A growing body of evidence has established that smoking and gambling frequently co-occur. Despite high rates of co-occurrence, few studies have attempted to examine the extent to which nicotine can directly affect gambling behaviour. This dissertation further explores the relationship between smoking and gambling through a secondary data analysis and two laboratory-based experiments. First, a secondary data analysis was conducted using epidemiological data collected from a gambling prevalence survey in Newfoundland and Labrador. The results from this analysis revealed several associations between smoking and past 12 month gambling. Significant relationships were found between smoking and problem gambling severity scores, use of alcohol/drugs while gambling, money spent gambling, use of video lottery terminals (VLTs), and reasons for gambling related to positive reinforcement/reward and negative reinforcement/relief. Experiment 1 consists of a laboratory investigation of the acute effects of nicotine on subjective and behavioural responses to VLT gambling among gamblers who smoke. Twenty-eight (15 male) regular gamblers who smoke daily took part in two double-blind laboratory sessions where subjective and behavioural responses to gambling were assessed following administration of nicotine inhalers (NI; 4mg deliverable) or placebo inhalers (PI). It was found that NI significantly decreased tobacco-related cravings but did not affect gambling-related cravings, VLT betting, or subjective responses. In Experiment 2, the acute effects of nicotine on subjective, physiological, and behavioural gambling responses were examined in VLT players who smoke following exposure to gambling-related cues. Thirty (20 male) VLT gamblers (identified as ‘moderate risk’ or ‘problem gamblers’) who smoke daily were assigned to a nicotine lozenge (NL; 4mg deliverable) or placebo lozenge (PL) condition. Subjective and behavioural responses were assessed at baseline, following lozenge administration, following neutral cues, and following gambling cues. It was found that NL significantly reduced tobacco-related cravings but didn’t affect gambling-related cravings, the decision to play a VLT, or other subjective responses. The aggregate findings of Experiments 1 & 2 indicate that acutely administered nicotine reduced tobacco-related cravings without increasing the reinforcing value of gambling. These results suggest that use of nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) may be a safe option for gamblers who are attempting to quit smoking.

Smoking cessation leads to weight gain but the reason for this gain is not clearly established. The objective of this study was to compare the mean change in dietary intake among quitters and non-quitters enrolled in a smoking cessation program. Mean dietary intake was measured using 24-hour recall over the telephone at baseline and 6 weeks after the scheduled 'quit date'. Baseline data were obtained from 177 subjects and 130 (73%) were recontacted with complete data. There were 47 quitters (27%). The mean self-reported weight gain among the quitters and non-quitters was 2.4 kg +/- 3.1 and 0.04 kg +/- 2.5 respectively (p = 0.001). Mean energy intake was the same at baseline between the quitters and non-quitters. There were statistically significant changes in dietary intake between quitters and non-quitters. Given the high within-individual variability (sd 832) this sample size was only sufficient to detect differences in the change in intake of approximately 460 kcals between quitters and non-quitters.

Considering planning and development of supervised consumption sites in an urban setting will enrich future processes in communities that are interested in implementing their own sites. This project brings an experiential knowledge component and promotes a qualitative understanding of addiction. Uncovering the potential roles of planners and policymakers in planning and developing supervised consumption sites is the overarching goal. Drawing on precedents and utilizing interview methodologies, knowledge was shared about the various challenges and opportunities in developing the sites. The interviews were summarized into constructions, or my interpretation of what I heard; then they were distilled into key themes that should be considered for future planning. The theme of supervised consumption sites as part of a larger network emphasizes the chances for planners to get involved, and to generate new knowledge with communities. The project concludes with the implications for theory and practice in the planning profession and a list of lessons learned for interested individuals, neighbourhoods and different levels of government.

This thesis investigates the phenomenological task of asking what the lived experience of the wounded healer is like for ex-drink/drug-addict Counselling Psychologists working in addiction. The wounded healer is a term that has been circulating in medical and psychotherapy circles for the past 150 years and has been associated with the helping professions and in particular addiction.

Considering planning and development of supervised consumption sites in an urban setting will enrich future processes in communities that are interested in implementing their own sites. This project brings an experiential knowledge component and promotes a qualitative understanding of addiction. Uncovering the potential roles of planners and policymakers in planning and developing supervised consumption sites is the overarching goal. Drawing on precedents and utilizing interview methodologies, knowledge was shared about the various challenges and opportunities in developing the sites. The interviews were summarized into constructions, or my interpretation of what I heard; then they were distilled into key themes that should be considered for future planning. The theme of supervised consumption sites as part of a larger network emphasizes the chances for planners to get involved, and to generate new knowledge with communities. The project concludes with the implications for theory and practice in the planning profession and a list of lessons learned for interested individuals, neighbourhoods and different levels of government.

This study assessed the separate and combined effects of two important instigators of relapse, alcohol cues and stress, on the salience of alcohol target stimuli and inhibitory control, in 12 male problem drinkers and 16 male controls. Subjects underwent two test sessions where they received alcohol cues (non-alcoholic beer) and/or stress (uncontrollable noise) in a counterbalanced manner. Testing was carried out through validated, computer-based tasks: modified Stroop, gambling-word Shift task; and conventional and modified (Alcohol word) Stop-Signal tasks. Inhibitory control was preferentially impaired to Alcohol stimuli in both groups. Beer and stress in combination increased incentive salience of Alcohol stimuli and moderated self-reported desire for alcohol in problem drinkers but not controls. Results suggest that alcohol cues and stress have interactive effects on subjective motivation, and disinhibit behaviour due to distraction in problem drinkers. Findings from this paradigm may improve understanding and facilitate treatment for relapse prevention in problem drinkers.

This study assessed the separate and combined effects of two important instigators of relapse, alcohol cues and stress, on the salience of alcohol target stimuli and inhibitory control, in 12 male problem drinkers and 16 male controls. Subjects underwent two test sessions where they received alcohol cues (non-alcoholic beer) and/or stress (uncontrollable noise) in a counterbalanced manner. Testing was carried out through validated, computer-based tasks: modified Stroop, gambling-word Shift task; and conventional and modified (Alcohol word) Stop-Signal tasks. Inhibitory control was preferentially impaired to Alcohol stimuli in both groups. Beer and stress in combination increased incentive salience of Alcohol stimuli and moderated self-reported desire for alcohol in problem drinkers but not controls. Results suggest that alcohol cues and stress have interactive effects on subjective motivation, and disinhibit behaviour due to distraction in problem drinkers. Findings from this paradigm may improve understanding and facilitate treatment for relapse prevention in problem drinkers.

為瞭解不同國籍（台灣、日本）大學生網路沈迷行為與人口變項（年級、性別）、網路使用行為（有無自己電腦且有無連線、常上網地點、上網環境、使用時間、有無網友）、網路使用活動及上網動機的關係，乃以大學生490人（台灣大學生321人、日本大學生149人）為研究對象，經採用個人基本資料表、網路使用問卷、中文網路成癮量表等研究工具，獲得所需資料，再以Pearson積差相關、單因子多變量變異數分析、雙因子多變量變異數分析等的方法進行統計分析。結果發現： 1台灣大學生的網路沈迷行為表現顯著的比日本大學生多。 2國籍不同之大學生，年級與網路沈迷行為表現間沒有顯著的差異存在。 3國籍不同之大學生，性別與網路沈迷行為表現間沒有顯著的差異存在。 4國籍不同之大學生，有無自己電腦且有無連線與網路沈迷行為表現間並沒有顯著的差異存在。 5國籍不同之大學生，常上網地點與網路沈迷行為表現間並沒有顯著的差異存在。 6台灣大學生，上網費用花費與網路沈迷行為表現間存有正相關的關係。 7日本大學生，上網費用花費與網路沈迷行為表現間存有負相關的關係。 8台灣大學生，塞車程度與網路沈迷行為表現間存有正相關的關係。 9日本大學生，塞車程度與網路沈迷行為表現間並沒有相關的關係。 10台灣大學生，上網隱私性與網路沈迷行為表現間存有正相關的關係。 11日本大學生，上網隱私性與網路沈迷行為表現間存有正相關的關係。 12台灣大學生，上網受到干擾與網路沈迷行為表現間存有負相關的關係。 13日本大學生，上網受到干擾與網路沈迷行為表現間存有負相關的關係。 14國籍不同之大學生，上網時間與網路沈迷行為表現間存有顯著的差異存在。 15國籍不同之大學生，有無網友與網路沈迷行為表現間並沒有顯著的差異存在。 16台灣大學生，網路使用活動（E-mail（傳遞色情類的檔案或圖片）、E-mail（傳遞色情類之外的東西）、一對一交談（色情類的話題）、一對一交談（色情之外的話題）、隨意瀏覽WWW（色情類）、隨意瀏覽WWW（色情之外）、在BBS的討論區或News group裡閱讀或張貼文章（色情類）、在BBS的討論區或News group裡閱讀或張貼文章（色情之外）、搜尋特定主題的資訊（色情類）、搜尋特定主題的資訊（色情之外）、下載（色情類）、下載（色情之外）、MUD、網路麻將、虛擬賭博、線上拍賣、購買）與網路沈迷行為表現間存有正相關的關係。 17台灣大學生，網路使用活動（玩股票、線上多人交談（色情類的話題）、線上多人交談（色情之外的話題））與網路沈迷行為間並沒有相關的關係。 18日本大學生，網路使用活動（E-mail（傳遞色情類之外的東西）、一對一交談（色情類的話題）、一對一交談（色情之外的話題）、隨意瀏覽WWW（色情類）、隨意瀏覽WWW（色情之外）、在BBS的討論區或News group裡閱讀或張貼文章（色情類）、在BBS的討論區或News group裡閱讀或張貼文章(色情之外)、搜尋特定主題的資訊（色情類）、搜尋特定主題的資訊（色情之外）、下載（色情類）、下載（色情之外）、線上拍賣、購買)與網路沈迷行為表現間存有正相關的關係。 19日本大學生，網路使用活動（E-mail（傳遞色情類的檔案或圖片）、線上多人交談（色情類的話題）、在BBS的討論區或News group裡閱讀或張貼文章（色情類）、MUD、網路麻將）與網路沈迷行為表現間並沒有相關的關係。 20台灣大學生，上網動機（打發時間、替代傳統書信、打電話聯絡方式、結交異性的朋友、結交興趣相同的朋友、可以藉此感受到他人關心、可以對眾人發表自己的意見、尋求他人對自己意見的支持、可以將平時自己隱藏的另一面表現出來、在孤獨時利用網路找人陪、追隨目前的流行話題與事件、可以避免面對面談話時的尷尬、資訊傳佈很快速、滿足好奇心、可以不具真實的身份，暢所欲言、尋找刺激、處理生理需求）與網路沈迷行為表現間存有正相關的關係。 21台灣大學生，上網動機（不需跑去外面，立即可以搜尋資料）與網路沈迷行為表現間並沒有相關的關係。 22日本大學生，上網動機（替代傳統書信、打電話聯絡方式、結交異性的朋友、結交興趣相同的朋友、可以藉此感受到他人關心、可以對眾人發表自己的意見、尋求他人對自己意見的支持、可以將平時自己隱藏的另一面表現出來、在孤獨時利用網路找人陪、追隨目前的流行話題與事件、不需跑去外面，立即可以搜尋資料、可以避免面對面談話時的尷尬、資訊傳佈很快速、滿足好奇心、可以不具真實的身份，暢所欲言、尋找刺激、處理生理需求）與網路沈迷行為表現間並沒有相關的關係。 23日本大學生，上網動機（打發時間）與網路沈迷行為表現間並沒有相關的關係。 本研究根據上述研究結果加以討論，並針對學校教育、社會教育及未來研究等三方面，提出數點建議，以供後續研究與預防大學生網路沈迷行為表現方案規劃的參考。

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2008. / Typescript. Supplemental CD-ROM contains the thesis as a Microsoft Word document. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 28-30).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 122 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-114).