Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T14:03:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO ANDERSON.pdf: 945892 bytes, checksum: 13a676735f1c713ef1251e829d5e41bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-13 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / More and more the demanding for mobility has been wanted by the users who want to have everything no matter where they are. The applications have been modified in order to attend this needs demanded by the new environment without any predictable infrastructure or topology. The adhoc networks are very popular when concerning about non-infrastructures environment and many studies have been started looking for solutions and strategies to understand and adapt the applications originally created to work over client/server architecture. Voice over IP applications also have to be adapted to work properly over this environment and this study try to identify the factors which can impact on application performance. It is made looking at the look up algorithms used by them to find other nodes around the net. / A medida que a mobilidade se torna uma exigência cada vez maior dos usuários de redes de computadores, as aplicações precisam adaptarem-se ao novo ambiente descentralizado, que por vezes, é totalmente imprevisível e mutável. As redes adhoc estão muito difundidas em cenários totalmente descentralizados e desprovidos de infra-estrutura fixa e por isso diversos estudos estão sendo realizados visando a adaptação de aplicações originalmente construídas sobre a luz da arquitetura cliente/servidor. As aplicações de voz sobre IP (VoIP) também precisam se adaptar a nova realidade, e para isso foram adotadas diversas estratégias de descentralização, sendo uma delas a utilização de algoritmos de busca P2P para prover a independência de pontos centralizadores. Este trabalho realiza um estudo do comportamento desse tipo de algoritmo sobre redes adhoc visando identificar os fatores que podem influênciar direta ou indiretamente a performance de uma aplicação VoIP que os utilize como m´método de localização de seus nós.

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This diploma thesis describes the standard IEEE802.15.4 and Zigbee for wireless sensor networks. These norms are described in detail in the first two chapters. The main priority of the wireless sensor networks is to minimize the power of the devices and the price while maximizing the reliability of the data transfer. Minimum consumption is provided by the significantly lowered complexity in comparison to the standard wireless networks. Further, the design of the concept of the complex and universal hardware platform focused on intelligent building is described. Software implementation of those norms is described in the chapters five and six. Finally, comparison of the designed hardware platform and the other commercial platforms is described in the last chapter.

The aim of this work is to understand the requirements behind Quality of Service (QoS) for Multihop Wireless Networks and evaluate the performance of different such strategies. This work starts by establishing the basis for requirement of QoS and evaluates different approaches for providing QoS. Bandwidth is selected as the most important resource amongst the resources identified for ensuring QoS. The problem is modeled as an optimization problem that tries to maximize the amount of bandwidth available in the system while providing bounds over the bandwidth available over a route. Other QoS parameters are bound by hard limits and are not involved in the optimization problem. The existence of spatial reuse rules has been established through simulations for a TCP based network. This establishes that the reuse rules are independent of the MAC and network layer protocols used. This idea is used in designing the simulations for strategies that use controlled spatial reuse and give known bounds for QoS. Simulations take the network and a set of connections to generate the best possible schedule that guarantees bandwidth to individual connections and maximizes the total number of slots used in the entire system. The total number of slots used is a measure of the bandwidth in use. The set of graphs and connections is generated by a random graph and connection generator and the data set is large enough to average the results. There are two different approaches used for scheduling the connections. The first approach uses graph coloring and provides a simpler implementation in terms of network deployments. Second approach uses on-demand slot allocation. The approaches are compared for their pros and cons. The first approach uses graph coloring to allocate fixed number of slots to each link. This makes an equivalent of a wired network with fixed bandwidth over each link. This network is simpler to operate and analyze at the cost of one time expense of graph coloring. The assumption here is that the network is static or has low mobility. The on demand approach is more flexible in terms of slot assignment and is adaptable to the changing traffic patterns. The cons are that connection establishment is more expensive in terms of bandwidth required and is more complicated and difficult to analyze. The advantages include low initial network establishment cost and accommodation of mobility.

The applications of ad hoc wireless networks envisaged in this thesis are those related to issues of disaster management, rehabilitation, security and defense. The circumstances in such situations warrants the deployment of a quick ad hoc network that is simple and uses minimum resoures to get started. The communication within the network has to be reliable and it has to be simple so that it can be deployed in extremely compex topography and other climatic conditions. Since large batteries cannot be assumed to be at our disposal for the sake of communication at all the times, energy conservation by way of energy efficient schemes is a paramount issue. Ad hoc wireless networks are broadcast networks by nature. For all the communications, transmissions by the nodes are broadcast into the air. A networkwide broadcast is distinguished from this. When a node wants its data to reach all the other nodes in the network then it initiates a networkwide broadcast. There may be nodes in the network that are not directly reachable by the node that wants to do a networkwide broadcast. Networkwide broadcast is used by ad hoc wireless networks for routing protocols, updating of network status information, network organization and multicasting. Most importantly, the applications envisaged out of this thesis need all their data communication as networkwide broadcast alone. In an ad hoc wireless network, a networkwide broadcast is usually effected by the flooding mechanism, which is inherently inefficient, since all the nodes in the network have to transmit the same information. It is possible to exploit the topology of the network in such a way, that only a few of the nodes need to transmit the information to complete a networkwide broadcast. The thesis deals with a new scheme for a networkwide broadcast implemented in the media access control (MAC) layer of an ad hoc wireless network. The new scheme is developed by extending the concept of handshaking signals used in unicast, to the networkwide broadcast scenario. In the case of unicast, where there is an intended recipient, handshaking is done for reliability and happens through the RTS and CTS packets. This idea is extended to suit the networkwide broadcast scenario and the consequences are discussed in detail in the thesis. Intuitively, adding more packets for handshaking increases the number of bytes transmitted. But the results obtained are interesting, since the network transmits fewer bytes per networkwide broadcast, on an average, with the newly proposed scheme. A comparison is done with the implementation of simple flooding following the IEEE 802.11 standard. These results have been demonstrated by simulations. The average improvement is nearly 2.5 times reduction in the number of bytes transmitted per networkwide broadcast. The performance of a networkwide broadcast in an ad hoc wireless network is usually affected badly by losses due to transmssion error in the medium. In a medium with errors, persistence improves reliability. This reliability helps in bringing robustness. The advantage of the proposed scheme is that it uses the idea of persistence to ensure the networkwide broadcast reachabilityto be almost independent of transmission error rate. The MAC layer ensures that the broadcast packet reaches each and every node that is connected to the node that initiates the etworkwide broadcast. The effects of collision are also overcome. Our simulations establish that the scheme works correctly, and gives good performance.

Each day, Humanity loses thousands of persons on roads when they were traveling to work, to study or even to distract. The financial cost of these injuries is also terrifying: Some statistics evaluate the financial cost of vehicle accidents at 160 billion Euro in Europe each year. These alarming figures have driven researchers, automotive companies and public governments to improve the safety of our transportation systems and communication technologies aiming at offering safer roads and smooth driving to human beings. In this context, Vehicular Adhoc Networks, where vehicles are able to communicate with each others and with existent road side units, emerge as a promising wireless technology able to enhance the vision of drivers and offer larger telematic horizon. VANETs promising applications are not only restricted to road safety but span from vehicle trafficoptimization like flow congestion control to commercial applications like file sharing and internet access. Safety applications require that their alert information is propagated to the concerned vehicles (located in the hazardous zone) with little delay and high reliability. For these reasons, this category of applications is considered as delay sensitive and broadcast-oriented nature. While classical blind flooding is rapid, its major drawback is its huge bandwidth utilization. In this thesis, we are interested on enhancing vehicular communications under different scenarios and optimizations: First, We focus on deriving a new solution (EBDR) to disseminate alert messages among moving vehicles while maintaining it efficient and rapid. Our proposal is based on directional antennas to broadcast messages and a route guidance algorithm to choose the best path for the packets. Findings confirmed the efficiency of our approach in terms of probability of success and end-to-end delays. Moreover, in spite of the broadcast nature of the proposed technique, all transmissions stop very soon after the arrival of a packet to its destination representing a strong feature in the conception of EBDR. Second, we propose a novel mathematical framework to evaluate the performance of EBDR analytically. Although most of the proposed techniques present in literature use experimental or simulation tools to defend their performance, we rely here on mathematical models to confirm our achieved results. Our proposed framework allows to derive meaningful performance metrics including the probability of transmission success and the required number of hops to reach thefinal destination. Third, we refine our proposed broadcast-based routing EBDR to provide more efficient broadcasting by adjusting the transmission range of each vehicle based on its distance to the destination and the local node density. This mechanism allows better minimization of interferences and bandwidth's saving. Furthermore, an analytical model is derived to calculate thetransmission area in the case of a simplified node distribution. Finally, we are interested on data collection mechanisms as they make inter-vehicle communications more efficient and reliable and minimize the bandwidth utilization. Our technique uses Q-learning to collect data among moving vehicles in VANETs. The aim behind using the learning technique is to make the collecting operation more reactive to nodes mobility and topology changes. For the simulation part, we compare it to a non-learning version to study the effect of the learning technique. Findings show that our technique far outperforms other propositions and achieves a good trade off between delay and collection ratio. In conclusion, we believe that the different contributions presented in this Thesis will improve the efficiency of inter-vehicle communications in both dissemination and data collection directions. In addition, our mathematical contributions will enrich the literature in terms of constructing suitable models to evaluate broadcasting techniques in urban zones

Chaque jour, l'humanité perd des milliers de personnes sur les routes pendant qu'ils se rendaient à travailler, à étudier ou même à se distraire. Ce nombre alarmant s'accumule avec le coût financier terrifiant de ces décès: Certaines statistiques évaluent le coût à 160 milliards d'euros par an en Europe. Dans ce contexte, les réseaux véhiculaires (VANETs) émergent comme une technologie sans fil prometteuse capable d'améliorer la vision des conducteurs et ainsi offrir un horizon télématique plus vaste. Les applications de sécurité routière exigent que le message d'alerte soit propagé de proche en proche par les véhicules jusqu'à arriver à la zone concernée par l'alerte tout en respectant les délais minimaux exigés par ce type d'applications et la grande fiabilité des transmissions. Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'amélioration de l'efficacité des communications inter-véhiculaires sous différents scénarios: tout d'abord, nous nous concentrons sur le développement d'une nouvelle solution, appelée EBDR, pour disséminer les informations d'alertes dans un réseau VANET tout en assurant des courts délais de bout en bout et une efficacité pour les transmissions. Notre proposition est basée sur des transmissions dirigées effectuées à l'aide des antennes directionnelles pour la diffusion des messages et un algorithme de guidage d'itinéraire afin de choisir le meilleur chemin pour le paquet. En dépit de son fonctionnement en diffusion, les transmissions de notre technique s'arrêtent très rapidement après l'arrivée du paquet à la destination finale ce qui représente une caractéristique fondamentale dans la conception d’EBDR. Deuxièmement, nous proposons un framework mathématique ayant pour objectif l'évaluation des performances d’EBDR analytiquement. Nos modèles analytiques permettent de dériver des métriques de performances significatives à savoir la probabilité de succès et le nombre de sauts requis pour atteindre la destination finale. En outre, nous proposons une amélioration de notre protocole EBDR dans le but de fournir une diffusion plus efficace. Pour cela, nous nous basons sur l'ajustement de la puissance de transmission de chaque véhicule en fonction de la distance qui le sépare de la destination et la densité locale des nœuds. Ce mécanisme de contrôle de congestion permet de mieux minimiser les interférences et économiser de la bande passante. En plus, un modèle mathématique a été élaboré pour calculer la surface de la zone de transmission dans le cas d'une distribution uniforme des nœuds. Finalement, nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes de collecte de données dans les réseaux véhiculaires. Notre approche est basée sur l'utilisation du principe du Q-learning pour la collecte des données des véhicules en mouvement. L'objectif de l'utilisation de ce mécanisme d'apprentissage est de rendre l'opération de collecte mieux adaptée à la mobilité des nœuds et le changement rapide de la topologie du réseau. Notre technique a été comparée à des méthodes n'utilisant pas du "learning", afin d'étudier l'effet du mécanisme d'apprentissage. Les résultats ont montré que notre approche dépasse largement les autres propositions en terme de performances et réalise un bon compromis entre le taux de collecte et les délais de bout en bout. Pour conclure, nous pensons que nos différentes contributions présentées tout le long de cette thèse permettront d'améliorer l'efficacité des communications sans fil inter-véhiculaires dans les deux directions de recherches ciblées par cette thèse à savoir : la dissémination des messages et la collecte des données. En outre, nos contributions de modélisation mathématique enrichiront la littérature en termes de modèles analytiques capables d'évaluer les techniques de transmission des données dans un réseau véhiculaire / Each day, Humanity loses thousands of persons on roads when they were traveling to work, to study or even to distract. The financial cost of these injuries is also terrifying: Some statistics evaluate the financial cost of vehicle accidents at 160 billion Euro in Europe each year. These alarming figures have driven researchers, automotive companies and public governments to improve the safety of our transportation systems and communication technologies aiming at offering safer roads and smooth driving to human beings. In this context, Vehicular Adhoc Networks, where vehicles are able to communicate with each others and with existent road side units, emerge as a promising wireless technology able to enhance the vision of drivers and offer larger telematic horizon. VANETs promising applications are not only restricted to road safety but span from vehicle trafficoptimization like flow congestion control to commercial applications like file sharing and internet access. Safety applications require that their alert information is propagated to the concerned vehicles (located in the hazardous zone) with little delay and high reliability. For these reasons, this category of applications is considered as delay sensitive and broadcast-oriented nature. While classical blind flooding is rapid, its major drawback is its huge bandwidth utilization. In this thesis, we are interested on enhancing vehicular communications under different scenarios and optimizations: First, We focus on deriving a new solution (EBDR) to disseminate alert messages among moving vehicles while maintaining it efficient and rapid. Our proposal is based on directional antennas to broadcast messages and a route guidance algorithm to choose the best path for the packets. Findings confirmed the efficiency of our approach in terms of probability of success and end-to-end delays. Moreover, in spite of the broadcast nature of the proposed technique, all transmissions stop very soon after the arrival of a packet to its destination representing a strong feature in the conception of EBDR. Second, we propose a novel mathematical framework to evaluate the performance of EBDR analytically. Although most of the proposed techniques present in literature use experimental or simulation tools to defend their performance, we rely here on mathematical models to confirm our achieved results. Our proposed framework allows to derive meaningful performance metrics including the probability of transmission success and the required number of hops to reach thefinal destination. Third, we refine our proposed broadcast-based routing EBDR to provide more efficient broadcasting by adjusting the transmission range of each vehicle based on its distance to the destination and the local node density. This mechanism allows better minimization of interferences and bandwidth's saving. Furthermore, an analytical model is derived to calculate thetransmission area in the case of a simplified node distribution. Finally, we are interested on data collection mechanisms as they make inter-vehicle communications more efficient and reliable and minimize the bandwidth utilization. Our technique uses Q-learning to collect data among moving vehicles in VANETs. The aim behind using the learning technique is to make the collecting operation more reactive to nodes mobility and topology changes. For the simulation part, we compare it to a non-learning version to study the effect of the learning technique. Findings show that our technique far outperforms other propositions and achieves a good trade off between delay and collection ratio. In conclusion, we believe that the different contributions presented in this Thesis will improve the efficiency of inter-vehicle communications in both dissemination and data collection directions. In addition, our mathematical contributions will enrich the literature in terms of constructing suitable models to evaluate broadcasting techniques in urban zones

Les accidents routiers et leurs dommages représentent un problème croissant dans le monde entier. Dans ce contexte, les réseaux véhiculaires (VANETs) peuvent être déployés pour réduire les risques et pour améliorer le confort. Ils permettent aux véhicules d'échanger différents types de données qui vont des applications de sécurité et de gestion du trafic aux applications de confort. De nos jours, les applications de sécurité sont l’objet de beaucoup d'attention des chercheurs ainsi que des fabricants d'automobiles. Dans cette thèse, nous étudierons les applications critiques pour la sécurité routière visant à fournir une assistance dans des situations dangereuses ou difficiles. Notre objectif principal sera de proposer de nouveaux protocoles de contrôle d'accès au support de transmission (MAC) et de routage, qui peuvent s’adapter dynamiquement aux changements fréquents de topologies des VANETs. Après un aperçu des protocoles d’accès sans contention dans les VANETs, nous proposons des solutions basées sur la technique de division du temps: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). D’abord, nous nous concentrons sur le développement d’un nouveau protocole distribué (DTMAC), qui ne repose pas sur l’utilisation d’infrastructure. DTMAC utilise les informations de localisation et un mécanisme de réutilisation des slots pour assurer que les véhicules accèdent au canal efficacement et sans collision. Les résultats obtenus ont confirmé l’efficacité de notre protocole, DTMAC se comporte très significativement mieux que VeMAC (protocole MAC basé sur TDMA.) Ensuite nous proposons TRPM, un protocole de routage basé sur une approche cross-layer. Dans TRPM, l’ordonnancement des slots TDMA construit par DTMAC et la position de la destination sont utilisés pour choisir le meilleur relais. Les résultats montrent que TRPM offre de meilleures performances, du nombre moyen de relais et de la fiabilité de livraison des messages comparé à d’autres protocoles. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous nous focaliserons sur les mécanismes centralisés d’allocation de slots qui utilisent des coordinateurs. D’abord, nous proposons CTMAC, un protocole basé sur TDMA centralisé utilisant les RSUs (RoadSide Units) pour créer et maintenir les ordonnancements. CTMAC met en œuvre un mécanisme qui permet d’empêcher les “Access Collisions” de se produire plus que deux fois entre les véhicules qui tentent d’acquérir un même slot disponible. Les résultats ont montré que CTMAC permet de mieux minimiser les collisions, ainsi que le surcoût généré pour créer et maintenir les ordonnancements par rapport aux protocoles MAC, basés sur TDMA distribué. Cependant, dans CTMAC, les véhicules roulant vite devront acquérir des nouveaux slots après une courte période de temps à chaque fois qu’ils quittent les zones de leurs RSUs courants. Cette situation rend les protocoles centralisés inefficaces et couteux dans les réseaux à grande vitesse. Afin de pallier à ce problème inhérent à l’utilisation des RSUs, nous adaptons un algorithme d’ordonnancement basé sur le clustering dans lequel certains véhicules sont élus pour gérer l'accès au canal. Ceci permet aux véhicules de rester attachés à leurs clusters plus longtemps. Pour ce faire, nous proposons 1- un protocole de clustering nommé AWCP afin de former des clusters stables avec une longue durée de vie. AWCP est basé sur l’algorithme de clustering pour les réseaux mobiles WCA dans lequel les têtes des clusters sont élues en se basant sur une fonction de poids. 2- Nous formulons le réglage des paramètres de protocole AWCP comme un problème d’optimisation multi-objective et nous proposons un outil d’optimisation qui combine la version multi-objective de l’algorithme génétique appelé NSGA-II avec le simulateur de réseau ns-2 pour trouver les meilleurs paramètres du protocole AWCP. 3- Nous proposons ASAS, une stratégie adaptative pour l’attribution des slots temporels basée sur une approche cross-layer entre TDMA et AWCP / Road crashes and their damages represent a serious issue and are one of the main causes of people death. In this context, Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) are deployed to reduce the risk of road accident as well as to improve passengers’ comfort by allowing vehicles to exchange different kinds of data which ranges widely from road safety and traffic management to infotainment. Nowadays, safety applications are receiving a great deal of attention from researchers as well as from automobile manufacturers. In this thesis, we particularly focus on safety-critical applications, designed to provide drivers assistance in dangerous situations and to avoid accidents in highway environments. Such applications must guarantee to the vehicles access to the medium and have strict requirements regarding end-to-end delay and packet loss ratio. Therefore, our main goal is to propose new medium access control and routing protocols, which can efficiently adapt to frequent changing VANET network topologies. After a comprehensive overview of free-contention MAC protocols, we propose several solutions, based on Time Division Multiple Access Technique (TDMA). We have designed DTMAC, a fully distributed TDMA-based MAC protocol, which does not rely on an expensive infrastructure. DTMAC uses vehicles’ locations and a slot reuse concept to ensure that vehicles in adjacent areas have collision-free schedule. Using simulations, we prove that DTMAC provides a lower rate of access and merging collisions than VeMAC, a well-known TDMA based MAC protocol in VANET. Then, in order to ensure that event-driven safety messages can be sent over a long distance, we propose TRPM, a TDMA aware Routing Protocol for Multi-hop communication. Our routing scheme is based on a cross layer approach between the MAC and the routing layers, in which the intermediate vehicles are selected using TDMA scheduling information. Simulation results show that TRPM provides better performances in terms of average end-to-end delay, average number of hops and average delivery ratio. In the second part, we focus on coordinator-based TDMA scheduling mechanisms. First, we propose the Centralized TDMA based MAC protocol (CTMAC) which uses Road Side Units (RSUs) as a central coordinator to create and maintain the TDMA schedules. CTMAC implements an Access Collision Avoidance mechanism that can prevent the access collision problem occurring more than twice between the same vehicles that are trying to access the channel at the same time. Using simulation we show an improvement in terms of access and merging collisions as well as the overhead required to create and maintain the TDMA schedules compared to distributed scheduling mechanisms. However, in the CTMAC protocol, fast moving vehicles will need to compete for new slots after a short period of time when they leave their current RSU area, which makes a centralized scheduling approach very expensive. In order to further improve the performance of coordinator-based TDMA scheduling mechanisms, we focus on cluster-based TDMA MAC protocols in which some vehicles in the network are elected to coordinate the channel access, allowing the vehicles to remain connected with their channel coordinator for a longer period of time. To this end, first we propose an adaptive weighted clustering protocol, named AWCP, which is road map dependent and uses road IDs and vehicle directions to make the clusters’ structure as stable as possible. Then, we formulate the AWCP parameter tuning as a multi-objective problem and we propose an optimization tool to find the optimal parameters of AWCP to ensure its QoS. Next, we propose ASAS, an adaptive slot assignment strategy for a cluster-based TDMA MAC protocol. This strategy is based on a cross layer approach involving TDMA and AWCP. The objective is to overcome the inter-cluster interference issue in overlapping areas by taking into account vehicles’ locations and directions when the cluster head assign slots