This chapter presents excavation data from two archaeological sites, El Palacio and Paredones, located in the Department of Cajamarca in the northern sierra of Peru, a geographic area of social dynamism during the Middle Horizon. The presence of the large-scale site of El Palacio — a Wari administrative center — would suggest that the valley came under direct Wari imperial control in a manner similar to that known under the Inca during the Late Horizon. Yet at the same time, there are chullpas at the contemporary site of Paredones that are associated with ceramics related to the Tiwanaku style. This complex situation during the Middle Horizon, on the one hand, presupposes the existence of multiple cultural groups livingin the Cajamarca region. On the other hand, the Cajamarca culture has local roots that are demonstrated in the productionof its kaolin ceramics that are found throughout a wide area of the Wari realm. For these reasons, the cultural changes during the Middle Horizon do not necessarily correspond to political domination. One explanation for this variable situation could be that the Cajamarca society was not centralized, and therefore had the social flexibility to coexist within an imperial society. / En este ensayo se presentan los datos de excavación de dos sitios arqueológicos, El Palacio y Paredones, ubicados en el departamento de Cajamarca, sierra norte del Perú, área geográfica desde donde sugiero la dinámica social durante el Horizonte Medio. La presencia del sitio El Palacio, centro administrativo Wari de gran escala en el valle de Cajamarca, es un ejemplo de similitudfenomenológica con el caso Inca en el Horizonte Tardío, debido a que el valle de Cajamarca estuvo bajo el dominio directo del Imperio wari. Al mismo tiempo, de Paredones, otro sitio contemporáneo, aparecen chullpas asociadas a cerámicas relacionadas con la cultura Tiwanaku. Esta situación compleja durante el Horizonte Medio presupone la existencia de múltiples grupos con diferentes culturas en la región Cajamarca. Por otro lado, la cultura Cajamarca es una expresión de continuidad que se refleja en la producción de su cerámica en caolín que se distribuyó en un área amplia de dominio Wari. Por lo que, los cambios culturales no corresponderían necesariamente a un dominio político. Una explicación a esta variable condición sería que la sociedad Cajamarca no era centralizada, por lo tanto tenía flexibilidad social y pudo coexistir con la sociedad imperial.

Collota, Netahaha and the Development of the Wari Power in Cotahuasi Valley, Arequipa, PerúAn enduring problem in the study of ancient states and empires is modem recognition of different forms of regional consolidation when employing only data available in the archaeological record. The construction of an administrative center is one of the clear indicators of a state's presence. Areas with these types of centers are often described as pockets of direct control in an imperial mosaic. During the Middle Horizon (600-1000 A.D.), significant changes in settlement patterns and subsistence regimes occurred in the Cotahuasi Valley of Peru that were a significant departure from its previous course of development. At the same time, two new administrative centers, Collota and Netahaha, were constructed, in the architectural style of the Wari Empire. Architectural and ceramic evidence from Collota and Netahaha, however, suggest that the installations were not constructed by the Wari Empire as part of a strategy of direct control in the valley. Instead, the sites were local administrative centers constructed by local elites who emulated Wari style. Although the empire probably did exercise substantial control over the affairs of the valley during the Middle Horizon, local elites initiated the changes that we see in the material record. / Uno de los problemas más difíciles en el estudio de los estados e imperios antiguos es la identificación de formas diferentes de consolidación regional con los datos arqueológicos. La construcción de un centro administrativo es un indicador muy claro de la presencia de un estado y áreas con este tipo de centro han sido descritas como islas de control directo dentro del mosaico imperial. Durante el Horizonte Medio (600-1000 a.C.) ocurrieron cambios significativos en el asentamiento y subsistencia del valle de Cotahuasi, Perú, los cuales son, obviamente, una divergencia del desarrollo local. En ese mismo momento se construyeron dos centros administrativos nuevos, Collota y Netahaha, en el estilo del imperio Wari. La evidencia cerámica y arquitectónica, sin embargo, sugiere que Collota y Netahaha no eran instalaciones construidas por el imperio como parte de un sistema de control jerárquico directo, sino, más bien, como centros administrativos locales construidos por elites locales, los cuales emularon, quizá por coerción, al imperio Wari para organizar la producción de la región. De este modo, aunque este logró ejercer un control substancial durante el Horizonte Medio, las elites locales, bajo su creciente influencia, originaron estos cambios.

The study offers a solution of a high-altitude object in Brno in the city part called Veveří. There are proposed two towers which are designed in a simple cubic form ( their heights are 154 a 80 metres ) rising from the surrounding buildings. Towers are mutually interconnected by lower object in the same morphology. In the object are situated administrative spaces, hotel, restaurant, coffee bar, penthouse, congress hall, vertical gallery, painters´ incubator and parking house. Particular functions can be connected because of layout plan, or can be used as separate units. The interpretation of the facade of the object is to highlight verticality, due to the raster and increasing reflecting surface of glass segments verticality and evoke by this a feeling of a tower ending in the middle of clouds.