There has been great interest in antenna array processing (diversity, beamforming, null steering, and spatial multiplexing) to enhance the received signal quality and the capacity of wireless communications systems. However, in order to properly exploit the characteristics of different array processing techniques, understanding trade-offs among different techniques and parametric investigation, which offers an insight as to what parameters determine system performance under different situations is necessary. In this study, we present analytical framework which can facilitate the performance analysis of systems with antenna array. Five original contributions to the performance analysis of antenna array processing are presented in this study. First, we present theoretical outage probability of a system equipped with an array which suppresses a few dominant interering signals in TDMA cellular networks when the fading statistics of interfering signals are independent but non-identically distributed. Most of the related previous works assumed either independent and identically distributed fading statistics among cochannel interferences (CCI) or Rayleigh fading when CCI signals are subject to i.n.d. fading statistics. Secondly, the performance of multi-branch predetection equal gain combiner for different modulation techniques in equally correlated Nakagami-m fading is presented through analytical analysis. Specifically, the characteristic function (CHF) and the moment generating function (MGF) of EGC output with correlated inputs are derived and used to evaluate the average symbol error probability (ASEP) and the outage probability performance, respectively. Thirdly, we derived analytical expression which can be used to analyze the performance of different types of diversity techniques in equally correlated Nakagami-m or Rice fading channels. Fourthly, asymptotic analysis on different types of diversity combiners in generalized fading channels is presented in a unifying way. Finally, we investigate and present the impact of transmit diversity at handsets on the reverse link DS/CDMA systems in terms of capacity and coverage over generalized fading channels through analytical approaches. Then, we validate the analytical results with simulation results and investigate practical issues which are hard to capture through analytical analysis using system level simulator we developed. Although we have mainly focused on applying the analytical framework we have derived in this work to the performance analysis of physical layer algorithms such as spatial diversity and adaptive null steering, the framework can be extended to assist the analysis and design of wireless communication systems such as, to name a few, distributed multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system in cooperative wireless networks, multipath routing protocol analysis in wireless fading channels, and antenna selection problems in MIMO system. / Ph. D.

Ce travail s'intéresse au suivi spatio-temporel par imagerie ultrasonore de la cavitation acoustique. Celle-ci est un phénomène physique complexe utilisé au cours de certaines techniques de thérapie par ultrasons, correspondant à la formation de bulles de gaz qui oscillent et éclatent. Initialement, la méthode TD-PAM (Time Domain Passive Acoustic Mapping, en anglais), a été développée pour cartographier l’activité de cavitation à partir des signaux acoustiques émis par les bulles, enregistrés passivement par une sonde linéaire d'imagerie ultrasonore. Toutefois, le TD-PAM souffre d’une trop faible résolution et de nombreux artefacts de reconstruction. De plus, il est lourd en temps de calcul car il est formalisé dans le domaine temporel (TD). Pour pallier ces deux limitations, il est proposé d'étudier, de comparer et de développer des méthodes avancées d'imagerie ultrasonore passive. Ce manuscrit s'articule autour de trois contributions principales : Une méthode adaptative originale a été formalisée dans le domaine temporel, reposant sur la compression d'amplitude des signaux ultrasonores par racine pième : le TD-pPAM. Cette approche améliore la résolution et le contraste des cartes de cavitation pour un temps de calcul équivalent au TD-PAM. La notion de matrice de densité inter-spectrale a été introduite pour l'imagerie de la cavitation. Dès lors, quatre méthodes dans le domaine de Fourier (FD) ont été étudiées et comparées : le FD-PAM (non-adaptatif), la méthode Robuste de Capon FD-RCB (adaptatif, par optimisation), le Functional Beamforming FD-FB (adaptatif, par compression non-linéaire) et la méthode MUltiple Signal Classification FD-MUSIC (adaptatif, par projection en sous-espaces). Les performances de ces méthodes FD ont été étudiées expérimentalement in vitro cuve d’eau avec une comparaison par imagerie optique. Les méthodes adaptatives FD proposées ont démontré leur potentiel à améliorer le suivi spatio-temporel des bulles. Le FD-RCB offre une localisation supérieure au FD-PAM mais souffre d'une importante complexité algorithmique. Les performances du FD-FB sont intermédiaires à celles du FD-PAM et du FD-RCB, pour une complexité de calcul équivalente au FD-PAM. Le FD-MUSIC a le potentiel de mettre en évidence de faibles sources acoustiques, mais ne conserve pas leurs quantifications relatives / This work focuses on the spatio-temporal monitoring of acoustic cavitation by ultrasonic imaging. This is a complex physical phenomenon used in some ultrasound therapy techniques, corresponding to the formation of gas bubbles that oscillate and implode. Initially, the TD-PAM (Time Domain Passive Acoustic Mapping) method was developed to map cavitation activity from acoustic signals emitted by bubbles, passively recorded by a linear ultrasonic imaging probe. However, the TD-PAM suffers from too low resolution and many reconstruction artifacts. In addition, it is time-consuming because it is formalized in the time domain (TD). To overcome these two limitations, it is proposed to study, compare and develop advanced methods of passive ultrasound imaging. This manuscript is structured around three main contributions: An original adaptive method has been formalised in the time domain, based on the amplitude compression of ultrasonic signals by root pth: TD-pPAM. This approach improves the resolution and contrast of cavitation maps for a computing time equivalent to the TD-PAM. The notion of cross-spectral density matrix has been introduced for cavitation imaging. Four Fourier domain (FD) methods were therefore studied and compared: FD-PAM (non-adaptive), Capon Robuste FD-RCB (adaptive, by optimization), Functional Beamforming FD-FB (adaptive, by non-linear compression) and MUltiple Signal Classification FD-MUSIC (adaptive, by subspaces projection). The performance of these FD methods was studied experimentally in vitro in water tank with a comparison by optical imaging. The proposed adaptive FD methods have demonstrated their potential to improve the spatial and temporal tracking of bubbles. The FD-RCB offers a superior localization to the FD-PAM but suffers from a high algorithmic complexity. The performance of the FD-FB is intermediate to that of the FD-PAM and the FD-RCB, for a calculation complexity equivalent to the FD-PAM. The FD-MUSIC has the potential to highlight weak acoustic sources, but does not keep their relative quantifications

Phased array feeds (PAFs) are a promising new technology for astronomical radio telescopes. While PAFs have been used in other fields, the demanding sensitivity and calibration requirements in astronomy present unique new challenges. This dissertation presents some of the first astronomical PAF results demonstrating the lowest noise temperature and highest sensitivity at the time (66 Kelvin and 3.3 m^2/K, respectively), obtained using a narrowband (425 kHz bandwidth) prototype array of 19 linear co-polarized L-band dipoles mounted at the focus of the Green Bank 20 Meter Telescope at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Green Bank, West Virginia. Results include spectral line detection of hydroxyl (OH) sources W49N and W3OH, and some of the first radio camera images made using a PAF, including an image of the Cygnus X region. A novel array Y-factor technique for measuring the isotropic noise response of the array is shown along with experimental measurements for this PAF. Statistically optimal beamformers (Maximum SNR and MVDR) are used throughout the work. Radio-frequency interference (RFI) mitigation is demonstrated experimentally using spatial cancelation with the PAF. Improved RFI mitigation is achieved in the challenging cases of low interference-to-noise ratio (INR) and moving interference by combining subspace projection (SP) beamforming with a polynomial model to track a rank 1 subspace. Limiting factors in SP are investigated including sample estimation error, subspace smearing, noise bias, and spectral scooping; each of these factors is overcome with the polynomial model and prewhitening. Numerical optimization leads to the polynomial subspace projection (PSP) method, and least-squares fitting to the series of dominant eigenvectors over a series of short term integrations (STIs) leads to the eigenvector polynomial subspace projection (EPSP) method. Expressions for the gradient, Hessian, and Jacobian are given for use in numerical optimization. Results are given for simulated and experimental data, demonstrating deeper beampattern nulls by 6 to 30dB. To increase the system bandwidth toward the hundreds of MHz bandwidth required by astronomers for a fully science-ready instrument, an FPGA digital backend is introduced using a 64-input analog-to-digital converter running at 50 Msamp/sec and the ROACH processing board developed at the University of California, Berkeley. International efforts to develop digital back ends for large antenna arrays are considered, and a road map is proposed for development of a hardware correlator/beamformer at BYU using three ROACH boards communicating over 10 gigabit Ethernet.