Synen en individ har på arbete och tron på sin förmåga inom yrkeslivet formas i många fall redan under tonåren. Anknytningsrelationerna till föräldrarna och det sociala stödet inom en familj påverkar den enskilda individens karriärsidentitet och framtida yrkesval. Studien syftar till att belysa aspekter av hur den upplevda synen på tonåren i efterhand gällande familjerelationer, skolgången och synen på arbete har spelat roll för enskilda individers nuvarande yrkesval, karriärsidentitet, och tron på den egna förmågan. Studien har genomförts genom kvalitativa intervjuer av en grupp chefer (med 5 chefer och 4 icke-chefer), och visade bland annat på att cheferna upplevde ett större socialt stöd från sin familj under tonåren, jämfört med icke-cheferna. Resultatet diskuteras utifrån aspekter som berör det sociala stödet betydelse för framtida karriärsval, och vikten av skolans betydelse för framtida yrkesval och karriärsidentitet. Vilket ska ha en stor betydelse för individer som har en lägre socioekonomisk bakgrund

BACKGROUND: The nonmedical use of prescription medications among young people has escalated substantially in recent years. Certain subgroups of adolescents are at greater risk than others, including rural youth, however this has yet to be adequately quantified in Canada, and risk and protective factors in rural communities remain understudied. OBJECTIVES: The first objective of this thesis was to characterize the nonmedical use of prescription drugs in Canadian youth by age, gender, socioeconomic, immigrant and geographic statuses. The second objective was to examine time-use patterns among rural young people as they may relate to their risk of using prescription drugs recreationally. METHODS: Data were obtained from 10,429 youth in grades 9 and 10 across Canada who participated in the 2009/2010 Cycle of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey. Participants documented information about their nonmedical use of opioid pain relievers, stimulants and sedative or tranquilizer medications in the past year. Cross-tabulations and multi-level regression analyses were used to determine proportions and estimate risk by demographic subgroups, and among 2393 rural youth, to examine associations with time-use patterns RESULTS: Females were 1.25 times more likely to report recreational use of pain relievers (95% CI: 1.04-1.51). Lower SES students were 2.41 times more likely to report recreational use of any type of medication (95% CI: 1.94-2.99). Pain reliever use was highest among rural youth living in close proximity to urban centres. Frequent peer time after school and in the evenings was associated with a 1.73 (95% CI: 1.10-2.73) and 2.16 times (95% CI: 1.30-3.60) increased risk of using prescription drugs recreationally, however associations were attenuated when adjusted for other risk factors. Non-participation in extracurricular activities was associated with a 50% increase in risk for nonmedical use of prescription drugs, even when adjusted for other risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Females, those of low SES and some rural youth, especially those who do not participate in extracurricular activities, are at increased risk for using prescription drugs recreationally. Results from this thesis point to priority areas for public health and education in reducing harms associated with nonmedical use of prescription drugs. / Thesis (Master, Community Health & Epidemiology) -- Queen's University, 2013-10-01 22:39:42.815

Surveillance data from 105 countries indicates that 80% of 13-15 year-olds do not meet the public health guideline of 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per day. This is problematic as a lack of physical activity in young people is associated with physical, mental, and social health problems. Schools are a place where children and adolescents spend a large amount of their time and where they have several opportunities to engage in physical activity. The built and social environment of the school can influence the physical activity levels of students. The school built environment consists of the facilities that can encourage physical activity such as gymnasia, fields, and fitness rooms. This thesis looked at two aspects of the social environment: 1) school policies, programs, and practices (PPP) for physical activity, and 2) school social capital. School PPP includes things like having intramural sports. School social capital is based on the relationships formed at school. The purpose of this thesis was to determine whether selected features of the school social environment (social capital, school PPP for physical activity) changes the relationship between the school built environment and physical activity among 11-15 year-old Canadians. Information on the school social environment, school built environment and school time physical activity was gathered using a national representative survey called the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey (HBSC). The HBSC consists of a survey completed by grade 6-10 students in their classroom and a second 10 minute long survey completed by the principal of the participating schools. Results of this thesis indicate that the school built environment and school social capital were positively associated with school time MVPA, while school PPP had a slight negative association. School PPP altered the relationship between the built environment and physical activity. Specifically, the strongest positive association was between the built environment and MVPA levels in schools with few school PPP. However, school social capital did not alter the relationship between the built environment and MVPA. The results of this thesis can be useful in creating new school physical activity interventions. / Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2013-10-04 16:14:53.564

Objectives: The purpose of this thesis was to identify risk factors for the development of mental health concerns in pre-teens and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and in particular the role of early childhood ASD symptomatology in their development. Additionally, this thesis generated prevalence estimates for mental health concerns in Canadian adolescents with ASD. Methods: The parents of 390 individuals with ASD were invited to participate in a survey, either online or by mail. Sixty-seven parents completed and returned surveys. Kendall tau b correlation coefficients were calculated for the association between age at assessment with ADI-R and score in each domain. Prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals were generated, and the Kappa statistic was used to determine the strength of agreement between parent-reported diagnoses and clinical CBCL scores. Finally, bivariate analysis was used to determine if childhood ASD symptomatology was associated with mental health in adolescence, followed by logistic regression modeling to evaluate the effect of other possible risk factors. Results: Scores on two domains of the ADI-R were significantly associated with age at assessment, therefore, it was necessary to control for age at assessment with the ADI-R on these domains in the analysis conducted in Chapter Four. Forty-five percent of the study sample met case criteria for a comorbid psychiatric disorder. Anxiety, mood and attention-deficit disorders were the most common disorders in this sample. Early childhood ASD symptoms were not associated with the development of mental health concerns in adolescence. Family history and female gender were associated with the development of mental health concerns in adolescence. Conclusions: Nearly half of the individuals in our sample have been diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder, or are experiencing clinically significant symptoms that may be indicative of such a disorder. Our findings of discrepancies between parent-reported diagnoses and CBCL scores, indicates that many individuals in our sample are experiencing clinically significant mental health concerns, but do not have an official diagnosis. Finally, as has been reported previously, family history of mental illness and female gender were found to be associated with the development of a mental health concern in adolescence. / Thesis (Master, Community Health & Epidemiology) -- Queen's University, 2013-10-14 11:06:50.53

This project studied 108 Israeli youth of mixed gender, aged 12-16 (mean 12.8, SD 1.67), selected for risk, with a 3 to 1 ratio of boys to girls. It included a group given a sports intervention and a comparison group. It utilised a broad psychosocial approach to investigate risks for psychological disorder and the impact of an intervention, based on both an Ecological and Attachment theoretical approach to inform identification of risk and resilience factors in a society used to political conflict. Aims: i) to examine psychosocial risks for psychological disorder in both groups and (ii) to examine the impact of a sports intervention in reducing risk and symptoms and increasing resilience. Method: The two phased prospective study included 60 young people referred by social services to a cycling intervention and 48 to a comparison group. Phase 1 examined demographic characteristics and psychosocial risks in the combined groups in relation to behavioural, emotional and post traumatic symptoms. Phase 2 examined change after 9 months comparing the two groups. Standardised self-report questionnaires were used, with focus groups and qualitative interviews to establish intervention impact. Questionnaires were translated into Hebrew and Arabic, with focus groups held in the local languages and subsequently translated and interviews with coaches held in English. Results: Twenty-three percent of all the youth reported a behavioral or emotional disorder at case level, with 33% having symptomatology at borderline level. Risk factors for such disorder were deprivation, insecure attachment style, peer problems and affectionless control in childhood from mothers or fathers. Poor peer relationships mediated between childhood experience and disorder. Over half had exposure to a traumatic event and there was a high prevalence of partial Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD): 31% and 6% with full disorder. Life events, trauma experience, ethnicity and deprivation associations provided evidence of a social and Ecological interpretation of findings. Childhood experience, insecure attachment style and peer relationships supported an Attachment perspective. Findings at follow-up showed positive effects of the cycling intervention through decreased self-esteem and symptoms for both Conduct disorder and PTSD. There was also increased support for those in the intervention. However, follow-up findings were limited by high attrition rates. Analysis of focus groups and interviews led to a descriptive model showing benefits of the intervention through agentic (skills, discipline), escapist and aesthetic (fun) aspects. Conclusion: Findings are discussed in relation to Israeli culture and post-conflict context on youth risk and disorder, and the use of similar interventions in other post-conflict zones.

Type 1 diabetes is a condition which affects the lives of thousands of young people throughout the UK. Existing research has recognised the difficulties that adolescents have in managing their diabetes, and a large amount of research has focused on glycaemic control, and influential factors. This project attempted to establish what is known about young people’s experiences of living with type 1 diabetes, and to further develop this knowledge pertaining particularly to the school environment through qualitative research. Method A systematic review of the literature in relation to young people’s views of their life with type 1 diabetes was conducted and a synthesising thematic analysis was carried out. A qualitative research study was then carried out involving 7 adolescents aged 13-16 years who had a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with the focus being on the young people’s experiences of type 1 diabetes within the school environment. Interview sessions were transcribed and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyse the data. Results Five themes emerged from the systematic review. Analysis of the studies led to the emerging themes of: Normal/Different, Control/Management, Relationships, Health– care and Educational experiences. The articles revealed that the experiences of adolescents varied, and were frequently dependent upon the actions of others. Four major themes emerged from the analysis of the research study: Support, Knowledge and Understanding, Standing out, and Adjusting and Accepting. Discussion Systematic review of the articles revealed that the experiences of adolescents varied, and were frequently dependent upon the actions of others. A sense of normalcy was important, and the strict routine and activities of diabetes management impacted upon their ability to achieve it. The support of friends and family was valued, but could at times become overwhelming and educational and health professionals made a difference to their ability to successfully fit diabetes into their lives. The suggestions made by individuals within the studies were generally consistent, and have implications for healthcare providers, friends and families, and schools in relation to facilitating successful diabetic management. Many of the young people taking part in the present research study had encountered negative experiences within the school environment in relation to both peers and staff. However, they described elements of helpful practice and made suggestions for improvements that could be made within school to facilitate a more positive experience.

The majority of adolescents in the United States do not obtain the recommended amount of sleep each night. While the reasons for this are multi-factorial, early school start times effect the amount of sleep an adolescent is able to achieve each night. Biological rhythms influence adolescents to stay up later and wake up later in the morning. School districts across the country are taking notice of adolescent sleep research and delaying their start times to better match adolescents' biological rhythms. However, the majority of the schools in the United States continue to start earlier than the recommended 8:30am start time, including the school district targeted in this project. The purpose of this project was to collect data from administrators whose schools had undergone a delay in school start time on the barriers and facilitating factors they found during the implementation. This information was then shared with the local school district.

The present study examined the influence of maternal age on infant home language environment, focusing on the environments of children born to young mothers using a naturalistic, comprehensive data collection technique. Our sample consisted of 30 mother-child pairs, between the ages of 15 and 21 years old. The current study used the LENA (LENA Research Foundation, 2011) digital processor and software to record and analyze recordings from each parent. Child language development and maternal knowledge of infant development were analyzed. We found that our sample of young mothers knows less about general infant knowledge compared to a normative general sample. We also found that our young mother sample performed similarly to a low SES sample of mothers on general infant development knowledge. Our results may provide support for the connection between knowledge of infant development in mothers leading to positive results in the form of language skills in their child. / October 2016

This study examined the effect of the use of Brief-Solution Focused Therapy procedures on a young adolescent male, whose history suggested alcohol involvement on a daily basis. The data given during the baseline, intervention and follow-up phases, were obtained using the index of alcohol involvement scale, developed by Hudson. The A-B-A single system research design was used to analyze the data in all three phases. The conclusion drawn from the findings suggests that a series of brief –solution focused therapy reduced the alcohol involvement of the young adolescent male. The result of a student t statistic test also showed that there was a statistical significance between the baseline phase and the intervention phase, thereby supporting the conclusion of this study.

This thesis provides annotations for contemporary adolescent novels for the purpose of serving as a guide for English teachers in the individual selection of novels for outside reading by adolescents in grades nine, ten, eleven, and twelve.