With the advances in wireless communication systems, antennas with different shapes and design have achieved great demand and are desirable for many uses such as personal communication systems, and other applications involving wireless communication. This has resulted in different shapes and types of antenna design in order to achieve different antenna characteristic. One attractive approach to the design of antennas is to suppress or attenuate harmonic contents due to the non-linear operation of the Radio Frequency (RF) front end. The objectives of this work were to investigate, design and implement antennas for harmonic suppression with the aid of a genetic algorithm (GA). Several microstrip patch antennas were designed to operate at frequencies 1.0, 1.8 and 2.4 GHz respectively. The microstrip patch antenna with stub tuned microstrip lines was also employed at 1.0 and 1.8 GHz to meet the design objectives. A new sensing patch technique is introduced and applied in order to find the accepted power at harmonic frequencies. The evaluation of the measured power accepted at the antenna feed port was done using an electromagnetic (EM) simulator, Ansoft Designer, in terms of current distribution. A two sensors method is presented on one antenna prototype to estimate the accepted power at three frequencies. The computational method is based on an integral equation solver using adaptive surface meshing driven by a genetic algorithm. Several examples are demonstrated, including design of coaxially-fed, air-dielectric patch antennas implanted with shorting and folded walls. The characteristics of the antennas in terms of the impedance responses and far field radiation patterns are discussed. The results in terms of the radiation performance are addressed, and compared to measurements. The presented results of these antennas show a good impedance matching at the fundamental frequency with good suppression achieved at the second and third harmonic frequencies.

Un matériau adaptatif ou « intelligent » est capable de modifier spontanément ses propriétés physico-chimiques en réponse à un stimulus (température, pH, etc.). Les surfaces sensibles à un stimulus mécanique constituent une nouvelle catégorie de matériaux adaptatifs capables de montrer des changements de propriétés de surface sous l'effet d'une contrainte mécanique. Dans ce contexte, ces travaux se concentrent sur l'adsorption d'objets biologiques tels que des protéines sur un support élastique. L'objectif étant de contrôler cette adsorption en fonction du taux d'étirement du substrat. Les élastomères de silicone (PDMS), de par leur élasticité et leur faible toxicité, constituent des supports de choix pour l'élaboration de telles surfaces. Ces matériaux polymère sont largement utilisés dans le domaine médical et en microfluidique.La première étape d'élaboration consiste à rendre la surface du support de PDMS chimiquement réactive. Pour des temps de traitement courts, la polymérisation plasma de l'anhydride maléique permet d'introduire des groupements réactifs à la surface du PDMS, tout en conservant ses propriétés élastiques à l'échelle locale.Les substrats de PDMS traités présentent des propriétés acide-base de surface qui sont caractéristiques des groupements diacide du film polymère plasma. Le degré d'ionisation et les propriétés d'adhésion de ces surfaces sont étudiés en fonction du pH. L'évolution de ces propriétés sous élongation atteste de l'effet de dilution des groupements réactifs de surface.Le support étirable et réactif est ensuite fonctionnalisé avec des systèmes constitués de polymères et de récepteurs spécifiques. D'une part, les chaînes de poly(éthylèneglycol) (Peg) présentent des propriétés de résistance à l'adsorption de protéines. D'autre part, la biotine est un récepteur capable de se lier spécifiquement à une protéine, la streptavidine. En combinant le greffage covalent des Pegs et de la biotine sur le substrat de PDMS, on obtient une surface bi-fonctionnelle. L'objectif est de masquer la biotine avec les Pegs lorsque le substrat est à l'état relaxé, puis de promouvoir l'adsorption spécifique de la streptavidine sous élongation, afin d'obtenir un système de reconnaissance moléculaire sensible à un stimulus mécanique. / Surface responsive materials have the property to show response mechanisms triggered by external stimuli (temperature, pH, etc.). Mechanically responsive surfaces are a new kind of stimuli-responsive materials, which surface properties change in response to mechanical stress. This work focuses on the controlled adsorption of biological objects such as proteins on an elastic substrate. The goal is to control adsorption as a function of the elongation of the substrate. In elaborating mechanically responsive materials, silicone elastomers (PDMS) constitute interesting substrates because of their high flexibility and low toxicity. These polymers are widely used in biomedical devices and in microfluidics.The first step of elaboration consists in making the PDMS substrate chemically reactive. For low treatment time, plasma polymerization of maleic anhydride leads to the introduction of reactive groups on PDMS surface, while maintaining elastic properties at local scale.Treated PDMS substrates show acide-base properties which are characteristic of the diacid groups from the plasma polymer thin film. The degree of ionization and the adhesion properties of the surface are studied as a function of pH. The evolution of these properties under elongation attests from the dilution effect of surface reactive groups.The stretchable and reactive substrate is then functionalized with systems made of polymers and specific receptors. Poly(ethyleneglycol) (Peg) chains are well known to resist to protein adsorption, whereas biotin receptors bind specifically streptavidinproteins. A bi-functional surface is obtained by combining covalent grafting of Pegs and biotine on the PDMS substrate. The goal is to mask biotin with Peg chains in the relaxed state, while promoting specific binding of streptavidin under elongation of the substrate. This material may constitute a molecular recognition system that responds to a mechanical stimulus.

With the advances in wireless communication systems, antennas with different shapes and design have achieved great demand and are desirable for many uses such as personal communication systems, and other applications involving wireless communication. This has resulted in different shapes and types of antenna design in order to achieve different antenna characteristic. One attractive approach to the design of antennas is to suppress or attenuate harmonic contents due to the non-linear operation of the Radio Frequency (RF) front end. The objectives of this work were to investigate, design and implement antennas for harmonic suppression with the aid of a genetic algorithm (GA). Several microstrip patch antennas were designed to operate at frequencies 1.0, 1.8 and 2.4 GHz respectively. The microstrip patch antenna with stub tuned microstrip lines was also employed at 1.0 and 1.8 GHz to meet the design objectives. A new sensing patch technique is introduced and applied in order to find the accepted power at harmonic frequencies. The evaluation of the measured power accepted at the antenna feed port was done using an electromagnetic (EM) simulator, Ansoft Designer, in terms of current distribution. A two sensors method is presented on one antenna prototype to estimate the accepted power at three frequencies. The computational method is based on an integral equation solver using adaptive surface meshing driven by a genetic algorithm. Several examples are demonstrated, including design of coaxially-fed, air-dielectric patch antennas implanted with shorting and folded walls. The characteristics of the antennas in terms of the impedance responses and far field radiation patterns are discussed. The results in terms of the radiation performance are addressed, and compared to measurements. The presented results of these antennas show a good impedance matching at the fundamental frequency with good suppression achieved at the second and third harmonic frequencies. / Home government