Orientador: Miriam Gonçalves Miguel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T16:01:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barreto_RodrigoPaiva_M.pdf: 3122702 bytes, checksum: 9ac60c09be2b124cf25015606b00e03b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A primeira mina de extração de urânio do Brasil, atualmente em fase de descomissionamento, gerou vários impactos ambientais negativos em sua área, em decorrência dos processos de lavra, tratamento e beneficiamento. A geração de drenagem ácida na pilha de estéril número 4 (PE-4) é um dos impactos negativos gerados com a situação mais crítica. A água ácida, produto desta drenagem, apresenta metais pesados e elementos radioativos e pode estar sendo infiltrada pela base da bacia de captação, onde é feita a coleta desta água para tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar um solo da área, visando a sua utilização como barreira impermeabilizante de base da bacia de captação desta água ácida, a fim de evitar a contaminação do ambiente. Dessa maneira, foram realizados ensaios geotécnicos e químico-mineralógicos para caracterização de seis solos coletados na área. Um dos solos estudados, coletado próximo à bacia, foi usado em um ensaio de coluna. O solo que obteve o melhor desempenho com relação aos ensaios geotécnicos e químico - mineralógicos com consideração aos limites recomendados pela literatura científica foi escolhido para ser submetido aos ensaios de adsorção em lote e difusão, que foram realizados com soluções de Al, Mn, Fe e F-. O primeiro tipo de ensaio foi realizado com e sem o ajuste de pH das soluções. Os resultados obtidos para o ensaio de adsorção em lote mostrou que, o comportamento de adsorção do solo com relação ao elemento Al não se mostrou diferenciado. No entanto, nos ensaios usando a solução de Mn, o comportamento do solo com e sem ajuste de pH foi distinto, assim como no ensaio com a solução de Fe, com valores de pH entre 3 e 3,5 mas com menor expressividade que o Mn. Para o F-, foi possível determinar a adsorção apenas no ensaio com ajuste de pH, cujo valor foi acima de 4,5. No ensaio de difusão ocorreu a diminuição da concentração dos elementos Al, Mn e F- no reservatório da célula de difusão e na solução retirada dos poros dos corpos-de-prova, em relação à sua profundidade. Já a concentração do elemento Fe apresentou comportamento inverso, aumentando a concentração tanto no reservatório como na solução dos poros do corpo-de-prova. No ensaio de coluna, no tempo de ensaio estudado, ocorreu a adsorção do F- e, possivelmente, do Al. No entanto em relação ao Mn e ao Fe, estes elementos foram dessorvidos, com maior expressividade do Fe. O solo submetido aos ensaios de adsorção em lote e difusão não apresentou características recomendáveis para sua utilização como barreira impermeabilizante, devido à baixa capacidade de adsorção dos elementos Al, Mn e Fe / Abstract: The first uranium extraction mine of Brazil, nowadays, found in decommissioning phase, has generated several negative environmental impacts in its area, as a result of mining, treatment and beneficiation processes. The generation of acid drainage in waste rock pile 4-(WR-4) is one of the negative impacts with the most critical situation. The acidic water, product of this drainage, presents heavy metals and radioactive elements and it may be infiltrated by the basis of the impoundment basin, where this water is collected for treatment. The objective of this research was to select a soil from the area, aiming at its use as a waterproofing barrier basis for the impoundment basin of this acidic water, as to prevent environmental contamination. In this way, geotechnical and chemo-mineralogical tests were conducted in order to characterize six soils collected in the area. One of the studied soils, collected close to the basin, was used in the column test. The soil that obtained the best performance in relation to the geotechnical and chemomineralogical tests, while considering the limits recommended by scientific literature, was selected for submission to batch adsorption tests and diffusion tests, which were conducted with solutions of Al, Mn, Fe and F-. The first test type was carried out with and without pH adjustment of the solutions. The results obtained in the batch adsorption tests indicated that, the adsorption behavior of the soil with relation to the element Al was not differentiated. However, for the pH interval utilized in the tests while using the Mn solution, the soil behavior with and without pH adjustment was distinct, as well as in the tests with the Fe solution, with pH values between 3 and 3.5 but with less expressive than the Mn. For the F-, it was possible to determine the adsorption only on the test done with pH adjustment, with values over 4.5. On the diffusion tests, the decrease on concentration of the elements Al, Mn and F- took place in the diffusion cell reservoir and in the specimen, in relation to its depth. The element Fe presented an inverse behavior, having its concentration increased as much in the reservoir as in the specimen. On the column test using the soil collected near the impoundment basin, the adsorption of F-, and possibly Al, took place during the studied period. Concerning to Mn and Fe, these elements are being transported, with more expressive leaching of Fe. Due to its low adsorption capacity of the Al, Mn and Fe, the soil submitted to batch adsorption and diffusion tests did not present recommendable characteristics to be used as a waterproofing barrier / Mestrado / Geotecnia / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Yes / The adsorption of acid gas, including hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, by superhigh silica ZSM-5 was investigated. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms of high-purity hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide were measured experimentally using this new sorbent. In addition, methane and nitrogen adsorption isotherms on this MFI-type zeolite were also measured as representative of other natural gas components. To enhance the reliability of the results, the adsorption pressure has been selected up to 20 bar at three different temperatures. Superhigh silica ZSM-5 for the adsorption of hydrogen sulfide shows an impressive result of 3.04 mmol·g–1 at 12 bar and 283 K. This value was 2.69 mmol·g–1 for carbon dioxide at 21 bar and 283 K. The adsorption capacity of H2S on the ZSM-5 is the highest, and N2 is the lowest; the order of the adsorption capacities of components is H2S > CO2 > CH4 > N2. The adsorption heat of different adsorbates is calculated: 13.7 and 29.5 kJ·mol–1 for H2S and CO2, respectively. Physical adsorption has occurred on high-silica ZSM-5, especially for hydrogen sulfide, and this is a great advantage. By increasing the temperature, the adsorption capacity of components on the ZSM-5 decreases, but due to differences in the adsorption heat of the adsorbate, the ideal selectivity for hydrogen sulfide increases. There is a challenge in the choice of the best condition for H2S removal, as, by increasing the temperature, the adsorption capacity of hydrogen sulfide reduces, but the selectivity of the hydrogen sulfide increases as compared to other gases. This phenomenon is not true for the selectivity of other components.

The Onsager heat of transport for p-tert-butyltoluene was measured, as part of a series of preliminary experiments towards the determination of the importance of temperature gradients on the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide. The results presented in this thesis imply that the temperature gradient is a major contributor to the magnitude of the air-sea flux. The heat of transport has been measured for the p-tert-butyltoluene system by measuring stationary-state pressure changes for known temperature differences on the vapour side of the interface. At the pressure ranges used the number of mean free paths was always outside the Knudsen zone, but the values of Q* were approximately 100 % of the latent heat of vaporisation. Departures from linearity of plots of P against ΔT are attributed to temperature jumps at the surface of the dry upper plate. Both the results taken for p-tert-butyltoluene and the earlier results for water from this laboratory fit to a Type III BET isotherm, where the c parameter is not constant. They also reveal the importance of the temperature gradient in determining the value of the thermal accommodation coefficient, and provide a new method of measuring thermal accommodation coefficients for a variety of surfaces and vapours

Um dos radionuclídeos que se destaca mundialmente é o molibdênio-99. O 99Mo é o gerador do radioisótopo mais amplamente usado para a preparação de radiofármacos para fins de diagnóstico em medicina nuclear, o tecnécio-99m. Neste estudo, as nanopartículas de magnetita foram sintetizadas por precipitação de íons Fe2+ em meio alcalino e tratadas por irradiação de microondas e foram aplicadas na separação do 99Mo por adsorção. O material foi caracterizado por FTIR, MEV, DRX, DSC, TGA e EDS. Os estudos de adsorção foram realizados utilizando a técnica em batelada e em colunas de leito fixo. Verificou-se a influência das espécies de Al e os radioisótopos Te, I e Ru na adsorção de 99Mo. Os efeitos do pH, tempo de contato, temperatura, concentração e dose do adsorvente foram investigados. Modelos de isotermas de adsorção Langmuir e Freundlich foram usados para obter informações sobre o processo de adsorção e os modelos cinéticos de pseudo-primeira ordem, pseudo-segunda ordem e difusão intrapartículas foram estudados para avaliar a cinética de adsorção. Soluções de dessorventes para a recuperação do 99Mo foram investigadas. A nova via de síntese de nanomagnetita proposta mostrou-se simples e rápida, fazendo uso de um único reagente. As nanopartículas de magnetita apresentaram forma esférica de aproximadamente de 20 nm e polidispersão heterogênea. As caracterizações por DRX, DSC e TGA confirmaram a predominância da fase magnetita nas amostras. A adsorção de 99Mo nas nanopartículas de magnetita foi próxima de 100% no intervalo de pH entre 1 e 11, durante 30 min de tempo de contato e 15 mg de dose do adsorvente. O modelo de isoterma de adsorção de Langmuir apresentou melhor acordo para a remoção 99Mo pelas nanopartículas de magnetita, e a cinética de adsorção foi melhor descrita pelo modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem. A caracterização por EDS indicou ausência de contaminação. A recuperação do 99Mo da nanomagnetita com solução de NaOH foi superior a 95% e os elementos Ru, Te, Al e I não interferiram na propriedade adsortiva da nanomagnetita. Estes resultados mostraram que nanopartículas de magnetita são bons adsorventes para o Mo e, por conseguinte, tem grande potencial para aplicação no processo de separação e purificação do 99Mo de fissão. / One of radionuclides that stand out globally is the Molybdenum-99. The 99Mo is the radionuclide generator most widely used radioisotope for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic purposes in nuclear medicine, Technetium-99m. In this study, magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation of Fe2+ ions in an alkaline medium and treated by microwave irradiation and were studied for 99Mo adsorption and recovery The synthesized material was characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, DSC, TGA and EDS. Adsorption studies were carried out using the batch technique and fixed bed columns. The influence of the Al and the radioisotopes of Te, I and Ru species on 99Mo adsorption of was verified. Effects of pH, contact time, temperature, concentration and adsorbent dosage were investigated. Adsorption isotherm models of Langmuir and Freundlich were used to obtain information on the adsorption process and the kinetic models of pseudo first-order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion were studied to evaluate the adsorption. Desorbent solutions for 99Mo recovery were investigated. The new route for nanomagnetite synthesis was found to be simple and fast using of just one reagent. The magnetite nanoparticles showed spherical shape with about 20 nm in diameter and heterogeneous polydispersion. The characterizations by XRD, DSC and TGA confirmed the predominance of magnetite phase. The adsorption of 99Mo was close to 100% by the magnetite nanoparticles in the pH range from 1 to 11 for 30 min of contact time and 15 mg of adsorbent dosage. Langmuir adsorption isotherm model showed better agreement for the 99Mo adsorption by nanomagnetite nanoparticles, and the adsorption kinetics was better described by the pseudo second order model. The nanoparticle characterization by EDS indicated no contamination. The recovery of 99Mo with NaOH 2 mol L-1 from the magnetite nanoparticles was higher than 95% and the elements Ru, Te, Al and I did not interfere in the adsorption property of magnetite nanoparticles. These results showed that magnetite nanoparticles were good adsorbent for 99Mo and therefore have great potential for application in the process of separation and purification of fission 99Mo.

Através de técnicas eletroquímicas (espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, resistência à polarização linear e curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica), gravimétrica e analítica, compostos orgânicos foram estudados para avaliar suas possibilidades de emprego como inibidores de corrosão. Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado puro, modificado com dicloro-fosfato, funcionalizado com grupo tiol, funcionalizado com grupo sulfeto e com grupo sulfonato de potássio - foram os compostos sintetizados e testados. Além desses, compostos comerciais, um contendo a função fosfinato e outro a função imidazolina quaternária foram testados com o mesmo intuito. Isotermas de adsorção foram ajustadas aos dados obtidos para imidazolina quaternária. Para simular condições próximas às encontradas na produção de petróleo, água do mar sintética acidificada com ácido clorídrico até pH 3 foi o meio utilizado, tendo o aço carbono 1020 empregado como substrato metálico. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado gerou resultados eletroquímicos e gravimétricos que mostraram que em concentrações de até 600 ppm desse composto o processo corrosivo é incentivado ao invés de ser desacelerado, indicando que tal composto não deve ser usado como inibidor de corrosão. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado modificado com dicloro-fosfato apresentou resultados insatisfatórios para as condições testadas tanto nos ensaios eletroquímicos como nos gravimétricos. Nas concentrações de 200, 400 e 600 ppm desse composto, a concentração intermediária é a única que diminui ligeiramente a taxa de corrosão, e para as demais concentrações a corrosão é incentivada. Os ensaios eletroquímicos das outras três moléculas obtidas por funcionalização do poliglicerol hiper-ramificado com grupos tiol, sulfonato e sulfeto indicaram aumento da deterioração do substrato. Os resultados de impedância eletroquímica indicaram que o composto à base de fosfinato e na concentração de 2000 ppm e maiores tempos de imersão resultaram em melhores resultados protetores. O ajuste dos dados às isotermas de adsorção para a imidazolina quaternária apresentou melhores resultados para o modelo de Flory-Huggins, porém, os elevados valores de coeficiente de determinação R2 das isotermas de Langmuir e Temkin também permitem dizer que tais modelos de adsorção são seguidos. / Organic compounds were studied by lectrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance and potenciodynamic polarization curves), analytical and gravimetric techniques, to analyze the possibilities of their use as corrosion inhibitors. Hyper branched polyglycerol only and modified with dichloro-phosphate, functionalized with thiol group, functionalized with sulfide and also with sulphonate group were synthesized and tested as corrosion inhibitors. Furthermore, commercial compounds, one based on phosphinate and a quaternary imidazoline were tested with the same objective. Adsorption isotherms were adjusted to the data obtained for quaternary imidazoline. To simulate the conditions close to those found in petroleum production, synthetic sea water acidified with hydrochloric acid up to pH 3 was the medium used, with 1020 carbon steel used as a metal substrate. The hyper branched polyglycerol generated electrochemical and gravimetric results which showed that, in concentrations up to 600 ppm of this compound, the corrosive process is favored rather than decelerated, indicating that this compound should not be used as a corrosion inhibitor. The hyper branched polyglycerol modified with dichloro-phosphate presented unsatisfactory results for the tested conditions for both electrochemical and gravimetric measurements. At concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm of this compound, the intermediate concentration is the only one that slightly decreases the corrosion rate, and for the other concentrations corrosion is favored. The electrochemical measurements for the other three molecules obtained by functionalization of the hyper branched polyglycerol with thiol, sulphonate and sulfide groups indicated an increase on the substrate deterioration. The electrochemical impedance results showed that the compound based on phosphinate at 2000 ppm concentration and for higher immersion times resulted in better protective results. The adjustment of the data of the adsorption isotherms for quaternary imidazoline presented better results for the Flory-Huggins model. However, the high values of correlation factor R2 of Langmuir and Temkin isotherms show that these adsorption models are also followed.

Nas etapas de processamento do couro, de limpeza da pele, de recortes e ajuste da espessura do couro, diferentes tipos de resíduos sólidos são gerados. Dentre esses resíduos, os pelos provenientes da etapa de depilação são descartados. Além disso, nas etapas finais do acabamento molhado do couro, em especial no tingimento, são adicionados corantes e outros produtos químicos com o objetivo de dar ao couro características superficiais, como cor e textura, gerando, consequentemente, efluentes de difícil tratamento devido ao potencial recalcitrante dos produtos químicos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma alternativa ao uso do pelo proveniente da etapa de depilação, possibilitando assim uma extensão no ciclo de vida deste resíduo como um adsorvente alternativo para remoção de corantes empregados na indústria do couro. O pelo (CHW) foi caracterizado através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de raios X dispersiva de energia (EDS), espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR), bem como sua área superficial específica e distribuição de tamanho de poro por análises de BET/BJH. A capacidade de remoção dos corantes Azul Ácido 161 (AB-161) e Preto Ácido 210 (AB-210) em soluções aquosas foi estudada emfaixas de pH de 1,0 a 10,0 e também a dosagem ótima de adsorvente. Nas isotermas de adsorção,o modelo de Liu foi o que melhor apresentou resultados para os dois corantes estudados em todas as temperaturas analisadas (30, 40 e 50ºC) No estudo cinético, o modelo de ordem-geral apresentou o melhor ajuste dos dados, com menor tempo de contato para remoção do corante AB-161 de 600 min com o pelo (CHW) e 90 min com o carvão ativado comercial (CAC), nos valores de pH 3,0 e pH 4,0, respectivamente. Para o corante AB-210 o menor tempo de contato para atingir o equilíbrio foi de 120 min e 90 min para CHW e o CAC, nos valores ótimos de pH de 2,0 e 4,0, respectivamente. O carvão produzido (AC-CHW) a partir do pelo residual foi ativado com H3PO4, caracterizado e testado em efluentes reais para remoção dos corantes Laranja Ácido 142 (AO-142) e Marrom Ácido 414 (AB-414). O carvão produzido apresentou um elevado diâmetro de poro (140,70 A), o que favoreceu a adsorção de moléculas maiores e mais complexas, como as presentes nos efluentes reais. Através do MEV e do FTIR observou-se a presença dos compostos estudados no AC-CHW após aadsorção, onde os resultados indicaram que os grupos funcionais de -CH=CH- participaram ativamente do processo de remoção. O pHzero obtido do AC-CHWfoi de 3,65, o que favoreceu a remoção desses compostos já que o efluente real apresenta um pH inferior a 4,0. Os percentuais de remoção obtidos de área sob as curvas de adsorção indicam uma remoção de 51,94% e 49,73% dos efluentes contendo AB-414 e AO-142, respectivamente. / In the stages of leather processing, skin cleansing, trimming and leather thickness adjustment, different types of solid waste are generated. Among these residues, hairs from the depilation stage are discarded. In addition, in the final stages of the wet finishing of leather, in particular in dyeing, dyes and other chemical products are added with the aim of giving the leather surface characteristics, such as color and texture, thus generating effluents that are difficult to treat due to the potential recalcitrant of chemicals. The objective of this work is to present an alternative to the use of hair from the depilation stage, thus allowing an extension in the life cycle of this residue as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of dyes used in the leather industry. The hair (CHW) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), as well as its specific surface area and pore size distribution by analysis of BET/BJH. The ability to remove Acid Blue 161 (AB-161) and Acid Black 210 (AB-210) dyes in aqueous solutions was studied in pH ranges from 1 to 10 and also the optimum dosage of adsorbent. In the adsorption isotherms, Liu model presented the best results for the two dyes studied at all temperatures (30, 40 and 50ºC). In the kinetic study, the general-order model presented the best fit of the data, with a lowest contact time to remove the AB-161 dye of 600 min with the hair (CHW) and 90 min with the commercial activated charcoal (CAC) at pH 3.0 and pH 4.0, respectively For the dye AB-210, the lowest contact time to reach equilibrium was 120 min and 90 min for CHW and CAC, at the optimum pH values of 2.0 and 4.0, respectively. The charcoal produced (AC-CHW) from the residual was activated with H3PO4, characterized and tested in actual effluents to remove the Acid Orange 142 (AO-142) and Acid Brown 414 (AB-414) dyes. The carbon produced had a high pore diameter (140,70 A), which favored the adsorption of larger and more complex molecules, such as those present in the actual effluents. The presence of the compounds studied in the AC-CHW after adsorption was observed through the SEM and the FTIR, where the results indicated that the functional groups of -CH = CH- actively participated in the removal process. The obtained pHzero of AC-CHW was 3.65, which favored the removal of these compounds since the actual effluent had a pH lower than 4.0. The percentages of removal obtained from area under the adsorption curves indicate a 51.94% and 49.73% removal of the effluents containing AB-414 and AO-142, respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoADM_DISSERT.pdf: 2978875 bytes, checksum: c28db8afcf915e3f11ed082f52478c5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-21 / Chemical modification of clays has been extremely studied in the search for improvements of their properties for use in various areas, such as in combating pollution by industrial effluents and dyes. In this work, the vermiculite was chemically modified in two ways, characterized and evaluated the adsorption of methylene blue dye. First was changed with the addition of a surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, BHTA) making it an organophilic clay and then by adding an acid (HCl) by acid activation. Some analyzes were performed as X-ray fluorescence (FRX), X-ray diffraction (DRX), adsorption isotherms of methylene blue dye, infrared (FTIR) , scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis and spectroscopy energy dispersive (EDS). Analysis by FRX of natural vermiculite indicates that addition of silicon and aluminum, clay presents in its structure the magnesium, calcium and potassium with 16 % organic matter cations. The DRX analyzes indicated that the organic vermiculite was an insertion of the surfactant in the space between the lamellae, vermiculite and acid partial destruction of the structure with loss of crystallinity. The adsorption isotherms of methylene blue showed that there was a significant improvement in the removal of dye to the vermiculite with the addition of cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and treatment with acid using HCl 2 mol/L. In acid vermiculites subsequently treated with surfactant, the adsorption capacity increased with respect to natural vermiculite, however was much lower compared vermiculite modified with acid and surfactant separately. Only the acidic vermiculite treated with surfactant adjusted to the Langmuir model. As in the infrared spectrometry proved the characteristics of natural vermiculite. In the organic vermiculite was observed the appearance of characteristic bands of CH3, CH2, and (CH3)4N. Already on acid vermiculite, it was realized a partial destruction with decreasing intensity of the characteristic band of vermiculite that is between 1074 and 952 cm-1. In the SEM analysis, it was observed that there was partial destruction to the acid treatment and a cluster is noted between the blades caused by the presence of the surfactant. The TG shows that the higher mass loss occurs at the beginning of the heating caused by the elimination of water absorbed on the surface between layers. In the organic vermiculite also observed a loss of mass between 150 and 300 ?C caused decomposition of the alkylammonium molecules (surfactants) / A modifica??o qu?mica de argilas tem sido extremamente estudada na busca por melhorias de suas propriedades para seu uso em diversas ?reas, como por exemplo, no combate a polui??o ocasionada por efluentes industriais como corantes. Neste trabalho, a vermiculita foi modificada quimicamente de duas maneiras, caracterizada e avaliada na adsor??o do corante azul de metileno. Primeiro foi alterada com adi??o de um surfactante (brometo de hexadeciltrimetilam?nio, BHTA) tornando-a uma argila organof?lica e depois pela adi??o de um ?cido (HCl) por ativa??o ?cida . Algumas an?lises foram realizadas como fluoresc?ncia de raios-X (FRX), difra??o de raios-X (DRX), isotermas de adsor??o do corante azul de metileno, infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV), an?lise termogravim?trica e Espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS). An?lise por FRX da vermiculita natural indica que al?m do sil?cio e do alum?nio, a argila apresenta em sua estrutura os c?tions magn?sio, c?lcio e pot?ssio com 16 % de mat?ria org?nica. As an?lises por DRX indicam que na vermiculita org?nica houve uma inser??o do surfactante no espa?o entre as lamelas, e na vermiculita ?cida uma destrui??o parcial da estrutura com perda de cristalinidade. As isotermas de adsor??o do azul de metileno mostraram que houve uma melhora significativa na remo??o do corante para a vermiculita com a adi??o do surfactante cati?nico brometo de hexadeciltrimetilam?nio, bem como com tratamento ?cido utilizando HCl 2 mol/L. Nas vermiculitas ?cidas tratadas posteriormente com o surfactante, a capacidade de adsor??o aumentou em rela??o a vermiculita natural, porem foi bem menor em rela??o as vermiculitas modificadas com o ?cido e com o surfactante separadamente. S? as vermiculitas ?cidas tratadas com surfactante se ajustaram ao modelo de Langmuir. A espectrometria na regi?o do infravermelho comprovou as caracter?sticas da vermiculita natural. Na vermiculita org?nica observou-se o aparecimento de bandas caracter?sticas de grupos CH3, CH2, al?m de (CH3)4N. J? na vermiculita ?cida, percebeu-se uma destrui??o parcial com a diminui??o de intensidade da banda caracter?stica das vermiculitas que ? entre 1074 e 952 cm-1. Na an?lise de MEV, observou-se que houve destrui??o parcial com no tratamento ?cido e nota-se um aglomerado entre as l?minas causado pela presen?a do surfactante. As curvas TG mostram que a maior perda de massa ocorre no come?o do aquecimento ocasionado pela elimina??o de ?gua absorvida na superf?cie entre camadas. Na vermiculita org?nica tamb?m observa uma perda de massa entre 150 e 300 ?C ocasionada pela decomposi??o das mol?culas de alquilam?nio (surfactante)

Através de técnicas eletroquímicas (espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, resistência à polarização linear e curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica), gravimétrica e analítica, compostos orgânicos foram estudados para avaliar suas possibilidades de emprego como inibidores de corrosão. Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado puro, modificado com dicloro-fosfato, funcionalizado com grupo tiol, funcionalizado com grupo sulfeto e com grupo sulfonato de potássio - foram os compostos sintetizados e testados. Além desses, compostos comerciais, um contendo a função fosfinato e outro a função imidazolina quaternária foram testados com o mesmo intuito. Isotermas de adsorção foram ajustadas aos dados obtidos para imidazolina quaternária. Para simular condições próximas às encontradas na produção de petróleo, água do mar sintética acidificada com ácido clorídrico até pH 3 foi o meio utilizado, tendo o aço carbono 1020 empregado como substrato metálico. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado gerou resultados eletroquímicos e gravimétricos que mostraram que em concentrações de até 600 ppm desse composto o processo corrosivo é incentivado ao invés de ser desacelerado, indicando que tal composto não deve ser usado como inibidor de corrosão. O Poliglicerol hiper-ramificado modificado com dicloro-fosfato apresentou resultados insatisfatórios para as condições testadas tanto nos ensaios eletroquímicos como nos gravimétricos. Nas concentrações de 200, 400 e 600 ppm desse composto, a concentração intermediária é a única que diminui ligeiramente a taxa de corrosão, e para as demais concentrações a corrosão é incentivada. Os ensaios eletroquímicos das outras três moléculas obtidas por funcionalização do poliglicerol hiper-ramificado com grupos tiol, sulfonato e sulfeto indicaram aumento da deterioração do substrato. Os resultados de impedância eletroquímica indicaram que o composto à base de fosfinato e na concentração de 2000 ppm e maiores tempos de imersão resultaram em melhores resultados protetores. O ajuste dos dados às isotermas de adsorção para a imidazolina quaternária apresentou melhores resultados para o modelo de Flory-Huggins, porém, os elevados valores de coeficiente de determinação R2 das isotermas de Langmuir e Temkin também permitem dizer que tais modelos de adsorção são seguidos. / Organic compounds were studied by lectrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, linear polarization resistance and potenciodynamic polarization curves), analytical and gravimetric techniques, to analyze the possibilities of their use as corrosion inhibitors. Hyper branched polyglycerol only and modified with dichloro-phosphate, functionalized with thiol group, functionalized with sulfide and also with sulphonate group were synthesized and tested as corrosion inhibitors. Furthermore, commercial compounds, one based on phosphinate and a quaternary imidazoline were tested with the same objective. Adsorption isotherms were adjusted to the data obtained for quaternary imidazoline. To simulate the conditions close to those found in petroleum production, synthetic sea water acidified with hydrochloric acid up to pH 3 was the medium used, with 1020 carbon steel used as a metal substrate. The hyper branched polyglycerol generated electrochemical and gravimetric results which showed that, in concentrations up to 600 ppm of this compound, the corrosive process is favored rather than decelerated, indicating that this compound should not be used as a corrosion inhibitor. The hyper branched polyglycerol modified with dichloro-phosphate presented unsatisfactory results for the tested conditions for both electrochemical and gravimetric measurements. At concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 ppm of this compound, the intermediate concentration is the only one that slightly decreases the corrosion rate, and for the other concentrations corrosion is favored. The electrochemical measurements for the other three molecules obtained by functionalization of the hyper branched polyglycerol with thiol, sulphonate and sulfide groups indicated an increase on the substrate deterioration. The electrochemical impedance results showed that the compound based on phosphinate at 2000 ppm concentration and for higher immersion times resulted in better protective results. The adjustment of the data of the adsorption isotherms for quaternary imidazoline presented better results for the Flory-Huggins model. However, the high values of correlation factor R2 of Langmuir and Temkin isotherms show that these adsorption models are also followed.

Transgenic plant systems have been proposed as bioreactors in the production of pharmaceutical and industrial proteins. The economic benefits of inexpensive plant production systems could be erased if the downstream processing ends up being expensive. To avoid monoclonal antibody (mAb) modification or fouling of chromatography resins, removal of phenolics from plant extracts is desirable. Removal of major phenolics in Lemna extracts was evaluated by adsorption to PVPP, XAD-4, IRA-402 and Q-Sepharose resins. Analysis of phenolics adsorption to XAD-4, IRA-402 and Q-Sepharose showed superior dynamic binding capacities at pH 4.5 than at 7.5. The economic analysis using SuperPro Designer 7.0 indicated that addition of a phenolics adsorption step would increase mAb production cost only 20% by using IRA-402 compared to 35% for XAD-4 resin. The overall mAb processing cost can be reduced by implementing a phenolics removal step. To understand phenolics-resin interactions, adsorption isotherms of phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, syringic acid and vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside) from different phenolic classes on three resins (IRA-402, PVPP, XAD-4) at pH 4.5 and 7.5 were determined. Differences in adsorption with the type of phenolics were observed, and PVPP was not efficient for phenolics removal. Screening of sugarcane lines for bovine lysozyme (BvLz) accumulation indicated that expression levels are still inadequate for commercial development. To maximize BvLz extraction, pH and ionic strength were evaluated; five conditions resulted in equivalent BvLz/TSP ratio. Membrane filtration process using BvLz extracts attained partial removal of native proteins by the 100 kDa membrane step, but also BvLz loss (21-29%). Regardless of the extraction condition, at least 47% of the starting BvLz was lost during the membrane processing. None of the evaluated extraction conditions caused a substantial recovery of BvLz in the concentrate. Alternative purification options for the IEX+HIC process, which achieved 95% BvLz purity, were tested. Direct loading of sugarcane extract concentrate on HIC and XAD-4 pretreatment of juice did not recovered BvLz as effectively as the IEX chromatography. Pure BvLz was obtained by the XAD+HIC process, but higher purification fold and HIC yield were achieved by the IEX+HIC process, due to the complete separation of BvLz and 18-kDa protein.

A deposition - precipitation method was developed to produce magnesium hydroxide / zeolite 4A (Mg(OH)₂ - Z4A) nanocomposites at mild conditions and the effect of processing variables such as precursor concentration, type of base added, and synthesis time on the composition, size, and morphology of the nanocomposite were studied. It was determined that the precursor concentration, basicity, and synthesis time had a significant effect on the composition, size, and morphology of the deposited magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) nanostructures. The properties of the Mg(OH)₂ - Z4A such as surface area, pore volume and composition were characterized. Mg(OH)₂ - Z4A samples and bare zeolite 4A were dispersed in Ultem® polymer to form a mixed matrix membrane. The thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting films were investigated. It was found that the addition of rigid bare zeolites into the polymer decreased the mechanical properties of the polymer composite. However, some of these adverse effects were mitigated in the polymer composite loaded with Mg(OH)₂ - Z4A samples. Isotherms for the adsorption of Mg(OH)₂ petals on zeolite 4A were measured in order to determine the optimum conditions for the formation of magnesium hydroxide / zeolite 4A nanocomposites at ambient conditions. The loading of the Mg(OH)₂ can be determined from the adsorption isotherms and it was also found that the adsorption of Mg(OH)₂ on zeolite A occurs via 3 mechanisms: ion exchange, surface adsorption of Mg²⁺ ions, and surface precipitation of Mg(OH)₂. Without the addition of ammonium hydroxide, the predominant processes are ion exchange and surface adsorption of Mg²⁺ ions. In the presence of ammonium hydroxide, Mg(OH)₂ crystals are precipitated on the surface of zeolite 4A at moderate Mg²⁺ ions concentration and the loading of Mg(OH)₂ was found to increase with increasing Mg²⁺ ions concentration. A detailed examination of the interactions between Mg(OH)₂ and functional groups on the zeolite surface was conducted. Solid-state 29Si, 27Al, and 1H NMR spectra were coupled with FTIR measurements, pH and adsorption studies, and thermogravimetric analyses to determine the interactions of Mg(OH)₂ with surface functional groups and to characterize structural changes in the resulting zeolite after Mg(OH)₂ deposition. It was discovered that acid - base interactions between the weakly basic Mg(OH)₂ and the acidic bridging hydroxyl protons on zeolite surface represent the dominant mechanism for the growth of Mg(OH)₂ nanostructures on the zeolite surface.