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Background: Adolescence is a crucial point in life where choices, behaviors, and environmental influences can significantly shape future outcomes. This research investigates the increasing concerns surrounding adolescent substance use and examines its long-term effects on socioeconomic status (SES) in adulthood. Substance use during adolescence has been shown to have significant long-term physiological impacts, as the brain is still developing at this age. Additionally, many short- and long-term effects are associated with substance use, such as impacts on academics, physical and emotional well-being, and social life. Several studies have been conducted to explore the relationship between substance use and SES, however, there is little research that investigates how the initiation of substance use during adolescence will affect SES-related factors in adulthood while using a nationally representative sample and a comprehensive range of substances. Methods: Data from Wave I and Wave V of the nationally representative data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) dataset was used to explore the relationship between early initiation of substance use and subsequent socioeconomic-related outcomes during adulthood. Substance use was defined through survey questions addressing the age of initial exposure to alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs reported at Wave I (ages 1-21), while SES in adulthood was assessed through objective indicators (personal income, educational attainment, and poverty indicators such as being unable to pay utility bills) and the subjective MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status (SSS) reported at Wave V (ages 33-43). Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the association between age at first substance use for each substance [categorized as never used (referent), first use at age 1-11, age 12-17, or 18 or older] and each adulthood SES outcome accounting for the complex survey design. Results: Age of first alcohol use was not significantly associated with adulthood functional poverty indicators, educational attainment, or personal income relative to the federal poverty line. Compared to those who never used, early alcohol use initiation was found to be strongly associated with a decreased SSS (first use at age 1-11, OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.08, 2.55). Age of illicit drug use initiation was significantly associated with functional poverty indicators in adulthood (age 12-17, OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.90) and lower perceived SSS (age 12-17, OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.12, 2.27). Lastly, the first age of marijuana use was statistically significant across all measured outcomes, with differences present across age categories. For example, marijuana use was significantly associated with functional poverty indicators in adulthood (first use at age 1-11, OR = 3.40, 95% CI = 1.55, 7.49; first use at age 12-17, OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.30, 1.94), a lowered educational attainment (chi-squared = 69.3804, p = 0.0000), reduced personal income relative to the federal poverty line (first use at age 1-11, OR = 2.28, 95% CI = 1.06, 4.93), and a lowered perceived SSS (first use at age 12-17, OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.12, 1.74). Conclusions: The insights from this analysis will be beneficial to the local community as they have the potential to benefit adolescents from a reduced socioeconomic status in the long term; it can inform intervention strategies, public health policies, and result in the formation of other initiatives to mitigate potential consequences of the initiation of substance use. Understanding the relationship between the initiation of substance use during adolescence and the resulting repercussions to socioeconomic status during adulthood is essential in crafting targeted and effective measures to support the well-being of adolescents and, by extension, the broader society.

Darbe buvo siekiama nustatyti paauglių priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimo sąsajas su šeimos, bendraamžių ir asmeniniais veiksniais. Tyrime dalyvavo 290 dviejų Vilniaus ir keturių Telšių vidurinių bei pagrindinių mokyklų (16 – 18 metų amžiaus) mokinių. Tyrime naudota anketa, kurią sudaro klausimai apie alkoholio ir kitų priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimo dažnumą, alkoholio ir kitų narkotikų vartojimo rizikingumui įvertinti naudojama Knight, Sherritt ir kt. (2002) parengta Crafft skalė. Paauglių priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimo šeimos, bendraamžių ir asmeniniai veiksniai matuojami klausimynu sudarytu, remiantis Hawkins, Catalano (1992) metodikos “Bendruomenės, kurios rūpinasi, jaunimo klausimynas” (angl. Communities That Care Youth Survey) šeimos, bendraamžių ir asmenine skalėmis. Pagal tyrimo rezultatus, paauglių alkoholio nevartojimo arba reto vartojimo galimybę didino mažiau išreikštas aštrių pojūčių siekimas, mažiau išreikštas psichoaktyvias medžiagas vartojančių draugų veiksnys, mažiau išreikštos palankios nuostatos į psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimą, iš šeimos veiksnių – mažiau išreikštos tėvų palankios nuostatos į psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimą. Kitų nei alkoholis ir tabakas medžiagų nebandymo galimybę didino mažiau išreikštas aštrių pojūčių siekimas, mažiau išreikštas psichoaktyvias medžiagas vartojančių draugų veiksnys, mažiau išreikštos palankios nuostatos į psichoaktyvių medžiagų vartojimą ir labiau išreikštas psichoaktyvių medžiagų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to assess adolescent substance use association with individual, peer, family factor. The subjects of the study were 290 adolescent (age 16-18) from two schools in Vilnius and four schools in Telšiai. Study questionnaire contains questions about alcohol and other substance use frequency. For evaluation of risks of alcohol and other substance use Knight, Sherritt et al. (2002) prepared Crafft scale was used. Adolescent addictive substance use family, peer and individual factors are measured by questionnaire based on Hawkins, Catalan (1992) questionnaire - Communities That Care Youth Survey family, peer and individual scales. According to the results of the research, adolescents no or low alcohol use possibility was increased by lower expression of sensation seeking, by lower expression of friends’ use of drugs factor, by lower expression of favourable attitudes towards drug use, from family factors - lower expression of favourable parental attitudes favourable towards drug use. Possibility of not trying other then alcohol and tobacco substances was increased by lower expression of sensation seeking, by lower expression of friends’ use of drugs factor, by lower expression of favourable attitudes towards drug use and higher expression of perceived risks of drug use, also by female sex. Non risky alcohol and other substance use possibility was increased by lower expression of sensation seeking, by lower expression of friends’ use of drugs factor, by lower... [to full text]

<div>Adversity stemming from socioeconomic risks poses a considerable threat to the wellbeing of parents and youth. Research has shown that children’s exposure to cumulative(consisting of multiple co-occurring risks), chronic(experienced across more than one timepoint), and early(experienced during the birth-to-three-year period) socioeconomic adversity is particularly detrimental to their development. The first aim of this dissertation was therefore to create a measure of socioeconomic adversity that incorporates multiple risk indicators, and that could be used to tap into both the chronicity and timing of exposure. Using this measure, the problem that this dissertation aimed to address is the conflicting evidence that effective parenting is crucial in facilitating positive outcomes in at-risk youth, but that parenting itself is severely compromised in families experiencing socioeconomic adversity. Therefore, the overarching goal of this dissertation was to identify protective factors that can be leveraged to promote positive cascades for parents and youth in the context of socioeconomic adversity. Paper 1 analyzed whether social capital facilitates parental resilience, or the capacity of parents to deliver competent and high-quality parenting to children despite the presence of socioeconomic risks. Paper 2 assessed whether positive parenting in turn facilitates adolescent resilience and well being, or the reduction of maladaptive outcomes and presence of flourishing outcomes despite their exposure to this adversity. Given differences in the experiences of socioeconomic adversity as well as its effects on parents and youth across race-ethnicities, a major goal of this work was to test dissertation aims separately within Black, Hispanic, and White families. Overall, Paper 1 findings suggest that social participation and perceived neighborhood control may attenuate the effects of socioeconomic adversity on positive parenting for Black and White mothers respectively. For Hispanic mothers, social cohesion was found to be a promotive factor for positive parenting in the context of socioeconomic adversity. Paper 2 results indicate that socioeconomic adversity is indirectly associated with higher levels of adolescent substance use in Black youth, and lower levels of adolescent wellbeing in White youth, through lowered self-regulation in middle childhood. However, higher levels of positive parenting in early and middle childhood seemed to weaken these negative effects within non-Hispanic families. These results reinforce the need to enhance social and neighborhood capital for parents facing socioeconomic adversity, in order to facilitate positive parenting behaviors that may in turn protect youth from its negative effects.<br></div>

<p>Due to the great transitions and turmoil uniquely attributed to the period of adolescence, youth experience a greater risk for substance use and the multitude of concerns that coincide with the early onset of substance use. Many biological and environmental factors have been investigated as predictors of adolescent substance use. Executive function and disruptive behaviors are two important individual characteristics linked to adolescent substance use. Both smoking during pregnancy and sibling relationships are separate contexts that can mitigate or exacerbate the associations of executive function and adolescent substance use. The present study focuses on development of substance use through executive function deficits and disruptive behavior, while considering smoking during pregnancy and sibling relationships as unique moderators of these pathways. This work addresses a novel, interrelated set of questions with a series of three studies. The central hypothesis driving this program of research is that smoking during pregnancy and sibling relationships are under-studied contexts that can mitigate or exacerbate the associations of executive function, disruptive behavior, and adolescent substance use. This dissertation examines whether: (1) executive function mediates the smoking during pregnancy-disruptive behavior association and smoking during pregnancy exacerbates the executive function-disruptive behavior association, (2) smoking during pregnancy exacerbates the association between executive function and disruptive behavior during adolescence using a sibling comparison design, and (3) sibling relationship quality moderates developmental trajectories of executive function on the transition from disruptive problems to adolescent substance use using a high-risk, longitudinal sample. Findings challenge the link between exposure to smoking during pregnancy and both executive function and disruptive behavior. Further, these findings reinforce the need to utilize genetically-informed designs when examining potential effects of smoking during pregnancy. Additionally, this dissertation found support for the link between executive function and disruptive behavior, but not executive function and substance use. </p>