Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2009. / Title from title screen (site viewed January 5, 2010). PDF text: xii, 124 p. : ill. ; 1 Mb. UMI publication number: AAT 3360161. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in microfilm and microfiche formats.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2009. / Title from screen (viewed on September 30, 2009). Department of Medical Neuroscience, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): William J. McBride, R. Andrew Chambers, James M. Murphy, Zachary A. Rodd. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-143).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-113).

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1988. / Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2006. / Advisor: Lisa Eckel, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 18, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 89 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, March, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 149-156)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Drexel University, 2007. / Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [104-137]).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-121).

The following proposal will suggest a holistic form of treatment in addition to the current standard outpatient rehabilitation process. The supplementary treatment suggested will be aikido, a form of non-combative martial arts. This proposed study will examine the effectiveness of aikido in lowering distress and aggression. According to the self-medication hypothesis of addiction, an individual’s vulnerability to addiction is drug-specific. For example, heroin users are thought to have a preference for heroin because of the drug’s ability to mask one’s internal threats of rage and aggression (Khantzian, 1985). Since the individual is unable to cope with this aggression, heroin serves as a calming source of relief that serves to mitigate his or her resulting distress. Aikido is renowned for its philosophy of harmonizing aggressive tendencies and it is expected to ultimately replace the calming effects of heroin. 120 participants will partake in this proposed study and each will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: control, aikido practice, aikido philosophy class, and spin class. Participants will answer a series of assessments measuring severity of addiction, distress, and aggression both prior to and post-treatment. These scores will be analyzed and results are expected to support the hypothesis that the aikido practice treatment will yield significantly less distress and aggression, regardless of severity of addiction, when compared to the other treatment groups. If results prove to be significant then Khantzian’s theory will be supported and it will be critical that heroin rehabilitation facilities incorporate aggression and distress reduction programs in their treatment.