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Energy cost of walking at any given speed is higher for heavier people than for lighter ones. We compared adolescents that were matched for total body mass but had different body composition. Nine pairs of boys (16.37 ± 1.57 years in the lean group and 12.90 ± 1.49 years in the obese group) participated. Metabolic energy expenditure (EE) was compared at three walking speeds and moments and powers at the hip and ankle at push off were analyzed. Assessment of fat mass and distribution was performed using whole body dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry. A repeated measure ANOVA was performed when matched pairs were compared. Based on multiple regression, pooling all subjects together, body mass was the main predictor of EE. Variance explained by adiposity increased with increasing speed. Obese subjects tended to expend more energy than their lean pairs at the two fastest walking speeds (5 and 6kph). There was a significant difference between the pairs in EE (kJ/min) at 6kph (p<0.05). Ventilation showed the same pattern as V02net (exercise V02 minus resting V02), increasing with increasing speed and showing differences between the pairs at the fastest speed. Heart rate was consistently higher in the obese subjects. Stride length, stride rate, progression velocity and moments and powers at the hip and ankle at push off were not correlated with body fat. No relationship between V02net. total amount of body fat, or segment fat content was found. Total amount of fat in the body and the amount of fat in the legs had no influence on gait parameters. In conclusion, excess body fat does not influence the energy cost of walking at low speeds but does so at 6kph. Obese subjects demonstrated higher effort at all speeds. Amount of fat distributed in body segments does not influence either energy cost of walking or mechanical gait parameters. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Participating in organized sports activities can result in developmental benefits to the adolescent. Increased fitness, self-esteem, competency, academic success and increased recognition by peers are few of the benefits cited by researchers. Participation can also provide opportunities for developmental liabilities to occur. Researchers have cited liabilities such as stress, anxiety and physiological injury. Developmental benefits and liabilities have been the foci of the controversy that has existed over adolescents participating in interscholastic sports programs in the middle and junior high school. Although research has studied the impact of interscholastic sports on the high school and collegiate athlete, few studies have investigated the impact of interscholastic sports on the middle school athlete. This qualitative case study of four middle school athletes investigated the benefits and liabilities of participating on an interscholastic team to the adolescent athlete. Based on the literature, four domains were identified as benefits and two domains were identified as liabilities. These six domains were achievement, competency, fitness, self-esteem, sports injuries, stress and anxiety. Interviews were held with students, coaches and parents. These interviews were based on domain specific questions. A journal was kept, and a document review of achievement, attendance and medical records was completed. The study revealed a pattern of improved grades, increased skill levels in the sport, improved fitness, and increased self-esteem. The students experienced injuries and moments of stress and anxiety. / Ed. D.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The purpose of this investigation into various aspects of time sense in adolescent delinquent boys was to test the hypothesis that: (1) delinquents are oriented more toward the immediate present than are their non-delinquent peers and (2) the "internal clocks" of delinquents run faster than those of non-delinquents. A fast "internal clock" implies small subjective temporal units, an overestimation of elapsed time, and a feeling that time passes slowly [TRUNCATED] / 2999-01-01

Adherence to treatment recommendations following medical care for pediatric conditions is critically important for promoting optimal physical and psychological well-being. While it has been a focus of many studies across pediatric chronic illness populations, there is a dearth of research examining adherence following pediatric unintentional injury. Empirical evidence from studies with pediatric chronic illness samples indicates that youth experience a number of barriers to adherence to medical recommendations. Adherence is especially difficult for adolescents due to the unique challenges of this developmental period. A mixed methods research approach was utilized to gain a holistic understanding of potential psychological barriers to adherence following adolescent injury. Quantitative analyses examined the potential predictive roles of adolescent psychological [i.e., posttraumatic stress (PTSD), depression, quality of life] and relational (i.e., parent PTSD and depression) factors on adherence. Results of analyses were insignificant; thus, qualitative data was collected to deepen the understanding of barriers to adherence. Findings from qualitative data analyses suggested that a number of barriers to adherence to treatment recommendations exist, including: concern of pain medication addiction, competing activities, treatment side effects, health status, desire for autonomy, and symptoms of depression. Results of qualitative analyses also revealed the presence of additional factors that could facilitate adherence to treatment recommendations. Taking into consideration findings from both quantitative and qualitative analyses, adherence may be best conceptualized as a result of a dynamic decision-making process influenced by numerous interacting factors. This study is the first to examine barriers to adherence among adolescents following unintentional injury and provides an initial roadmap for understanding the mechanisms involved in this complex process. / Ph. D.

Since the 1990s, medical and media articles containing the word "obesity" inevitably included the word "epidemic" as well. These articles usually pointed to the exponential growth in overweight and obese persons in high-income and low-income countries alike. A recent field of literature called "fat studies" has sought to question this so-called epidemic, bringing to light inconsistencies or down-right falsehoods present in obesity research. While researchers in this field have importantly uncovered many myths surrounding obesity and overweight, examinations of the rhetorical strategies used to approve potentially dangerous weight loss or weight maintenance procedures remain few. This thesis project hopes to cover just a portion of that gap by examining two groups targeted most directly by obesity researchers: women and children. Particularly, this research examines potentially dangerous recommendations made by doctors and the media to pregnant obese women and obese adolescents. Ultimately, this project uncovers dualisms of wrong versus right bodies and fat stigmatization in the "objective" language of health about obesity. This polemic leaves pregnant women and adolescents little choice except either to conform or to face a world of media and medicine that blames these two groups for the "choice" to remain fat. / Master of Arts

Thesis (M.F.A.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The aim of this thesis is to present a comprehensive course of study in human anatomy for adolescents, utilizing slides as the primary means of introducing anatomy in combination with a text substantiating the visual material. [TRUNCATED] / 2999-01-01

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L'adolescence est une période de transition entre l'enfance et l'âge adulte. Les évènements qui surviennent en cette période de la vie peuvent affecter non seulement le bien-être de l'individu, mais également mettre en péril la santé et le développement socioéconomique de la société. Les difficultés comportementales notamment, sexuelles auxquelles sont confrontés les adolescents font de cette phase de transition, un sujet complexe qui suscite des débats. Ce mémoire porte sur les facteurs associés au comportement sexuel à risque des adolescents scolarisés en Guinée. Il vise à décrire et expliquer les comportements sexuels à risque de ces adolescents. Une méthode de recherche mixte a été utilisée pour recueillir les données. Pour le volet quantitatif, 123 adolescents ont été interviewés, parmi ceux-ci 14 ont été choisis au hasard pour participer aux entrevues qualitatives individuelles. Le comportement sexuel est opérationnalisé par le statut sexuel, l'âge à l'initiation sexuelle, le nombre de partenaires sexuels et la protection des rapports sexuels avec le condom. Les analyses montrent que 59,3% des participants sont sexuellement actifs. Parmi eux, 49,3% ont eu une sexualité précoce ; 17,1% ont eu plus d'un partenaire sexuel au cours des 12 derniers mois ; 39,8% ont eu simultanément plus d'un partenaire sexuel ; 16,5% ont eu des rapports sexuels en échange d'argent ou cadeaux ; 13,6% ont eu recours aux professionnels du sexe et seulement 16,6% ont utilisé le condom au premier et au dernier rapport sexuel. Les entretiens qualitatifs révèlent que les comportements sexuels à risque chez les adolescents sont influencés par le déficit de communication en matière d'éducation sexuelle et de soutien économique des adolescents d'une part, de l'influence des amis, de l'envie de ressembler à ses pairs, de la curiosité et des images diffusées par les médias d'autre part. Mots clés : adolescents, comportements à risque, sexualité