansão das áreas de processamento de sinais e inteligência artificial proporcionou novas abordagens aos sistemas de controle, promovendo a criação de novos modelos de confiabilidade e disponibilidade de equipamentos e sistemas. Além disso, aumentou a precisão no reconhecimento de padrões de falhas, ampliou a avaliação e o diagnóstico de danos em equipamentos e sistemas, e adicionou inteligência aos sistemas de manutenção existentes. Diversas técnicas de processamento de sinais (tais como a transformada de Fourier), de inteligência artificial (as redes neurais artificiais e a lógica nebulosa, por exemplo) e de filtragem adaptativa (os filtros adaptativos, como exemplo) já são utilizadas com sucesso para detectar e prevenir falhas em vários tipos de equipamentos. Os sistemas de manutenção que fazem uso das técnicas de processamento de sinais e inteligência artificial, em conjunto, por exemplo, são conhecidos como sistemas de manutenção inteligente. Através desses sistemas, é possível monitorar as condições físicas, tomar decisões, efetuar ações de manutenção e fornecer diagnósticos precisos de falhas. Este trabalho aborda a implementação de um sistema de manutenção inteligente embarcado que usa a transformada wavelet packet e os mapas auto-organizáveis ou os filtros adaptativos para detectar, classificar e prever falhas em atuadores elétricos. A idéia principal deste trabalho é determinar qual destas ferramentas, mapas auto-organizáveis ou filtros adaptativos, é a mais adequada para o embarque. Espera-se com a implantação embarcada desse sistema de manutenção, por exemplo, evitar falhas nos atuadores e promover uma maior reutilização de peças. / The technological evolution of sensors, electronics, and embedded systems has improved the performance, reliability and robustness of systems as well the maintenance activities, especially the proactive maintenance. These technological advances have provided a new view about the existing maintenance practices. The expansion of signal processing and artificial intelligence has provided new approaches in industrial control systems leading to the proposal of new reliability and availability models for equipments and systems. Moreover, it has increased the precision in failure pattern recognition, has extended the assessment and diagnosis of damages in equipments and systems, and has added intelligence to existing maintenance systems. Several techniques for signal processing (such as Fourier transform), artificial intelligence (artificial neural networks, for example) and adaptive filtering (adaptive filters, as an example) are already used successfully to detect and prevent failures in several kinds of equipments. The maintenance systems that use, for example, the techniques for signal processing and artificial intelligence together are known as intelligent maintenance systems. It is possible to control the physical conditions, make decisions, perform maintenance activities and do accurate diagnosis of failures using those systems. This work presents the implementation of an embedded intelligent maintenance system using wavelet packet analysis and self organizing maps or adaptive filters for detection, classification, and prediction of failures in electrical actuators. The main idea is to determine which of these tools, self-organizing maps or adaptive filters, is the most suitable for the implementation in embedded systems. It is expected that with the implementation of this maintenance system, failures in actuators are avoided, and that a greater reuse of parts is achieved.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T16:54:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Cristiane Cristina.pdf: 4404224 bytes, checksum: a68e5757bedc2d3d341a5937f100fe1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In adaptive filtering many adaptive filter are based on the mean square error method (MSE). These filters were developed to improve convergence spedd with a lower misadjustment. The least mean square (LMS) and the recursive least square (RLS) algorithms have been the hallmark of adaptive filtering. In this work we develop adaptive algorithms based on the even powers of the error inspired in the recursive lest square (RLS) algorithm. Namely recursive nom quadratic (RNQ) algorithm. The ideas is based on Widrow s least mean square fourth (LMF) algorithm. Fisrt we derive equations based on a singal even power of the error in order to obtain criterions that guarantee convergence. We also determine equations that measure the misadjustment and the time constant of the adaptive process of the RNQ algorithm. We work also, toward making the algorithm less sensitive to the size of the error in na alternative direction, by proposing a cost function which is a sum of the even powers of the error. This second approach bring the error explicitly to the RLS algorithm formulation by proposing a new cost function that preserves the measnsquare-error (MSE) solution, but allows for the exploitation of higher order moments of the error to speedup the converge of the algorithm. The main goal this work is to create form first principles (new cost functions ) a mechanism to include instantaneous error information in the RLS algorithm, make it track better, and allow for the design of the forgetting factor. As we will see the key aspecto of our approach is to include the error in the Kalman gain that effectively controls the speed of adaptation of the RLS algorithm. / Em filtragem adaptativa, vários filtros são baseados no método do erro quadrático médio (do inglês, MSE- mean squared error ) e muitos desses foram desenvolvidos para obter uma convergência rápida com um menos desajuste. Os algoritmos mínimos quadrático médio (do inglês, LMS- least mean square ) e mínimos quadrados recursivos (do inglês, RLS- recursive least square ) foram um marco em filtragem adaptativa. Nesse trabalho apresentamos o desenvolvimento de uma família de algoritmos adaptativos baseados nas potências pares do erro, inspirado na dedução do algoritmo RLS padrão. Chamaremos esses novos algoritmos de recursivo não-quadrático (RNQ). A ideia básica é baseada na função de custo apresentada por Widrow no algoritmo mínimo quarto médio ( do inglês, LMF least mean square fourth). Inicialmente derivamos equações baseados em uma potência par do erro para obter critérios que garantam a convergência. Determinamos também, equações que definem o desajuste e o tempo de aprendizagem do processo de adaptação do algoritmo RNQ baseado em potência para arbitrária. Trabalhamos também, no sentido de tornar o algoritmo menos sensível ao tamanho do erro numa direção alternativa, propondo uma função de custo baseado na soma das potências pares do erro. Essa segunda abordagem torna explícito o papel do erro na formulação do RLS ao propor uma nova função de custo que preserve a solução MSE, mas permite a utilização dos momentos de alta ordem do erro para aumentar a velocidade de convergência do algoritmo. O principal objetivo do nosso trabalho é criar a partir dos primeiros princípios (novas funções de custo) um mecanismo para incluir informações de erro instantâneo no algoritmo RLS e torná-lo um seguidor melhor. Assim, o aspecto-chave dessa nova abordagem é incluir o erro no ganho de Kalman que controla efetivamente a velocidade de adaptação do algoritmo de RLS.

abstract: For the last 50 years, oscillator modeling in ranging systems has received considerable attention. Many components in a navigation system, such as the master oscillator driving the receiver system, as well the master oscillator in the transmitting system contribute significantly to timing errors. Algorithms in the navigation processor must be able to predict and compensate such errors to achieve a specified accuracy. While much work has been done on the fundamentals of these problems, the thinking on said problems has not progressed. On the hardware end, the designers of local oscillators focus on synthesized frequency and loop noise bandwidth. This does nothing to mitigate, or reduce frequency stability degradation in band. Similarly, there are not systematic methods to accommodate phase and frequency anomalies such as clock jumps. Phase locked loops are fundamentally control systems, and while control theory has had significant advancement over the last 30 years, the design of timekeeping sources has not advanced beyond classical control. On the software end, single or two state oscillator models are typically embedded in a Kalman Filter to alleviate time errors between the transmitter and receiver clock. Such models are appropriate for short term time accuracy, but insufficient for long term time accuracy. Additionally, flicker frequency noise may be present in oscillators, and it presents mathematical modeling complications. This work proposes novel H∞ control methods to address the shortcomings in the standard design of time-keeping phase locked loops. Such methods allow the designer to address frequency stability degradation as well as high phase/frequency dynamics. Additionally, finite-dimensional approximants of flicker frequency noise that are more representative of the truth system than the tradition Gauss Markov approach are derived. Last, to maintain timing accuracy in a wide variety of operating environments, novel Banks of Adaptive Extended Kalman Filters are used to address both stochastic and dynamic uncertainty. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2020

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are amongst the most commonly used types in Electric (EVs) and Hybrid Electric (HEVs) Vehicles due to their high energy and power densities, as well as long lifetime. A battery is one of the most important components of an EV and hence it needs to be monitored and controlled accurately. The safety, and reliability of battery packs must then, be ensured by accurate management, control, and monitoring functions by using a Battery Management System (BMS). A BMS is also responsible for accurate real-time estimation of the State of Charge (SoC), State of Health (SoH) and State of Power (SoP) of the battery. The battery SoC provides information on the amount of energy left in the battery. The SoH determines the remaining capacity and health of a pack, and the SoP represents the maximum available power. These critical battery states cannot be directly measured. Therefore, they have to be inferred from measurable parameters such as the current delivered by the battery as well as its terminal voltage. Consequently, in order to offer accurate monitoring of SoC, SoH and SoP, advanced numerical estimation methods need to be deployed. In the estimation process, the states and parameters of a system are extracted from measurements. The objective is to reduce the estimation errors in the presence of uncertainties and noise under different operating conditions. This thesis uses and provides different enhancements to a robust estimation strategy referred to as the Smooth Variable Structure Filter (SVSF) for condition monitoring of batteries. The SVSF is a predictor-corrector method based on sliding mode control that enhances the robustness in the presence of noise and uncertainties. The methods are proposed to provide accurate estimates of the battery states of operation and can be implemented in real-time in BMS. To improve the performance of battery condition monitoring, a measurement-based SoC estimation method called coulomb counting is paired with model-based state estimation strategy. Important considerations in parameter and state estimation are model formulation and observability. In this research, a new model formulation that treats coulomb counting as an added measurement is proposed. It is shown that this formulation enhanced information extraction, leading to a more accurate state estimation, as well as an increase in the number of parameters and variables that can be estimated while maintaining observability. This model formulation is used for characterizing the battery in a range of operating conditions. In turn, the models are integral to a proposed adaptive filter that is a combination of the Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) concept and the SVSF. It is shown that this combined strategy is an efficient estimation approach that can effectively deal with battery aging. The proposed method provides accurate estimation for various SoH of a battery. Further to battery aging adaptation, measurement errors such as sensor noise, drift, and bias that affect estimation performance, are considered. To improve the accuracy of battery state estimation, a noise covariance adaptation scheme is developed for the SVSF method. This strategy further improves the robustness of the SVSF in the presence of unknown physical disturbances, noise, and initial conditions. The proposed estimation strategies are also considered for their implementation on battery packs. An important consideration in pack level battery management is cell-to-cell variations that impact battery safety. This study considers online battery parametrization to update the pack’s model over time and to detect cell-to-cell variability in parallel-connected battery cells configurations. Experimental data are used to validate and test the efficacy of the proposed methods in this thesis. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / To address the critical issue of climate change, it is necessary to replace fossil-fuel vehicles with battery-powered electric vehicles. Despite the benefits of electric vehicles, their popularity is still limited by the range anxiety and the cost determined by the battery pack. The range of an electric vehicle is determined by the amount of charge in its battery pack. This is comparable to the amount of gasoline in a gasoline vehicle’s tank. In consideration of the need for methods to address range anxiety, it is necessary to develop advanced algorithms for continuous monitoring and control of a battery pack to maximize its performance. However, the amount of charge and health of a battery pack cannot be measured directly and must be inferred from measurable variables including current, voltage and temperature. This research presents several algorithms for detecting the range and health of a battery pack under a variety of operating conditions. With a more accurate algorithm, a battery pack can be monitored closely, resulting in lower long-term costs. Adaptive methods for determining a battery’s state of charge and health in uncertain and noisy conditions have been developed to provide an accurate measure of available charge and capacity. Methods are then extended to improve the determination of state of charge and health for a battery module.

No description available.